Lighting Energy Comparison for Performance Optimization and Design Development (ECOPOD)

Energy Comparison for Performance Optimization and Design Development (ECOPOD)

Aswin WidjayaMaster of Science in Sustainable Design Synthesis 2014

Vivian Loftness, Erica Cochran, and Azizan Aziz

i ii

TABLE OF CONTENTACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to thank you everyone who has been involved in the process of this synthesis, especially to all the professors, colleagues, friends, and family who has been there to support this journey and allow me to fulfill this synthesis. I would like to especially thank Professor Vivian Loftness who has came up with this synthesis topic and guided me as an advisor with passion and rigor. I am very blessed to have her as my synthesis advisor and have never been prouder to have a professor like her. In addition, I would also like to thank everyone in the IW who has helped me both academically and personally through the ups and downs of this thrilling adventure.

Below are the list of people I would like to thank:

Colleagues:Olaitan AwomoloYuner CaiRussell HarmonKai-Wei HsuAngela KoloskyFlore MarionCoral Pais

Friends and Family:Neal JaehnePhyllis KimAnnie LiuJason MazukiVivian MazukiJiwon RimNurling Rosmeni

This synthesis is dedicated to my mother, who has always believe that education is most important and made this all possible.

I aplogize if I have carelessly overlooked some people. For all those people, I give you my greatest gratitude.

Professors:Azizan AzizNina BairdErica CochranKhee Poh LamSteve LeeVivian Loftness

Jihyun ParkAnnie RanttilaAnna RosenblumPaul RussellRohini SrivastavaI-Ting WangHoward Wu

IntroductionAbstract and MotivationHypothesis, Goals, and BenefitsMethodologiesIdentifying UsersUsers and Built EnvironmentsTriple Bottom LineIdentifying Lighting Systems10 CBPD Lighting Guidelines

123 - 45 - 67 - 14151617 - 1819 - 60

Daylight DominantTask and AmbientHigh Performance LuminaireActivity-Based LightingDirect / Indirect LightingGlare Management and Brightness ContrastPlug-n-Play Lighting FixturesDynamic Zoning and Advanced Lighting ControlColors and SpectrumSystems Integration

21 - 2627 - 3031 - 3435 - 3839 - 4243 - 4647 - 5051 - 5455 - 5859 - 60

RESEARCH AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

IntroductionCase StudiesFormsComponentsDesign Iteration IDesign Iteration IIScenario

61 - 6263 - 7273 - 7779 - 9192 - 112113 - 120121 - 172

DESIGN ITERATIONS AND INTEGRATIONS

Daylight DominantTask and AmbientHigh Performance LuminaireActivity-Based LightingDirect / Indirect LightingGlare Management and Brightness ContrastDynamic Zoning and Advanced Lighting ControlColors and Spectrum

123 - 134135 - 140141 - 146147 - 150151 - 154155 - 160161 - 166167 - 172

Design Iteration IIIAdditional ComponentsFuture WorkConclusionReferencesAppendix A: Lighting TerminologiesAppendix B: Specifications Survey : Daylighting FixturesAppendix C: Specifications Survey : Electric Lighting Fixtures

179180iii - vvi - xxi - xiiixv - xvii

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

INTRODUCTIONThe CMU Lighting ECOPOD Teaching Tool project will help provide guidelines for lighting design, while simultaneously enable general and professional audiences to better understand different lighting specifications, through a modular and mobile space that illustrates different possible lighting scenarios. The space will compare both typical and high-performance lighting quality based on different specifications, which helps occupants to recognize direct relationship between the two subjects. Each lighting product within the pod will also be accompanied with a QR code that will show further information about life-cycle and cost benefit and advanced specifications based on literature reviews and product research. In addition, the Lighting ECOPOD will integrate CMU C3 Dashboard Project, which acts as the pod’s main control system. Limitation of space and climate condition will be compromised through computer simulation from an iPad that will visually represent potential lighting scenarios.

Based on BP2 Lighting Decision Tree, the lighting systems will be categorized into three main categories: Daylighting, Electric Lighting and Control. The tree will guide product choices and help prioritized different lighting systems.

For BP4, the CMU team envisions development in the following areas;

• An extensive metric of high-performance lighting products with specifications, life-cycle and cost benefit analysis.• Design development of the ECOPOD with final mini-prototype and construction drawings.• Design testing of the ECOPOD, which include survey for general and professional audience on the inforgraphics and

ECOPOD functional capability.

1 2

INTRODUCTION

BENEFITSBenefits of the lighting pod can be categorized into three main subjects. Since the pod is aim to raise the awareness of lighting design in terms of the use of daylight, high performance electrical lighting and efficient lighting control, the three subjects has been studied individually to create a more optimal working environment. Although it is not a direct benefit, but the pod provide a long-term effect on teaching the audiences to choose more efficient and optimal lighting systems through the awareness that it provides.

DAYLIGHTINGBased on a literature review on the effects of natural light on building occupants (L.Edwards and P.Torcellini 2002), daylighting is crucial in various sectors such as offices, schools, hospitals etc. In offices, the effects of daylighting include increase in productivity level, induce a healthier environment, reduction in absenteeism and therefore resulted in a great amount of financial savings. In schools, there have been many studies that proven students increase in performance, such as attendance, health, and even achievements due to presence of natural light. In healthcare facilities, better recovery rate is closely linked to outdoor views and natural lighting. The lighting pod is beneficial to make people acknowledge the importance of daylighting.

ELECTRIC LIGHTINGBased on CBPD BIDS 2004 study, substituting outdated office lighting with advance lighting design featuring high-performance lamps, ballasts, fixture and controls, can reduce up to 87% energy consumption, up to 26% productivity gains, and ROIs over 236%. Implementation of better lighting fixtures can reduce unwanted glare from bare bulbs and allow for better lighting distribution that create an optimal brightness contrast level for a working environment. The lighting pod will help illustrate how different fixtures can make a difference in visual comfort and allow audience to understand the impact of choosing the right system.

LIGHTING CONTROLThe impact of lighting control has been proven to also make an impact on different working environment. A research reported in Environmental News, shows that absenteeism in the new Lockheed-Martin Corporation facility is reduced by 15% as a direct result of controlling visual environment through daylighting. Furthermore, although no research have indicated a direct correlation between lighting control and productivity, a Lutron case study indicated that Light Right Consortium found 6% increase in occupant’s comfort level when individual lighting control is implemented. The lighting pod will help raise the awareness of efficient lighting control through the use of charts and infographics. Choices of efficient lighting systems are as good as its control. The latter would not only further boost energy savings but also allow for greater flexibility in indoor lighting environment, which provides greater occupant comfort.

on

3 4

ABSTRACTThe synthesis is aim to design a Lighting Pod based on a series of scenario and literature reviews to emphasize the existing CBPD lighting guidelines; hence creating a lighting teaching tool and test lab that aims to raise awareness in lighting design and improving lighting technology. The initial study will include a matrix of different high performance products and specifications currently available in the market and presents case studies where these products have been used successfully. The matrix will be broken down into three main categories, daylighting, electric lighting, and lighting control. In addition, a lighting simulation will be conducted to test for both daylighting and electric lighting. The pre-design phase will also consider development of related fields, such as control system (Dashboard) and past POE results. Through occupant survey, literature reviews and matrix of products, the next development will try to analyze the most optimal lighting configuration and specific systems to be installed. Lighting optimization analysis will be based on another matrix that concludes the preferred method of lighting systems and configuration based on former studies. Once the systems are chosen, the design phase of the pod will take into consideration dimension and dynamicity of each system. Design phase will include iterations of ECOPOD prototypes and inforgraphics illustrating design guidelines. The ECOPOD hopes to create a comprehensive user interface for both general audience and lighting companies.

MOTIVATIONAccording to U.S Energy Information Administration, approximately 461 billion kWh of electricity were used for lighting both residential and commercial sectors in 2011. This figure equates to about 17% of total electricity consumed by both sectors and 12% of total U.S electricity consumption. Furthermore, a report by EERE shows that although there has been quite significant reduction of incandescent lamps (from 62% in 2001 to 45% in 2010) in exchange for fluorescent lighting (from 3% in 2001 to 19% in 2010), and substitution from T12 to T8 or T5 linear fluorescent lamps, majority of lamp for all sectors remain to be incandescent (45.1%). The lighting pod aims to further catalyze the trend of incandescent reduction through teaching general audience of the life cycle benefit of using advance lighting system such as LED. Simultaneously, the pod also functions as a test lab to allow new innovative lighting design to be tested, increasing lighting efficiency through system and distribution.

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 2012http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2010-lmc-final-jan-2012.pdf

METHODOLOGIESThe synthesis’ primary methodology involves a survey of individual advanced lighting and control systems. The scope of the survey would include typical lighting configurations to most advance and current technologies. In addition a simulation of different indoor lighting conditions and configurations would be carried out to determine most effective lighting systems. The feedback of the simulation would be carried out in a form of a survey, in which occupants would help determine most comfortable lighting conditions. Further evidence would be provided by literature reviews, lighting research experiments and case studies of effective lighting systems.

PHASE 1: LIGHTING SURVEY PHASE 2: IDENTIFYING USER & FORMThe initial survey of different lighting systems would include all important specifications that would determine brightness, light distribution, efficacy, CRI, color temperature etc. The survey would be presented in a metric chart where specifications can be easily compared, especially between a typical and advanced lighting technology.

Research on the current lighting market survey has to be done to identify the potential users that would use the ecopod. The potential users are divided into three main categories: students, general consumers, and professionals. The research will help identify the priorities of each individuals and attempt to re-evaluate the perceived value and definition of efficient lighting systems based on the CBPD lighting guidelines. Additionally, the research would also contribute to the creation of a narrative for the ecopod that will take place in Phase 2.

The narration will be derived based on a combination of the lighting decision tree, CBPD lighting guidelines and the consumer report that has been derived in Phase 1. Additionally, based on the priority and understanding of the individuals, a specific guideline will be made for each individual to further understand the impact and understanding high performance lighting system.

Phase 2 will also include different form design iterations based on successful lighting lab case studies and other architectural sources. Since the pod is not only aimed for general audience but also for different lighting companies to demonstrate its latest technology (as a test lab), it is crucial that different lighting components are interchangeable and modular. Moreover, The pod needs to be transportable and therefore must be limited to a certain size. The determinant of the design is a combination between both aesthetic and functional, with the latter being prioritized. Design would primarily be focused on the lighting pod, but would also cover aspects of branding, method of presentations and information cards. The most challenging part of the design is to be able to support different lighting systems and configurations that is essential for different types of demonstrations.

PHASE 3: DESIGN ITERATIONSAfter identifying lighting from various users’ perspectives, the synthesis will further delve into the benefits of daylighting and electric lighting based on the notion of the triple bottom line: energy savings, environmental impact, and human health and productivity. The triple bottom line will allow enrich the narration of the ecopod, thus leaving a greater impression for the various users.

Phase 3 will also include different form design iterations based on successful lighting lab case studies and other architectural sources. Phase 3 of the project will advance to create the different lighting guidelines booklets for various users, in addition to a stack of printed cards used as a toolkit for the ecopod.

A second design attempt will be based on the collected data and would result as an improvement from the first schematic design. The pod will be altered to accomodate a flexible narrative specified by the different users. Design configuration will change and a greater integration between daylighting and electric lighting systems will be made to create cohesion and integration in lighting design.

PHASE 4: DESIGN INTEGRATION

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Upon deciding the ecopod-appropriate daylighting and electric lighting systems based on previous research and variables, control sytem can be considered at this stage. Research on lighting control will also be based on the notion of triple bottom line. The information will be gathered from various literature and surveys. Various control systems will be chosen based on its performance and compatibility with the chosen lighting systems

Further research will include various control systems, such as the CBPD Lighting Dashboard, and the testing of various iPhone/iPad illuminance meter applications. The experiment will determine the most accurate illuminance meter to be utilized for iPhone/iPad savvy users in the ecopod. The conclusion of the illuminance meter experiment will also include re-evaluation, recommendation and re-design of the most comprehensive application.

Phase 4 will conclude with the next design iteration based on functional and aesthetic improvements of the ecopod. The chosen lighting control systems will be integrated into the new design, in addition to the Dashboard system and specific placement of the illuminance meter. A design diagram of the electrically wiring will be made to illustrate the unobstrutive space inside the ecopod.

5 6

• Ages 18-34 • Heard of CFL• Aware of 2014

incandescent ban

IDENTIFYING USERS

STUDENT

GENERAL CONSUMER

The student user category ranges from first grade to sixth grade students. Middle school students without fundamental knowledge of lighting performance will fall under the category of general consumer.

Student users guide of the ecopod aims to introduce a basic understanding of lighting performance and fundamental specifications to achieve better lighting efficiency. The ecopod will be designed and explained in a less complicated and straight forward manner. Narration will also try to use simpler terminology to explain various configurations. Research on student users will be done based on children teaching toolkits provided on energy websites, cirruculum taught in private/public school on lighting performance and efficiency, and lighting-related priorities that affects student’s perceived comfort and productivity. The Student Lighting Guidelines will be much more fun and interactive consisting of small quizzes and riddles to allow easy learning.

The general consumer ranges from the age of young adult 15 years and above. The category includes everyone else that does not have the fundamental understanding of lighting performance and specifications.

General consumer user guide of the ecopod aims to introduce basic understanding of lighting performance and fundamental specifications to achieve better lighting efficiency and occupant’s comfort. Narration will engage the general consumer to re-evaluate their perceived priorities in choosing light bulbs and light fixtures. Research on general consumers will include survey of the current lighting market, occupant’s priority on achieving comfort and productivity, and the CBPD lighting guidelines. General consumer will have a greater knowledge in cost benefits of investing in high-performance lighting systems.

PROFESSIONALThe professional ranges from the age of young adult 15 years and above. The category includes individuals in building-related field (contractor, architect, lighting designer, etc.), and major company owners selling lighting systems (ranging from, fixtures, bulbs, lenses, etc.).

The professionals category aims to introduce an in-depth understanding of lighting performance and fundamental specifications to further improve lighting efficiency, occupant’s comfort and productivity. The narration will address mistakes that are often made by lighting professionals or vital factors that are often overlooked. In addition, it is also important to gear professionals to utlize latest lighting technology and to advance its development. The narration will also try to incorporate latest lighting trends in the market. Professionals need to understand and therefore persuade clients and investors that utilizing high performance lighting allow for greater benefits than it seems.

The synthesis’ primary methodology involves a survey of individual advanced lighting and control systems. The scope of the survey would include typical lighting configurations to most advance and current technologies. In addition a simulation of different indoor lighting conditions and configurations would be carried out to determine most effective lighting systems. The feedback of the simulation would be carried out in a form of a survey, in which occupants would help determine most comfortable lighting conditions. Further evidence would be provided by literature reviews, lighting research experiments and case studies of effective lighting systems.

MEDIUM

EASY

DIFFICULT

Participant and involved in bulb decisions

45%

Sole bulb decision-maker

44%

Not involved in bulb decisions 11%r11%1. Although almost all consumers are

involved in making purchase decisions about light bulbs.

2. Those who are not involved tend to be younger and less aware of the latest trends in lighting.

3. It’s time we change this.

WHO ISINVOLVED?

WHO IS UNINVOLVED?

• Ages 55+• Never heard of CFL• Unaware of 2014

incandescent ban

24%78%

75%

76%22%

25%

Base: 2013, N=300OSRAM SYLVANIA Socket Survey 6.0

2013 Research ResultsConducted by KRC Research, December 2013

OUT OF THE 11% PEOPLE UNINVOLVED...

8

IDENTIFYING USERS

IDENTIFYING USERS STUDENTSIDENTIFYING USERS:The synthesis’ primary methodology involves a survey of individual advanced lighting and control systems. The scope of the survey would include typical lighting configurations to most advance and current technologies. In addition a simulation of different indoor lighting conditions and configurations would be carried out to determine most effective lighting systems. The feedback of the simulation would be carried out in a form of a survey, in which occupants would help determine most comfortable lighting conditions. Further evidence would be provided by literature reviews, lighting research experiments and case studies of effective lighting systems.

CURRENT CONDITION

PERCEPTION

Base: 2000-2001, N=1500NEETF (10 years)

Environmental Literacy in AmericaConducted by Roper Research, September 2005

Research shows that most people believe that their mode of gaining environmental knowledge is through television, next to the newspaper and environmental groups. Additionally the survey indicates that although school is not part of the mode of improving environmental literacy, most people still perceive that children are one of the sources of environmental information. Consequently, it remains vital for students to understand correct and credible environmental information to improve energy usage.

Environmental Knowledge Results by Age, 2000

7 6.87.5 7.5

6.85.8

Energy Knowledge Results by Age, 2001

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

PRIORITIZING NARRATION

1. Fundamental understanding of various lighting concepts and facts that could make an impact to energy savings and the environment.

2. Students should understand the basic rule of thumb for each lighting guideline. The basic rule of thumb allow students to inform parents or themselves to make a DIY changes or retrofit.

3. Since most people perceived that one of the sources of environmental information comes from children, it is important that students are taught lighting key factors that can be easily communciated to adults.

4. Narration should be short and concised. The specifications need to be understood by elementary students to understand high-performance lighting products in an appropriate settings.

5. Narration will be linked closely towards the interactive experience of lighting ecopod to maintain the student’s interest in the various lighting systems.

Only 27% of Americans know that most of our electricity is produced by burning coal and flammable materials.

A solution to improve environmental literacy in the United States is to provide sufficient resources for various educational level to understand the impact of sustainability. Currently, EPA provide a number of toolkits, projects, and small assignments for environmental learning. Although a number of incentives are provided for utilizing the EPA environmental resources, on the other hand, the average environmental literacy grades are still on the lower end of the spectrum as compared to other developed countries (such as Norway, Denmark, Japan, etc). Possible solutions include creating a better incentives for environmental education. Schools can also be more proactive in teaching environmental issues and the impact students can make.

Components of Environmental Literacy and Composite Scores for Grade 6 and Grade 8

Online Educational Resources by EPA

Base: 2000-2001, N=1500NEETF (10 years)

Environmental Literacy in AmericaConducted by Roper Research, September 2005

9 10

IDENTIFYING USERS GENERAL CONSUMERSIDENTIFYING USERS:Since the general consumers have greatest control over residential lighting fixtures and luminaires, only the most basic systems and specifications will be introduced. Based on the research finding, General Consumers have to understand three main factors will change their perception and decisions on choosing a more efficient lighting system. General consumers will have to be able to 1. Choose most efficient ceiling, task and wall fixtures2. Change their perception of the importance of efficicay, energy savings and control flexbility3. Ability to relate high performance specifications of lighting system into a cost-related numbers

CURRENT CONDITION

PERCEPTION

57%

58%

52%

42%

46%

35%

31%

15%

35%

29%

30%

40%

27%

36%

34%

38%

92%

87%

82%

82%

72%

71%

66%

53%

Brightness

Life Span

Energy

Price

Made in America

Color

Energy Star Logo

Dimmable

very important somewhat important

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

PRIORITIZING NARRATION

Base: 2013, N=300OSRAM SYLVANIA Socket Survey 6.0

2013 Research ResultsConducted by KRC Research, December 2013

1234

5C

D

A

2

B

1

Most residential building utilize the use of CEILING FIXTURES (both open and close) followed by WALL FIXTURES. A 2013 residential survey by Osram Sylvania indicates that general consumers prioritize BRIGHTNESS (92%) and LIFE SPAN (87%) of lightbulbs the most, while ENERGY START LOGO (66%) and DIMMABILITY (53%) is prioritized the least. The lighting pod should aimed to change these perception to boost the understanding of energy efficient lightbulbs.

chandeliers

bare bulbdesk

closed ceiling

open ceiling

floor

pendantother

recessed

rangehoodtable

walltra

ck

Base: Tacoma Public Utility 1996, N=161Residential Lighting: The Data to Date

Conducted by Center for Building Science LBNL, May 1996

Annual UEC Installed Wattage20%18%16%

14%12%

10%8%6%4%2%0%

An example of a solution that can be implemented to change the understanding of general consumers of the differences between brightness and efficacy of lightbulbs is the repackaging of lightbulb products.

In this example, GE changes the perception of brightness by indicating the wattage brightness equivalent of an incandescent bulb on their CFL pacakging which increases the familiarity of brightness based on the general consumers perception. It is also important that the specifications such as energy savings and annual electricity used be highlighted.

1. Narration for general consumers should be translated into a cost-related explanation, thus increasing familiarity and persuasiveness of the systems.

2. Since general consumers has greatest control over their private properties, understanding the availability of high performance fixture often used in residential houses is important. Narration can be broken down into diffrent spatial zones to boost the options and choices that a consumer can install in their house.

3. Some general consumers would have control over their working space. Explanation of task ligthings in relation to their health and productivity can potential be useful, especially when most hours is spent at work.

4. Narration should be simple and straight forward. It should also be directed to most relatable lighting terminologies most commonly seen in products. Further research will be done on the lighting terms that is often used in commercial market (e.g. lightbulb packaging, fixture specifications, etc.)

5. Daylighting should remain a priority and potentially has the greatest cost-benefit.

INCANDESCENT

CFL

LED

32.6%

26.9%

53.6%

19.5%

10.5%

56.9%

24.2%

55.7%

20.2%

LIFESPAN (HOURS)

ENERGY COST (DOLLARS)

VEHICLE MILES

Residential Energy-Efficient Lighting Adoption Survey2013 Survey Results

Conducted by Bulbs.com, July 2012

Residential Energy-Efficient Lighting Adoption Survey2013 Survey Results

Conducted by Bulbs.com, July 2012

0

20

40

60

80

100

BIG BOXDRUG, GROCERY, SMALL H.WARE

2011 2012 2011 2012

Nothwest Residential Lighting Market Tracking Study 2012 - 2013 Survey Results

74% 64%83% 75%

4%19%

(n = 4,118,580) (n = 2,302,537) (n = 3,859,149) (n = 2,515,264)

3%14%

4%

6%26%

6%18%2%

LEDCFL - Specialty

CFL - General PurposeIncandescent

TRADE-OFF QUESTIONS % OF LAMPS STOCKED

11 12

Since the professionals have greatest control over major lighting retail and commercial lighting installations, fundamental and advanced understanding of lighting systems and specifications are neccessary. Based on the research finding, Professionals have to understand three main factors to improve the lighting industry and fixture choice. Professionals will have to be able to 1. Increase the use of LED fixture and encourage the development of flexible control and luminaire specification options2. Further encourage the use of efficient automatic lighting control to increase energy savings, occupants’ health and productivity; in addition to facilitating commisioning for the lighting control systems to ensure luminaire efficacy3. The use of lenses, indirect fixtures, and daylight shadings to reduce discomfort glare, in addition to understanding other specifications such as color temperature, CRI and lighting distribution to improve brightness/contrast level.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ligh

ting

Brig

htne

ss (l

m)

Lighting Efficiency (lm/W)

Brightness and Efficiency

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ligh

ting

Brig

htne

ss (l

m)

Lighting Efficiency (lm/W)

Brightness and Efficiency

0 5 10 15 20 25

<450

451-800

801-1100

1101-1600

1601-2600

>2600

n/a

Brightness (lm)

IDENTIFYING USERS PROFESSIONALSIDENTIFYING USERS:

CURRENT CONDITION

PERCEPTION

Base: 2013, N=2900State of the Lighting Industry: 2013

Conducted by Precision Paragon, April 2013

Approximate percentage of your relighting projects do you specify AUTOMATIC LIGHTING CONTROL

EXPECTATION from your COMPANY’S REVENUE from energy efficient relighting projects in 2013 as compared to 2012

EXPECTATION from your COMPANY’S REVENUE from energy efficient relighting projects in 2013 as compared to 2012

5% 15% 14% 14%48%

substantially down

moderately down

flat moderate growth

substantial growth

substantially down

moderately down

flat moderate growth

substantial growth

2% 4% 18% 18%59%

3%

28%

68%

0%

2013

induction LED Linear Fluorescent

Pulse Start Metal Hallide

PREDOMINANT LIGHT SOURCE you expect to install in projects

LIGHT SPECIFICATIONS & EFFICIENCY

PRIORITIZING NARRATION

AMBIENT TASK

0 5 10 15 20 25

2700

3000

3500

>4000

n/a

Color Temperature (Kelvin)

0 5 10 15 20 25

<75

76-80

81-85

86-90

>90

n/a

CRI

0 5 10 15 20 25

<450

451-800

801-1100

1101-1600

1601-2600

>2600

n/a

Brightness (lm)

0 5 10 15 20 25

<75

76-80

81-85

86-90

>90

n/a

CRI

0 5 10 15 20 25

2700

3000

3500

>4000

n/a

Color Temperature (Kelvin)

Professionals need to understand the relationship between fixture/lamp brightness and efficacy. Specifications of the wattage and potential lumens of fixture should be combined to understand the potential energy savings and performance of systems. A general trend can be observed between both task and ambient lighting, whereby higher lumens render a higher efficiency. On the other hand, there are also some incidences where product fall out of the trendline, whereby efficiency remains to be low at high lumens is provided.

In general, the lack of specifications in the professional realm has caused problems in adjusting brightness/contrast.

Light distribution, configuration of luminaires and sources need to be understood before installation. The use of lighting needs to provide sufficient lighting for the specific activity, while increase visual comfort of occupants (avoiding glare).

More specifications such as fixture distribution, life cycle impact and potential energy savings should be included in various product literature to educate consumers of their investments.

BRIGHTNESS

CRI

COLOR TEMPERATURE

1. Lighting company’s revenue remain to be a moderate growth and better marketing technique can help boost the sales of lighting products.

2. Aside from focusing on lumens specifications, company’s need to understand lighting efficiency. Low lumens/watts light fixture should be avoided.

3. Based on a survey of 60 high performance lighting products, online websites provide various range of brightness, CRI, color temperature.

4. Since predominant light source is perceived to be linear fluorescent in future projects, it is important that fixture involving such luminaire is understood.

5. Increase percentage of automatic light control installation in building projects allow company’s to expand on light control systems. This is a great opportunity for companies to invest in applications such as lighting dashboard and efficient sensors to maximize lighting efficiency and performance

Both task and ambient light system has approximately an equivalent lumens of >2600 for most fixtures. Task lighting products provide less bright fixtures (esp. for personal desk/surface lighting). Ambient lighting on the other hand has a higher distributions on brighter fixtures.

LED task lighting generally has a better CRI, mostly ranging around 81-85, whereas LED ambient lighting has a lower CRI around 76-80. Due to the higher distribution of higher range CRI in task lighting, it is important that task-intensive activity is supported by the used of personal task light control.

Color temperature of LED ambient fixture is quite well distributed. Most fixture are available in multiple color temperatures but is at its highest distribution among the >4000K (cooler) region. On the other hand, higher distribution of at 3500K (warmer) is observed for most task lighting.

13 14

15 16

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTThe second bottom line captures the environmental cost-benefits that are directly linked to electric energy savings: reductions in CO2, SOX, NOX, particulates, and water demands.These four pollutants represent a majority of the environmental damage from burning fossil fuels to generating electricity. The consequences of these pollutants include respiratory illness, cancers, and developmental impairment. Reducing the environmental impact contributes to the macro scale of the grand scheme of global economy and sustainability.

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITYThe third bottom line relates to the human (equity) cost-benefits that are directly linked to improved lighting quality. Specific research findings have been included in each calculation from published field and laboratory studies and include gains in human health, productivity, and reduced absenteeism. Occupant’s health and productivity typically is most beneficial in terms of cost analysis and often overlooked as a factor of consideration in indoor quality benefits. Occupant’s health and productivity are factors that should be addressed in lighting design and would be profitable in any project scale.

The triple bottom line assumption is based on various lietrature reviews done by the Center for Building Performance Diagnostics (CBPD) with regards to the Building Investment Decision Support (BIDS) project funded by DOE. Each cost, energy, and productivity benefits are calculated and applied to the baseline iterated below. The survey inserted for each guideline indicate the range of payback period for the various retrofit specific to the case study. Although the variables of each case study is inconsistent, as benefits are codependent of the size, occupants, type of retrofit, etc, nevertheless it predicts the maximum potential of each lighting guideline. It is also important that the baseline assumes a lifecycle of 15 years, a fitting number for the average age of 50 years for commercial buildings (CommBuilding 2011) and 36 years for residential buildings (US Department of Housing and Development 2010). The second bottom line assumes the various financial load in respect with environmental impact. The last bottom line based its baseline on productivity level, abesenteeism rate, health and recovery rate of the occupants based on each individual case study.

Electricity$ 0.106/kWh

CO2$ 0.010/kWh

SOx$ 0.012/kWh

NOx$ 0.003/kWh

PM 10$ 0.001/kWh

Water$ 0.004/kWh

National Average Inclusi ve Cos t of Electricity per kWh

National Average Inclusi ve Cos t of Ton of Pollutant Concentrations per kWh

National Average Inclusi ve Cos t of Gallons of Water per kWh

USERS AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSThe ECOPOD lighting guidelines are made on the basis of CBPD 10 Lighting Guidelines, understanding the potential users, and the current lighting trend. The matrix belox illustrates the various occupants and the potential role of various building typography that are most influential in their health and productivity. It is therefore important that the guidelines would also be directed to different building typography that has most overlapped, such as residential, commercial/office, and school buildings. Each building typography requires different lighting fixtures with respect to the various common activities. Lighting professionals must grasp all different lighting systems in all the building typography as they are influential to the lighting design and manufacturing of the various fixtures.

Students spent an average of 1690 hours a year in school, a 30% increase compared to 20 years ago. It is vital that students can perform optimally in classrooms. Studies show that good lighting condition can potentially increase test score and reduce absenteeism.

Since students spent an average of 1825 hours in an indoor household activity a year, it is vital that the next generation of children understand the impact of lighting and begin to take part in determining lighting and fixture types in the household environment.

General consumers spent an average of 620.5 hours annually doing household activities (not incld. sleeping). Efficient lighting is beneficial in terms of energy-cost savings. General consumers also have full control in determining lamp and fixture types.

An employed person spent an average of 3212 hours annually in an office environment. The staggering amount of time spent in an office is most detrimental to the health and well-being of the employee. Understanding individual fixture control can be extremely beneficial.

General consumers with children might be interested in the health and well-being of their offsprings and would be interested in the school’s IEQ. Parents can be more aware of the children’s health and well-being by understanding various lighting system.

Professionals are responsible in understanding the lighting quality and efficiency for residential program. Excellent lighting design can significantly reduce monthly electrical bill. Porfessionals should be able to persuade general consumers to invest in high performance product.

Professionals must be especially aware of commercial lighting design. The large scale of projects can affect the triple bottom lines tremendously. Professionals may profit from LEED accreditation, which enhances reputation of the company or firm.

School lighting design is especially important to better students performance. Many research has proven that lighting design can affect absenteeism rate and student grades. Lighting has the potential to maximize students and teacher’s comfort and wel-being.

Bureau Lebor of Statistics 2013

Hospital fixture often uses glaring recessed troffer due to demand for visually intense task. On the other hand, glare often causes discomfort and SBS sysmptoms such as headache. In fact, glare may reduce visually acuity. Bright lighting can be implementd without inducing glare.

Since industrial lighting requires high intensity great distribution light fixture. High performance lighting is vital to reduce energy and cost savings. Additionally, due to the extended lighting operating hours, fixture should be equipped with highly conductive heat sink.

The first bottom line calculations capture the hard economic cost benefits of energy savings resulting from each of the six retrofit actions, with ROI’s ranging from 15-52%. The cost of energy was set at $0.103/kwh, the average all-inclusive commercial rate in the U.S.

17 18

Daylighting

Electric Lighting

Walls

Ceiling/Roofs

glazing/windows

light redirection

shading

transparent

translucent

location/con�guration

internal

externallandscapeawningsblinds

vertical �ns

blindsmesh shades

internal

external

blindslight shelf

blindslight shelf

re�ective ceiling panelsprismatic glazing

photochromaticelectrochromic

clerestorybodykickplate

Ambient

Task

relocatable track lighting

ceiling lighting

wall washers

�oor lighting

Lighting Control

ceiling lighting

�oor lighting

task/table lighting

furniture lighting

lamp type incandescentcompact �uorescent (CFL)electron stimulated lamp (ESL)light emitting diode (LED)organic light emitting diode (OLED)

lens type re�ectivegrillesdi�userprismaticrefractivemesh

Manual

Automated

individual on/o�

individual dimming

timer

daylight sensor

occupancy sensor

building automation system

micro-zoning

daylight piping

skylight

shading

light redirection

Daylighting as a primary lighting source should be prioritized in lighting design. Daylighting is the best renewable source of both light and heat. It also has the best lighting properties, which includes best CRI value (100), most energy e�cient, provide most passive heating properties especially in temperate climate zones.

Both ceilings/roofs and walls can be utilized as a daylight sources. A daylight source is most e�ective 7 feet away from a vertical window, whereas skylights spacing are generally 1.0 to 1.5 times the ceiling height. Illuminance of skylights spacing are very dependent on its location and spacing. Simultaneously, light quality from skylights also depends on the weather condition. Sun at midday usually provides greater illumination than a cloudy day. Depending on the time of day, a range of color (between 2000-10000K) is provided.

Di�erent types of glazing are important to determine visual quality and passive solar heating. Visual transmission (Tvis) spec�cation of a window determines the visual clarity of outdoor views, and may a�ect the mood and ambience of the indoor environment. Tint of certain glass may a�ect the color temeperature of natural daylight. In addition, the Solar Heat Gain Capacity (SHGC) speci�cation of certain glazing is important to allow passive solar heat gain in the winter month. Low-E glazing should be chosen to increase insulation property and prevent heat loss.

Transparency of glazing can be altered based on privacy level, light di�usion purposes or even just for certain experiences or aesthetic. Location and con�guration of glazing also matters. An e�cient window bay should be thought to have three di�erent parts: clarestory, body, and kickplate. Maintaining su�cient privacy level can be adjusted accordingly, for instance, clarestory level can remain transparent for lighting, but the body and kickplate may be translucent. Di�erent con�gurations of type of glazing can be applied in di�erent sections to achieve optimum daylight source.

Light redirection and shading are two interdependent systems that relates to each other. While light redirecion redirects daylight source to prevent discomfort glare and provides more uniform light distribution, shading system is to block light sources due to glare and brightness/contrast-related issues. Choices between interior and exterior light redirection and shading systems are also crucial in terms of solar heat gain capacticy (SHGC). Exterior shading or light redirection de�ect daylight before it reches the interior space, therfore it has the ability to prevent further heat gain, whereas interior shading and light redirection has the opposite e�ect. On the other hand interior systems allow for better hands-on control than exterior systems. The balance or choices between the two is very much dependent on climate and geographical location of the building. Both internal and external systems have to be considered to achieve optimal system e�ciency and occupants comfort.

Lamp types are vital in choosing optimum illuminance. Each lamp type has di�erent e�ciency, life span, color temperature, CRI. Since each lamp type are very versatile in terms of �tting into types of �xtures, the �xtures should be chosen �rst in accordance to the speci�c activity/task. It is therefore important to choose the most suitable/optimal lamp type acoording to the spatial program.

Lens type can a�ect light distribution from a source. Most light would give o� a lambertian light distribution and can be altered and further di�use light source for a softer and uniform distribution.

Electric lighting can be divided into two main categories: task and ambient lighting. Ambient lighting is aim for overall illumination. Ambient lighting provides comfortable level of brightness without glare and allows for basic activity to take place. Task lighting on the other hand are usually an additional light source required for speci�c tasks such as, reading, cooking, writing, and other precision-related tasks. Task and ambient light sources can also be combined. For instance, an ambient lighting with high illuminance would be allow occupants to achieve certain task without any other additional light. Certain �xtures may be combine or seperate the two lighting types. An optimal balance between di�erent �xtures is required to maximize e�ciency and control.

Lighting �xtures are an important factor to detemine the lighting quality of a space. Lighting �xtures should be as dynamic as possible to allow di�erent con�gurations in accordance to the speci�c task or activity, especially task lighting. The dynamic nature of ambient lighting can transform di�erent experiences according to spatial functions. Lighting �ctures are important speci�cations especially because it determines the view of light sources. Indirect and direct lighting may have an impact on glare control, light di�usion and distribution, and illuminance level.

Manual and automated controls are crucial in terms of light control. Manual control requires occupants demand and participation and should require convenient and e�cient adjustment system. Automated control, on the other hand, has the ability to increase productivity and are far more sensitive in terms of light level adjustment. Automated control can help save time and provide constant comfort for occupants. The two control systems should be utilized to achieve maximum lighting e�ciency.

Di�erent sensors can be utilized to achieve automated light level. Adjustment of light level is primarily dependent on the speci�c activity and daylight sources. The sensor has the capability to adjust indoor electric lighting to achieve optimal brightness contrast. Advanced sensors such as building automation system can also be utilized to fully integrate occupant and institutional control. Sensors are especially vital when dealing with dynamic activities or spaces.

Electric lighting should be a secondary light source that provides su�cient or help balance daylight sources. Electric lighting can also be utilized as aesthetic purposes especially in terms of providing desired color temeperature. Unlike the unstable nature of daylight source, electric lighting provides constant illuminance and color temperature for the occupants.

Lighting control is important to adjust light level for speci�c task, hence providing optimal comfort for occupants at all times. Di�erent types of control help adjust both electric and daylighting thus provide comfort for the di�erent tasks and activites of the occupants.

The lighting decision tree is developed to introduce basic lighting systems and decisions that is made when choosing various fixtures. The lighting decision tree is important to understand the different hierarchy in lighting system. The decision tree also allow lighting systems to be selected in both top to bottom or bottom-up, which allow ease and efficiency in choosing the most appropriate lighting fixture. The decision tree is categorized into three main categories: 1.Daylighting 2.Electric Lighting 3.Control. Although the lighting systems are split into the three categories, it is utmost important that any fixture needs to be chosen with the consideration of other systems.

LIGHTING DECISION TREEIDENTIFYING LIGHTING SYSTEMS:

19 20

CBPD 10 LIGHTING GUIDELINES

on

DAYLIGHT DOMINANT: Provide daylighting as dominant lightsource

TASK AND AMBIENT: Separate task lighting from ambient lighting (or design relocatable task-ambient systems

HIGH PERFORMANCE LUMINAIRE: Maximize lighting quality with high performance luminaires

ACTIVITY-BASED LIGHTING: Focusing light to create highlights and accents through commisioning and tuning to meet location-specific needs

INDIRECT-DIRECT LIGHTING: Introduce indirect-direct lighting to support spatial dynamics without shadowing

GLARE MANAGEMENT AND BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST: Control glare and adjust brightness contrast with proper use of shading devices and lighting fixtures

PLUG-N-PLAY LIGHTING FIXTURES: Provide for reconfigurability with plug-n-play fixtures

DYNAMIC ZONING AND ADVANCED LIGHTING CONTROL:Design for continuous change in lighting zone size and advanced controls

COLOR AND SPECTRUM:Selecting high CRI bulb and balancing between bulb color temperature and illuminance

LIGHTING INTEGRATIONS WITH OTHER SYSTEMS:Pursue innovative systems integration for visual performance

The CBPD 10 lighting guidelines are structured hierarchically in the order below. The guidelines addresses sustainable lighting practice and factors that are proven to affect occupant’s comfort, health, and productivity. The 10 lighting guidelines will be expanded further and linked onto the ecopod as a lighting design manual and toolkit, allowing for increase in efficiency in lighting design. The various factors and specifications is explained from a fundamental level to a comprehensive level, which provide various users a depth of desired knowledge on lighting design.

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CBPD 10 LIGHTING

GUIDELINES

• Design builDing, room anD winDow Dimensions per orientation for Daylight Distribution

• select high visible transmission glazing with climate specific solar transmission.• introDuce light reDirection anD glare controls -- exterior, interior anD/or integral.• Design shaDing controls - exterior, interior anD/or integral.• ensure view content.• engineer electric lighting interfaces incluDing Daylight sensors anD controls.

DAYLIGHT DOMINANT

Provide daylighting as dominant light source

1RECOMMENDED METHOD

2 3 4

clarestory

a

b

c

d e f

east

south

west

a

b

a. clerestoryHigh windows above eye level to introduce more daylight.

b. bodyResponsible for direct light and views.

c. kickplateUsually introduce for better visual quality in open spaces.

d. skylightFenestration on the roof that act to enhance daylight quality.

e. daylight pipesUse to transport and distribute daylight into space (can be applied through multiple stories due to its ductile nature)

a. ceiling/roofDaylight from ceiling can be effective when oriented appropriately and angled optimally

b. wall/vertical surfaceWall fenestration can be effective when placed on the right orientation. Brightness/contrast can be adjusted when integrated with skylights and shading.

c

c. orientationDaylight path and climate varies depending on your location. Understading climate and path is vital to determine optimal window placement and orientation.

a. basic window specifications:

b. tint/filmChanges the visibility spectrum of a window (often applied for privacy on insulative purposes).

c. translucentApplied to diffuse daylight or privacy purposes. Although translucent reduces Tvis, it is still capable of transmitting lesser or greater light.

c

b

d

e

a

U-valueMeasures heat transmission. Lower u-value entails better insulative quality.

SHGCSolar heat gain coefficient is the measure of temperature increase from solar radiation. Higher SHGC entails greater solar heat gain.

TvisVisible transmittance measures the visual clarity of window. Higher Tvis gives better visual quality.

d. electrochromicElectric current can be run through windows for dynamic opacity.

e. daylight sensor Sensor can be integrated with electrochromic window to reduce heat gain.

a.

b. mesh shadesDaylight is diffused through a translucent fabric and typically insulate spaces with low U-value.

e. skylight shading Skylight can be shaded through means of automated blinds or mesh shades.

f. shading controlShading can be manually or automatically controlled through various sensors

a

c

b

de

f

blindsWindow blinds not only provide shades but potentially redirect daylight.

f. daylight wall washSkylight can be redirected onto walls for a diffused effect.

c. light shelfs Redirect clerestory light upwards towards the ceiling. Integrates best with reflective ceiling panels.

d. reflective ceiling Highly reflective panels or fabric redirect bounced light from lightshelf onto work surface, providing uniform lighting distribution.

QUICK STRATEGIES• Finger Plan BuildingS; Courtyard Buildings• 7 meters (20 feet) maximum distance to a window • High Tvis glazing • External/Internal light shelves; Ceiling reflector/diffuser • Clerestory windows; Daylight expert skylights• Light wells and Light pipes• Bi-lateral lighting• Dynamic responsive control (e.g. venetian blinds, awning, electrochromic windows etc.)

Levolux,  Motorized  Shading  

TYPES OF APPLICATION

TYPES OF GLAZING

TYPES OF SHADING & LIGHT REDIRECTION

TYPES OF CONFIGURATION1

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“Students with the most daylighting in their classrooms progressed 20% faster on math and 26% faster on reading comprehension tests in one year.”

--Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Figueiro 2002Benton 1990

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BENEFITS

In a 2002 multiple building study, Heschong et al identify 7% to 26% higher test scores for school children in highly daylit classrooms than for children in classrooms with no to very little daylighting. The average 15% improvement in test scores represents a significant measure of individual productivity.

First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$500,000$3,375,000 (Individual Productivity)675%

Daylighting = Individual Productivity

Reference: Heschong, L., Wright, R. L., and Okura, S. (2002) Daylighting Impacts on Human Performance in School. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 31:2, pp. 21-25.

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Nicklas and Bailey 1996Thayer 1995 Heschong et al. 2002

Morante et al. 2007

Beauchamin and Hays 1996/1998

Choi 2012

Choi 1984Verderber and Rubinstein 1984

Doulos et al. 2008

Schrum and Parker 1996

Rubinstein et al. 1990

De Carlo and De Giuli 2009

Carbonariet al. 2001

Liet al. 2003

OFFICE SCHOOL RETAIL HOSPITAL

SIMULATION OFFICE INSTITUTIONAL

BIDS SURVEY: DAYLIGHTING

BIDS SURVEY: DAYLIGHT CONTROL

The use of daylight in work environments ensures affordable high levels of lighting, value-added full-spectrum lighting, as well as views and opportunities for natural ventilation. Using daylight as the dominant light source for both ambient and task needs improves individual productivity and health, conserves lighting and air conditioning energy, and is a benefit in attracting and retaining the best employees. To utilize daylight as a dominant light source for both ambient and task requirements requires effective design of at least six variables: designing building, room and window dimensions for each orientation to ensure effective daylight distribution; specifying appropriate glazing, especially visible and solar transmission values; introducing light redirection devices and glare controls – exterior, interior or integral with the glass; designing shading controls, again exterior, interior and/or integral; ensuring adequate view content; and engineering electric lighting interfaces including daylight sensors and controls. Excluding the US, most industrialized nations mandate seated access to windows in buildings, with 7 meters a typical maximum distance away to ensure both effective daylighting and views. However, even in deeper US buildings with dominantly electrically lit spaces, the value of daylight for at least ambient lighting and views is substantial and should be a major lighting goal for new and retrofit projects. UMEA School of Architecture, Henning Larsen Architects

Atlassian Office, Studio Sarah Willmer

Daylight House, Takeshi Hosaka Architects’

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ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

25 26

USGBC LEEDTM Metrics:IEQ Credit 8: Daylight and Views• Intent:

Provide a connection between indoor spaces and the outdoor environment through the introduction of sunlight and views into the occupied areas of the building.

• Requirements: Achieve 75% of Daylighting in Occupied SpacesAchieve 90% of Daylighting in Occupied Spaces

1 Point2 Points

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• select high performance fixtures with integrateD lamp, ballast, reflector, anD lens. • proviDe one task light per worksurface anD/or relocatable fixtures (for 50-100fc on tasks). • proviDe articulateD arms to allow users one-hanDeD management of light Distribution onto the

task area. • proviDe occupancy switching.

SEPERATE TASK LIGHTING FROM AMBIENT LIGHTING (OR DESIGN RELOCATABLE TASK-AMBIENT SYSTEMS)

task

• proviDe 10-30 footcanDles, possibly with Delineation of Diverse spaces. • engineer less than .5 watts per square foot, with effective Daylight interfaces.

ambient

1RECOMMENDED METHOD

2 3a

a. ceilingCeiling fixture varies from indirect, direct or both. Direct/indirect ratio determines ambient and task nature.

b. surface/tableEnhance the amount of light on a worksurface through personal control.

c. floorFloor fixture varies from indirect, direct or both. direct/indirect ratio determines ambient and task nature. floor fixture is easily relocatable but takes up space.

d. wall washersDesign for ambient lighting and is most ideal for hallway light-ing due to its low wattage.

e. trackDesign for ambient lighting by reflecting off vertical surfaces. track lighting may cause glare if not directed appropriately.

a. activityDefining activity within a space helps determine the choice between ambient and task type lightng.

b. task lightingTask lighting should be provided for meticulous activities such as reading, writing, cooking, etc. task lighting should provide articulated arms and dimming for dynamic use.

c. ambient lightingAmbient lighting should be provided for general activities in restaurants, screen-based activities etc. Uniform nature of ambient lighting allows for visual aesthetic by reducing brightness contrast ratio.

a. lamp specificationsLamp specifications is important as to determine the amount of energy consume and its efficiency in term of light output. each fixture recommends certain lamp type and it is vital that Guideline 3 is understood and taken into consideration when selecting specific fixture.

b. lens specification Lens specification determines light diffusion and distribution. different lens type can be used according to achieve desired light quality. Lens type is important as to ensure lamp is properly enclosed as to avoid glare from bare bulbs.

a

b

b

c

e

c

b

a

d

QUICK STRATEGIES• Select high performance fixtures w/ light shield at seated eye level• Providing articulated arms to allow one-handed control of light

distribution• Providing one task light/work surface and/or relocatable fixtures 9for

500-100fc on tasks)• Ambient lighting at lower required levels of 10-30fc (> 0.5W/sf ) effective

interface with daylighting• Ambient lighting should be aimed for highlighting or dramatic delineation

of diverse spaces

Horizon  LED  Task  Light,  Peter  Stathis  and  Michael  McCoy  

ClimaGuard,    Guardian  High  Tvis  Window  

Artemide  Tolomeo  LED  Lamps   PKO  Bank  Polski  

TASK/AMBIENTLIGHTING2 DEFINE COMMON

ACTIVITIESTYPES OF LAMPS/LENS

TYPES OF FIXTURE

“Nine out of ten commercial building constructed before 1988 spends 50% of their total electric bill on lighting alone -- 30% in newer buildings.”--New Building Institute

Waldmann, Bremen’s Weser Tower

BENEFITS

n a 2003 building case study of a factory in Finland, Juslen et al identify a 4.43% improvement in the factory worker productivity (measured in product output) by providing individually-controlled, dimmable task lighting capable of increasing maximum desktop illuminance to 3000 lux, as compared to non-dimmable task lights that limited total desktop illuminance to 700 lux.

First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$162,000$990,000 (Individual Productivity)611%

Task/Ambient = Individual Productivity

Reference: H. Juslen, M. Wouters, A. Tenner (2007) The influence of controllable task-lighting on productivity: a field study in a factory. Applied Ergonomics, 38, 39-44.

Combined task-ambient lighting, either downlighting or uplighting, delivers light at too high a level for computer based tasks, and typically must all be left on to ensure uniform levels across the workspace - with measurable energy and productivity costs. Separating task and ambient lighting, on the other hand, will support spatial flexibility and user customization of light levels. Energy effective ambient-only lighting that is augmented with task lights to deliver proper light levels for changing tasks, tools and layouts, results in energy and facility management/ churn savings as well as in productivity gains. Task lights should be selected to achieve the highest performance quality for task visual quality, material sustainability, energy efficiency and environmental health. Four attributes of task lighting should be addressed: selecting high performance fixtures with integrally designed lamp, ballast, reflector, and lens, with the light shielded from the seated eye level; providing one task light per worksurface and/or relocatable fixtures (for 50-100fc on tasks); providing articulated arms to allow users one-handed management of light distribution onto the task area; providing occupancy switching, augmenting on/off switching with occupancy sensors and possibly dimming controls.

The ambient lighting at lower required levels of 10-30 footcandles can then be designed for energy conservation (at less than .5 watts per square foot), for effective interface with daylighting, and for highlighting or dramatic delineation of diverse spaces. The benefits of separating task and ambient lighting systems includes energy efficiency, productivity, health, and churn cost-savings, with near-term paybacks, and ensures workplaces with the highest visual quality.

Cakir 1998Mahdavi 1995

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et al. 2007Nishihara et al. 1996

OFFICE INSTITUTIONAL FACTORY

BIDS SURVEYKichler, Lighting the Kitchen

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USGBC LEEDTM

IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

29 30Rentex, ERCO and LKL, The Maki Building – Norvastis Campus

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

31 32

1 2 3• select highest fixture/reflector quality.• select highest lamp quality anD coorDination with

fixture.• select highest ballast quality.• select highest lens/Diffuser quality.• ensure inDiviDual controls anD opportunity for

aDvanceD controls.• Design for reconfigurability anD just-in-time

purchasing.

MAXIMIZING LIGHTING QUALITY WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE LUMINAIRES

• ensuring visual performance for Diverse anD changing tasks.

• maximizing system energy effectiveness.• optimizing system material effectiveness -

craDle to craDle.• maximizing system service life.• ensuring human health anD

environmental quality.

quality =

RECOMMENDED METHOD

TYPES OF FIXTURE

TYPES OF LENS

TYPES OF LAMP/LIGHTBULB

a. surface/table light CFL, LED, OLED

b.

c.

K-12 Lenstranslucent diffuser that refracts source to create more uniformed light distribution.

Diffuser with Linear Detailslinear details are designed to hide light source from occupants’ sight thus reducing glare from typical translucent lenses

18 Cell Parabolic Louvrereflective egg crate panels are used to diffuse light source. grided nature aims to split light linear source into multiple volumes.

Partial Aperture Diffuser source is reflected towards reflective panels integrated within the fixtures to further enhance light distribution

a

b

d e

c f

g

h

i

j

k

l

under-cabinet lightT5, T8, LED

recessed-cove light T5, T8, LED

d. indirect ceiling T5, T8, LED

e.

f.

direct/indirect ceilingT5, T8, LED

recessed troffer T5, T8, LED

g. pendant light CFL, LED, (Decorative Filament)

h. recessed canCFL, LED

i. track light

j. wall wash

k. wall sconce

l. floor light

Uniform Diffuserdistributes light uniformly

WattageConsiders lamp wattage to reduce power consumption. Consider using lower wattage bulbs for ambient or transient spaces. Brightness should be adjusted according to activities.

CRIColor Rendering Index (CRI) is important to create better visual quality. Currently LED has achieved CRI of 90, but remain to be lower than daylight or incandescent.

CCTCorelated Color Temperature (CCT) is important to create better color. Cool color can make occupants look sickly and spaces can look too hygienic and uncomfortable. It is important to balance CCT so that a space remains sunstantially comfortable.

EfficiencyConsiders lamp efficiency to generate most brightness (lumens) with least wattage. LED and OLED are most efficient.

QUICK STRATEGIES• Highest performance: fixture/reflector quality• T-5 or super T-8 lamp quality; electronic ballast quality; lens/diffuser

quality; individual controls from on-off to occupancy and daylight sensors, to dimming and programmable controls

• Design driven by visual quality for the diverse and changing tasks• Using daylight as the dominant lighting source• High efficiency fixtures and greatly enhanced control systems

Dimming  Switch  Leviton    Occupancy  Sensor  

JUMP  LED  Luminaire,  PHILIPS  

HIGH PERFORMANCE LUMINAIRE3“ If every U.S. home replaced just one light bulb with an ENERGY STAR® efficient light bulb, the amount of energy saved could light more than 3 million homes for a year and prevent 9 billion pounds of greenhouse gas emissions per year, equivalent to the emissions of about 800,000 cars.”

--Class 5 Energy

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BENEFITS

In a 2003 before and after building case study of the Loughran Corbett Attorneys, Inc.’s main office, DesignLights Consortium (DLC) identifies a 40% reduction in lighting energy consumption and a 75% increase in light level on worksurfaces due to replacing 2 x 4 lensed troffers (T-12 fluorescent lamps and magnetic ballasts) with 2 x 4 parabolic fixtures (T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts); replacing incandescent PAR 75W and R40 lamps with 20-watt compact fluorescent lamps.First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$175,000$49,720 (OMEnergy)28%

High Performance Luminaire = Energy Savings

Reference: DesignLights Consortium (prepared by Weller & Michal Architects Inc. with WV Engineering Associates PA.). http://www.designlights.org/downloads/75%20N%20Beacon%20St.%20DLC.pdf

The quality of light fixtures varies dramatically with measurable impact on light distribution and quality, glare control, color rendition, energy efficiency, material conservation and long term maintenance. It is imperative to decide at the outset whether the lighting system will involve separate task and ambient lighting or the ability to easily reconfigure combined task-ambient systems. At least five characteristics of the lighting luminaries or fixtures must be of the highest performance possible: fixture/reflector quality for light distribution and for long term integrity; T-5 or super T-8 lamp quality and coordination with fixture; electronic ballast quality; lens/diffuser quality to eliminate direct glare, brightness contrasts, or gloom; and individual controls from on-off to occupancy and daylight sensors, to dimming and programmable controls. The benefits of high performance lighting systems include lighting quality that is better matched to diverse and changing work activities, with gains in individual productivity, health, reduced lighting and cooling energy use, as well as facility management and waste cost-savings.

The selection of high performance light fixtures and the integrated system with wiring, controls, along with the design of effective daylighting should be driven by visual quality for the diverse and changing tasks that constitute our workday. High performance lighting must also reflect the latest understanding of resource conservation and environmental health. Each component should be selected to ensure: the lowest toxicity in manufacturing, use and disposal; the longest lasting, or most renewable materials and assemblies; the greatest energy effectiveness in use; and the greatest contribution to human health and productivity. Given present knowledge, the most critical conservation actions include: using daylight, a renewable energy, as the dominant lighting source; reducing energy use through high efficiency fixtures and greatly enhanced control systems; avoiding fixture waste through relocatability, “cherishable” quality, and through just-in-time purchasing with plug-and-play infrastructures; and carefully selecting lamp, fixture and wiring materials to avoid the use of non-renewables or toxins in either manufacturing, use or disposal.

NYC Federal Building

1997

Fontoynot 1984

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National Lighting Bureau

1988

Wilkins et al. 1989

Hedenstrom 1991

ODEQ 1995

Jakelius 1996

Kuller and Laike 1998

Li and Lam 2001

Designlights Consortium

2003

Flyod and Parker 1995

NLB

OFFICE INSTITUTIONAL

Finelite, Skype Northern American HQ

Federal Center South Building, ZGF Architects

Stone House, Vo Trong Nghia

NU

MBE

R O

F M

ON

THS

4435

13 10

208

166

47

3

166

124

9

2520

200

160

100

80

4224

2520

6 51

USGBC LEEDTM

IEQ Credit 2.7: Light Pollution Reduction• Intent:

To increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility, and reduce the consequences of development for wildlife and people.

• Requirements: Option 1: Meet uplight and light trespass requirements, using either the backlight-uplight-glare (BUG) method Option 2: Calculation method. Projects may use different options for uplight and light trespass. (Refer to LEED V4 for more information)

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

35 36

daylightsensor 2

daylightsensor 1

40%

20%

50%

zoningType and location of activity should be determined before deciding on the fixtures. Efficient lighting can be implemented with zone division. For instance, a bedroom may be sectioned into different activities such as, working area, recreational/television area, bed area. Smaller zones help determine specific lighting demand that would aid the selection of fixture and bulb wattage in terms of its distribution and efficiency.

• task tuning that befits Daily task-specific activity.• lumen maintenance helps upDate lumen changes in accorDance to task or spatial changes.• balancing control between Daylighting, occupancy controls, personal tuning anD institutional

tuning baseD on Daily/specific activity.• highlight anD accent spaces that are being useD or occupieD.• high-enD trim Dimming (also known as ballast tuning or reDuction of ballast factor).• commissioning is important to maintain fixture-to-fixture accuracy.

FOCUSING LIGHT TO CRETE HIGHLIGHTS AND ACCENTS THROUGH COMMISIONING AND TUNING TO MEET LOCATION-SPECIFIC NEEDS

1RECOMMENDED METHODS

TYPE & LOCATION OF ACTIVITY 2 3 4

a. daylight (Direct/Indirect)Daylight distribution can be both direct or indirect with redirection system. Daylight is most efficient and should be prioritized.

b. task (Direct)Task lighting is a direct light source. Distribution should be small and concentrated but sufficient to cover working area. Task lighting provide high lumen/watt and therefore very efficient. Distribution angle, fixture and wattage can be varied to adjust for different activities.

c. track (Indirect)Indirect track provide a strong wash that allow for higher brightness and contrast. Indirect wash can be implemented especially for very bright LCD projectors to balance its contrast with surrounding dim ambient lighting. Indirect point distribution can be very efficient to achieve different ambient quality when directed appropriately.

d. wall wash (Indirect)Soft indirect wall wash has a wide distribution angle and very diffused effect. Wall wash is efficient for low lighting activities.

a. daylight sensordaylight sensor can be installed to automate shading system or ratio between daylight and artificial light. Dimming capability is required for electric lighting for ratio adjustment.

b. occupancy sensoroccupancy sensor determines whether occupant is present for various activites. occupancy sensor is extremely important implementation for effective activity-based lighting and cater for flexibility in occupant’s schedule.

c. dimmer control

c b

a

a.

b. ballast

commisioning

zone 1 zone 2

zone 3

amount of needed lighht

a

c

b

d

a

b

scheduleSchedule should be an important factor for different daily activities. Daytime activities should be programmed in proximity of daylight source to fully utilize natural free light, whereas night time activities would utilize high performance luminaire. Activity schedule would help determine ratio between daylight and artificial lighting .

QUICK STRATEGIES• Light spaces sufficiently for specific task, lower surrounding ambient light

to maximize energy savings• Create hierarchical contrast to allow dominant task light; greater focus• Zone spaces appropriately in accordance to daily activities• Install timer or occupancy sensors• Install lighting control based on activity and program to increase

efficiency and dynamicity• Utilize dashboard control to schedule different lighting configurations

depending by the hours and days

Roomie  1.8,  Lutron  

GRAFIK  Eye®  QS  Wireless  with  KNX,  Lutron  

ACTIVITY-BASED LIGHTING4 TYPE OF CONTROL

(DIMMING & SENSORS)

PROVIDE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE & COMMISIONING

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION & EFFICIENCY

“According to Google, the energy it takes to conduct 100 searches on its site is equivalent to a 60-watt light bulb burning for 28 minutes. Google uses about 0.0003 kWh of energy to answer the avenge search query, which translates into about 0.2 g of CO2.”

--PC Magazine 2012

37 38

BENEFITS

n a 2001 case study of Raytheon Company’s Building 200 in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, Chamberlain and Fialli identify 83% lighting energy savings following an upgrade with Ledalite’s Ergolight intelligent lighting system, in which each luminaire integrates personal dimming, occupancy sensing and centralized network control, as compared to the original 2x4 T-12 lightingFirst cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$82,000$54,448 (OME Energy)66%

Intelligent Lighting System = Energy Savings

Reference: Chamberlain, David R. and Fialli, Tracy L. (2001) The Right Light. http://www.ledalite.com/download/white/case3_raytheon.pdf

Activity-based lighting requires great flexibility and configurability of lighting control in order to focus light on important area. Highlighting or accenting important spaces not only creates contrast as to allow spatial hierarchy but simultaneously more energy efficient. Furthermore, activity-based lighting will help boost focus on specific task while eliminating distractions from surrounding environment.

Activity-based lighting can be achieved through personal control of task lighting, but further contrast can also be achievable through contrast of ambient lighting and therefore further emphasizing utilized or occupied spaces. Lighting control can be configured based on activity (instead of individual control) and can be set accordingly depending on spatial or activity changes. Each light fixture should also be dimmable to provide most comfortable lumen level for the specified task. In addition, ease of light configurability can be achieved through wireless control. Commissioning and tuning is therefore important to study the relationship between daily activity/spatial pattern and light level. Occupancy sensor can be utilized in spaces that are either rarely occupied or function at irregular schedule. Activity-based method of control is both time and energy efficient.

Balance between different control types is important to achieve optimum energy saving potential. Activity-based lighting is most optimal to be combined with personal task lighting control and occupancy control. According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study [Williams et al. 2012], a 24% occupancy control, 28% daylighting control, 31% personal tuning, 36% institutional tuning and 38% combined approaches yield an estimate of 19% of energy savings. Moreover, the different control types or fixtures allow for greater flexibility/adaptability in task and spatial changes.

Energy User News 1999

BIDS SURVEY

OFFICE

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Campbell 2001 Wood et al. 2003

YouTube Space Tokyo, Klein Dytham Architecture

Warnford Court, Scott Brownrigg Architects

Modern Airplane Design, Airbus 380

NU

MBE

R O

F M

ON

THS

17 14

18 15

1915

IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

USGBC LEEDTM

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

39 40

• select compact light sources, reflectors anD Diffuser with appropriate ceiling Distances.• separate task anD ambient lighting, with uplighting for ambient Differentiation; or

• engineer combineD task-ambient lighting with ambient uplighting anD user controlleD Downlighting.

INTRODUCE INDIRECT-DIRECT LIGHTING TO SUPPORT SPATIAL DYNAMICS WITHOUT SHADOWING

1RECOMMENDED METHODS

2 3a b c

d e f

a. directDirect lighting is down lighting that is often ideal for task oriented activities. typically, direct lighting produces most efficient brightness, but high contrast may cause discomfort glare.

b. semi-directSemi-direct is often seen in high performance floor light-ing. semi-direct compromises brightness contrast level in task light.

c. diffuseDiffuse light is often seen in pendant lights or chandelier. Diffuse light requires lens to avoid glare by shielding light source.

d. direct/indirectDirect/indirect distribution allows for a equal ditribution for both ambient and task. Low watt direct fixture may be implemented to create contrast in detailed-oriented tasks.

e. semi indirectSemi-indirect is often seen in high performance ceiling light. semi-indirect is useful for uniform ambient lighting, thus lowering individually controlled task lights.

a. ceilingCeiling fixture provide different types of indirect/direct ratio, typically 70:30. Indirect ceiling light requires sufficient height and reflective ceiling panel, which allows it to sufficiently create a wide angle distribution diffused by panels. Uniform ambient/task can be achieved with high performance ID ceiling fixture.

b. floorFloor fixture provide different types of indirect/direct ratio, typically 50:50 (or more towards direct). High performance floor fixture provide sufficient ambient lighting that compromise the contrast of its task light nature. Movable floor light is useful for greater flexibility in spatial dynamicity and varied activities/tasks.

c. wallWall fixture provide different types of indirect/direct ratio, typically 50:50. Wall I-D lighting allow a uniform soft wash, which is ideal for hallways and less task oriented spaces.

f. indirectIndirect light distribution is often seen in wall wash. Indirect light creates soft ambient light.

a

b c

a

b

c

QUICK STRATEGIES• Lighting uniformity for both downlighting and uplighting• Low-ceiling/reflective panels for better uplight diffusion• Combine task and ambient lighting• Uplighting : Downlighting ratio of• 80:20 for high task light levels reflected off ceiling• 20:80 for individual control over direct lighting for greater task flexibility• Direct components should be used for space delineation but not

overpower task-ambient Finelite  Ligh+ng,  Larvadera  Chase  Tower  –  Chicago,  IL,  NewMat  Stretch  Ceiling  System  

Trolley,  Artemide  Architectural  

HP90  2’X4’  Direct/Indirect  Sta+c  PHILIPS  Lightolier  

controlSome fixtures allow adjustment of direct/indirect ratio thus providing appropriate lighting distribution for different activities. Ability of changing light distribution and brightness allows for spatial and activity changes. Flexibility of control also allow opportunity for daylight sensor installation, hence creating the appropriate daylight-artificial ratio.

DIRECT-INDIRECT LIGHTING5 TYPES OF FIXTURES TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF

DITRIBUTION &LUMENS

“Indirect luminaire is known to eliminate both shadows on work surface and potential glare source, therefore increasing student’s performance in school.”--WGM Design Inc.

41 42

BENEFITS

With the emergence of more compact light sources, such as T-5s and super T-8s, and reflectors/diffusers matched to appropriate ceiling heights, indirect and indirect-direct lighting can be introduced even with conventional ceiling heights to offer greater worksurface lighting uniformity in dynamic work settings. Given changing workstation layout and variations in pantel heights, indirect-direct lighting reduces shadows from furniture systems and reduces the “cave-like” qualities of conventional ceiling-based downlighting systems with low ceiling luminance. There are two approaches to using indirect-direct lighting: as a combined task and ambient lighting system, or as ambient lighting predominantly. The combined task-ambient lighting typically provides for both uplighting and downlighting, with either 80-20 distribution or (80% indirect) and high task light levels reflected off the ceiling, or a preferable 20-80 (80% direct) with lower reflected light levels for ambient needs, and individual control over the greater direct lighting component to meet changing task requirements. A commitment to separate task and ambient lighting systems allows the indirect-direct systems to be designed for lower ambient levels alone, eliminating the excessively bright ceilings and reducing energy costs. The modest direct component is provided for “sparkle” and space delineation, but at much lower overall levels than combined task-ambient. Alternatively, direct-indirect systems are available to provide the lower ambient lighting levels with uplighting, and user control of the direct (downlighting) fixtures for individual task lighting (see guideline 5). Beyond greater uniformity in light levels and reduced shadowing for high density and dynamic work settings, the benefits of indirect-direct lighting approaches include gains in individual productivity, health and user satisfaction, as well as churn and energy cost-savings.

In a 1998 multiple building study in Germany, Çakir and Çakir identify a 19% reduction in headaches for workers with separate task and ambient lighting, as compared to workers with typical ceiling-only combined task and ambient lighting.

First cost increase: Annual savings:

ROI:

$157,000$42,750 (Individual Productivity)$6,935 (Health)32%

Indirect/Direct = Individual productivity + Health

Reference: Cakir, A.E. and Cakir, G. (1998) Light and Health: Influences of Lighting on Health and Well-being of Office and Computer Workers, Ergonomic, Berlin.

Katzev 1992

BIDS SURVEY

OFFICE

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Hedge et al.

1995Aaras et al. 1998 Fostervold and

Nersveen 2008Romm 1999

INSTITUTIONAL

DECO Lighting, Evian Series

Acuity Brands Naro Indirect Lighting, Ecole Coeurde Lisle

StudioLux Kitchen Lighting Design, CFL Direct and LED Indirect

1

NU

MBE

R O

F M

ON

THS

10

112

53

8

1 w

eek

IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

USGBC LEEDTM

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

43 44

METHOD OF CONSIDERATIONS

CONTROL GLARE AND ADJUST BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST WITH PROPER USE OF SHADING DEVICES AND LIGHTING FIXTURES

QUICK STRATEGIES• Design shading strategies in relation to solar angle (latitude)• Redirect/diffuse daylight onto reflective panels • Install vertical/horizontal fins depending on appropriate building

orientation• Use translucent/tinted glazing as appropriate to balance glare and views• Choose correct bulb shape in relation to light fixture (esp. for downlight

fixtures) and seating height• Increase indirect uplighting to create uniform ambient lighting• Choose appropriate lens/filter for uniform light distribution• Position monitor screen away from direct light to enhance brightness

contrast

GLARE MANAGEMENT & BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST6• iDentify climate conDition anD sun path relative to builDing orientation anD occupieD spaces.• install proper shaDing Devices such light shelf, blinDs or awnings to reDirect glare.• use proper light fixture relative to shape of bulb as exposeD bulb may cause glare anD uneven

Distribution of light.• brightness anD contrast ratio shoulD be aDjust accorDing to Different tasks, anD can be aDjusteD

through Daylight sensor anD Dimming control.• ambient fixtures with uniform Distribution to reDuce shaDows while configurable to highlight

hierarchical spaces.

summer

winter

1 2 3 4

a. vertical blindsHelps redirect low winter sun angle for vertical surfaces

b. skylight shadingHelps shade for steep summer sun for horizontal surfaces.

c. horizontal blindsHelps shade for steep summer sun and reflected light from ground (snow).

d. light shelfRedirect sun path upwards to create a uniform distribution and cover greater distance of light distribution for deep floor plan.

a. vertical surfacesGlare often occurs on the west facade especially during winter solstice. Vertical surfaces should also consider glare from reflective ground surfaces (i.e. snow). Vertical surfaces may easily redirect glare from steep solar angle by implementing exterior shading device, but lower solar angle requires more careful design decision.

b. horizontal surfacesGlare occurs for steep solar angle and may cause imbalance in brightness contrast ratio. Shading, redirection or diffusion system needs to be installed to avoid such problem.

a.

c. trackDue to the harsh nature of track light, it is most useful if it is kept away from user’s line of sight at all times. Track light should be used as wall washed or accentuate spatial or decorative qualities.

d. taskGlare can be simply avoided if task light has flexible arm. Height of task light should be optimal to user’s height.

e. floorFloor light should remain shaded at all times. Direct floor light should be pointed down. Slight recessed around source in floor fixture helps avoid glare.

a.

b. bulb changeBulb shape can be changed to accomodate depth of fixture.

e. install lens/shades Decorative lens or shades can be installed to diffuse light and create an aesthetically pleasing ambient lighting.

DIY retrofitFixture can be retrofitted easily by adding fireproof films to extend lens to cover source.

c. redirect source Some fixture can be reconfigured and rotated to face source away from occupant’s line of sight (this may cause change in both distribution and light efficiency)

d. fixture change Fixture can be completely replaced especially in most LED integrated lighting system. (mighy be costly)

northsouth

west

a

b

c

de

b

a

a

b

c

d

a

b

c

de

wall washFixture lens should cover bulb entirely. wall should not be reflective or glossy to avoid indirect/reflective glare.

b. ceiling (can)Make sure bulb is entirely within can fixture. Reflective can may still cause glare but can be reduced by installing diffusing lens. Occupant’s location of activity (e.g. seated area, or bed) should consider different angles of line of sight.

DETERMINE DAYLIGHT GLARE SOURCES

DETERMINE ARTIFICIAL GLARE SOURCES

USE APPROPRIATE DIFFUSER/LENS TO AVOID GLARE

SHADE ACCORDINGLY TO AVOID GLARE

“68% of the employees in the US complains about their lighting condition.”--American Society of Interior Designers

45 46

Romm and Browning 1994

OFFICE

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Zhang and Altan 2010

First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

BENEFITS

In a 2006 two building case study conducted in Sheffield, U.K., Zhang and Altan, identified that occupants were dissatisfied with the environment in a conventional high-rise office block compared to a building designed with natural ventilation and passive strategies. 65.3% of the occupants had glare discomfort in the former building and 57.5% found it difficult to use shading devices.

Glare Control = Individual productivity

Reference: Zhang, Y.; and Altan, H. (2011): A comparison of the occupant comfort in a conventional high-rise office block and a contemporary environmentally-concerned building: Building and Environment; 46 (2), pp. 535-545.

Sources of glare may come from low sun angle or exposed bulbs. Glare may cause discomfort and affect productivity of occupants. In addition glare may also affect brightness contrast ratio, which may be distractive towards specific task or affect visual quality of certain objects. It is therefore extremely important to control glare to provide better indoor environment quality for occupants.

Solar glare may be caused by low winter sun angle and especially detrimental on the western façade. Glare can be redirected through awnings or light shelf for high sun angle and vertical fins for low sun angle. Glare can be redirected and redistributed through reflective surfaces that help diffuse direct light into ambient light. Furthermore, without any proper shading devices, imbalance brightness contrast ratio might cause discomfort and unsuitable for the specified task, especially when dealing with glossy surfaces such as computer screens.

Glare can also happen in light fixtures through unequal distribution of light. Often than not, such distribution is caused especially by exposed bulbs causing discomfort glare that reduces occupant’s productivity. Glare from inappropriate fixtures can be controlled by installation of diffuser lens. Additionally, greater ratio of indirect light (uplighting) to create greater light uniformity can also reduce lighting contrast level. Reflective ceiling surfaces can be utilized as an incentive that may help create better uniformity, with the consideration of the distance between light source and the reflective surface. When using direct lighting, both depth of light fixture and shape of bulbs must be taken into consideration. Better distribution of light helps balance brightness/contrast ratio and prevent unwanted shadows on specific task.

BIDS SURVEY

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

$500,000$149,864 (Individual Productivity)30%

Insolroll Solar Screen

Sidwell Friends School, Kieran Timberlake Architects

StudioLux Kitchen Lighting Design, CFL Direct and LED Indirect

98

13

40

NU

MBE

R O

F M

ON

THS

IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

USGBC LEEDTM

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

47 48

task light: most dynamicfloor light: less dynamic

ceiling light: least dynamic

need most lightneed less light

need least light• Design plug-anD play power griDs (noDes or tracks) to support changing Densities. • Design inDiviDually ballasteD fixtures with wireless or web baseD controls.• support immeDiate purchasing of high quality lighting fixtures of pack-n-go quality.

PROVIDE FOR RECONFIGURABILITY WITH PLUG AND PLAY FIXTURES

1METHOD OF CONSIDERATIONS

2 3 4

a. tasktask light area, such as table surface or under-cabinate are potentially most dynamic due to the general nature of its small size. dynamic task lights allow for one-hand adjustment, and come as a freestanding or clamped system.

b. floorfloor area is spacious, although freestanding floor light might be least dynamic due to its weight. wheels are installed on certain high performance freestanding floor luminaire for greater efficiency of relocating fixture.

c. ceilingceiling are is most spacious but least dynamic without the installation of a dropped ceiling grid panels. mostly applicable to offices modular ceiling lighting is most efficient as it has least obstruction. dynamic changes is only applicable at an extended longer period of time as it is inaccessbile for most occupants but the facility manager.

a. intensive taskintensive task such as reading, writing, cooking requires max-imum amount of light. surface should be lit in a uniform brightness distribution to avoid contrast that may cause eye fatigue.

b. light task light task involves using computer or tv screen, dining and other less visual dependent tasks. light task requires softer ambient indirect lighting which help reduce contrast from light sources (screens, candle, etc.)

c. loungelounging in bed, bar, or resting requires least amount of light. usually a very soft direct/indirect light is sufficient for this specific task.

a. floor direct/indirect (dynamic)floor direct/indirect is most effective for intensive task. direct ratio should be greater than indirect ratio for focused effect. indirect source reduces contrast and shadow.

modularitywhen choosing plug-n-lay fixtures, ensure to consider expansion and the modular nature of the fixture. modularity allows for greater spatial dynamism through increase in efficiency of relocating the fixture. modularity is also important for aesthetic purposes as to allow uniformity.

ab

c

ab

c

ab

c

b. floor indirect (dynamic)indirect light is used to create a greater uniform distribution thus reducing brightness contrast from tv or computer screen.

c. floor indirect/direct(dynamic)low indirect direct light quality is best for lounging and allow for sufficient low task level. such lighting level can be implemented for transient spaces.

other plug-n-play light fixtures(dynamic)floor lighting is not the only available plug-n-play. there are also other plug-n-play fixtures for ceiling and surface lighting. nonetheless, plug-n-lay fixtures should consider dynamic dimming and flexible control.

QUICK STRATEGIES• Reconfigurable ceiling or floor/ panel mounted lighting• Maximize flexibility to allow for open/closed/shared spaces• Separate ambient and task lighting to support spatial changes• Plug-and-play power grids, nodes or tracks in the ceiling, furniture or floor• Individually ballasted fixtures with wireless control or web-based control• Using higher quality fixtures

PLUG-N-PLAY LIGHTING FIXTURES7 DETERMINE

COMMON ACTIVITIES

CHOOSE APPROPRIATE DYNAMIC FIXTURE

CONSIDER EXPANSION OF SPACES

DETERMINE AVAILABILITY OF SPACES

“Lutron estimates that its lighting control products and solutions helped customers save $1 billion in energy costs in 2008, reducing the US lighting bill by 3%.”--Lutron

49 50

BENEFITSLighting Control = Energy SavingsIn a 2003 building case study of B.C. Hydro in British Columbia, Canada, Wood et at identify 80% lighting energy savings following an upgrade with Ledalite’s Ergolight intelligent lighting system, in which each direct/indirect luminaire integrates personal dimming, occupancy sensing and centralized network control, as compared to the original lighting system that consisted of 2x4 recessed troffers with two T8 lamps and deep-cell parabolic louvers.First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$82,000$52,480 (OM energy)64%

Reference: Wood, D.L., Hughes R., and Cristian Suvagau, 2003, Addressable office lighting and control system: Technical considerations and utility evaluations, Energy Engineering, Vol. 100, No. 2, p22-40.

High performance workplaces are designed to facilitate changes in both the density and location of light fixtures and their controls to support continuous spatial change. In conventional office design, changing the density or location of ceiling-based fixtures is often a costly and destructive procedure. Multiple trades must disrupt workstations, remove ceilings, walls, and luminaires in order to relocate and rewire fixtures and switches. As a result, neither the density nor the locations of fixtures are typically changed unless a total renovation is underway. In compensation, the fixture grid may be over designed initially to ensure adequate working light levels in a wide range of reconfigurations. Yet visual quality continues to degrade with moves and changes. To eliminate this degradation in visual quality, with its associated energy and material waste, reconfigurable ceiling or floor/panel mounted lighting should be engineered such that the occupant or in-house staff can easily change density and location of task ambient lighting in relation to reconfiguration of open workstations, closed offices and shared spaces. Alternatively, separating ambient lighting and providing individual task lights supports spatial change for individual workstation projects.

Reconfigurable task-ambient lighting relies on two primary decisions: plug-and play power grids, nodes or tracks in the ceiling, furniture or floor, to support changing fixture locations and densities; and individually ballasted fixtures with wireless or web based controls to support changes in the control zones. The most significant benefits are in churn cost savings and the reduction of waste caused by desired spatial change. However, energy savings are also substantial due to the elimination of redundant fixtures (uniform lighting to support multiple space layouts), to the efficiency of high quality fixtures, and to the increased control offered by individually ballasted fixtures enabling local controls. Finally, there is an incentive to purchase higher quality fixtures as needed (just-in-time) and to take these fixtures when moving, significantly reducing the disposal of inexpensive or redundant lighting hardware in buildings.

Integrated Workplace Plug-n-Play Uplighting

Osram T5 Trunking SystemZalando Logistic Center, Erfurt

System X Modular Lighting by Ross Lovegrove

BIDS SURVEY

IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

USGBC LEEDTM

51 52

• EliminatE hard-wirEd switchEs for fixEd zonEs of lights.• dEsign for microzoning with individually addrEssablE fixturEs.• EnginEEr wEb-basEd and/or wirElEss controls of individual and groups of lights.• optimizE lighting control basEd on lifE cyclE dEcision making: from on-off, occupancy

sEnsors, timErs; to individual, lamp lumEn and daylight dimming; to dEmand sidE managEmEnt dimming and bas intEgratEd lighting control with hvac and sEcurity.

DESIGN FOR CONTINUOUS CHANGE IN LIGHTING ZONE SIZE AND ADVANCED CONTROLS

1METHOD OF CONSIDERATIONS

2 3

a. personalize/scene light switchscene switch is a new effective way of efficiency light that help sets light configuration according to the task. scene switching allows for optimum lighting at a minimum effort. it also allows for greater spatial flexibility and dynamic use.

b. occupancy sensor occupancy sensor can be in-stalled in intermittent spaces such as bathrooms, laundry rooms, and spaces that are not regulary use on the daily basis. occupancy sensor allows ease of accessibility.

c. daylight sensordaylight sensor is an effective way of controlling brightness contrast between natural and artificial lighting. daylight sensor can potentially prevent glare and optimize daylighting. daylight sensor should be installed in spaces with most natural lighting.

schedule/zonesprior to lighting control installation, building zone and schedule should be determined. building should be zoned appropriately in terms of its functionality and daily use. lighting schedule can be determined through daily habits and lighting demand. lighting schedule helps determine the types on controller.

with larger commercial scale build-ing, schedules can be determined through commisioning.

building/local automationbuilding automation utilizes wireless technology and allow for web-based control, wireless technology allow for flexible control through phone apps, therefore allowing remote control.

larger scale commercial buildings can have an external automation that involves prescription to an organization that helps control all building uilities, such as security, hvac, and lighting.

living room schedule:

WEEKDAY6AM-8AM6PM-11PM

WEEKEND5PM-MIDNIGHT

QUICK STRATEGIES• Providing on-line controls for each fixture (including added fixtures)• Microzoning with user-based controls to enable occupants control• Controllers should be in the hands of the occupants 90% of the time• OR introducing lighting automation system for lighting control options

based on life-cycle benefits• ‘Keep-it-simple’ lighting approach that supports dynamic end-user

control

DYNAMIC ZONING AND ADVANCE LIGHTING CONTROL8 ENSURE

FLEXIBLE CONTROL

INSTALL SENSORS IN ZONE ACCORDING TO SCHEDULES

DETERMINE LIGHTING SCHEDULES FOR INDIVIDUAL ZONES

“Lutron estimates that its lighting control products and solutions helped customers save $1 billion in energy costs in 2008, reducing the US lighting bill by 3%.”--Lutron

53 54

BIDS SURVEY

BENEFITSIn a 2006 experiment at Waseda University in Japan, Nishihara et al identify an 11% improvement on a triple digit multiplication task when subjects could control their task lights (400 lux fixed + 300 lux variable) as compared to when they could not (700 lux fixed). The performance on text typing also tended to be higher (p = 0.09) when task lights were controlled.First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$157,000$89,100 (Individual Productivity)57%

Advanced Lighting Control = Individual Productivity

Reference: Nishihara, N., Nishikawa, M., Haneda, M., and Tanabe, S. (2006) Productivity with Task and ambient lighting system evaluated by fatigue and task performance, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 249-252

The most critical reason for individually ballasted fixtures with addressable ballasts are the ability to continuously change control strategies to match spatial and functional changes. The facility manager and/or the occupants should have the ability to redefine lighting control on-line, in minutes. By “lassoing” the desired number of fixtures on a reflected ceiling plan, and assigning a data address for the controllers, the time and costs for lighting control changes to support changing tenants and tenant layouts will be nominal. With individually ballasted light fixtures, facility managers are able to quickly redefine the size and shape of control zones and their digital/infrared switches, to accommodate continuous organizational change with measurable churn cost savings. Moreover, providing on-line controls for each fixture (including added fixtures), entitled ‘microzoning’, will enable demand side management for significant energy conservation in unoccupied periods, in daylit spaces, or in brownouts and peak power periods. Most critically, however, microzoning with user-based controls will enable occupants to control their lights at some level – on/off, timed or dimming – with measurable motivational benefits.

The highest performance lighting control systems are engineered integrally with the high performance luminaire and wiring infrastructure design, with a ‘keep-it-simple’ approach that supports dynamic end-user control. Controllers should be in the hands of the occupants 90% of the time, informing central management for energy monitoring and feedback. However, when user-controls are integrated with facility management controls in a lighting automation system, it is possible to introduce a range of lighting control options based on life-cycle benefits, from individual on/off switches to timers, occupancy sensors, daylight/photocell readers, lamp depreciation controllers, and peak load shedding strategies. Facility managers can vary or assemble combinations of these control strategies, sending “intelligent commands” to low-voltage data network controllers for maximum energy performance and user satisfaction.

Rather than making lighting control a subset of a building automation system (BAS) with software expertise requirements, the lighting automation system should communicate with the BAS for maximum energy efficiencies linked to HVAC and security sensors, without compromising user satisfaction and control. The benefits of user-modifiable but communicating lighting automation systems for each light fixture include facility management savings, churn and waste cost-savings, and individual productivity gains.

Docklands, Peter Lloyd

Automated Home Lighting via iPhone

Orestad College, Denmark 3XN Architecture

Shavit Wruck 1993

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IEQ Credit 6.8: Interior Lighting• Intent:

To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting.• Requirements:

For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).

USGBC LEEDTM

ENERGY SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OCCUPANTS HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

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QUICK STRATEGIES

DYNAMIC ZONING AND ADVANCE LIGHTING CONTROL8

SELECTING HIGH CRI BULB AND BALANCING BETWEEN BULB COLOR TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE

COLORS AND SPECTRUM9

• Choose high CRI bulb for better visual quality; (Use daylight for CRI 100)• Select appropriate color temperature for different activities and program• Design for dynamic spaces; highlight hierarchical spaces to create visual

interest• Consider room furnishing and wall finishes with bulb choices to balance

color temperature

1METHOD OF CONSIDERATIONS

2

color rendering indexThe Color Rendering Index (CRI) uses a scale from 0 to 100 to describe the effect of a light source on the color appearance of an object in comparison with the color appearance under a reference light source, where 100 indicates no color shift. In general, a low CRI rating indicates that the colors of objects will appear unnatural under that light source. A high rating indicates that the colors of ob-jects will appear natural under that light source. Some common examples of CRI:

color temperatureA light source’s color helps us describe it as “warm” (redder) or “cool” (bluer). Most folks consider light below 3200K to be “warm,” while those over 4000K are “cool.” Sunrise and sunset are about 1600K, candlelight is about 1800K, a cool white fluorescent bulb is 4100K and heavily overcast sky is 6500K. Our skin looks love-ly in warm light, and pale in cooler light. If you’re looking for the warmth of incadescent light, we recommend 2700K. Sometimes cooler temperatures are labelled “sunlight” or “bright white,” which sound great. But they’re probably not right for most house-hold applications.

DETERMINE ROOM AMBIENT AND COLOR TEMPERATURE

SELECT HIGHEST COLOR RENDERING INDEX(CRI) AVAILABLE

• choosing optimal cri anD temperature balance for Different tasks

• using Daylight to proviDe best cri • using color temperature to Dramatize/highlight hierarchical spaces

• base color temperature lighting choices on kruithof curve.• highest cri lamps shoulD be useD especially for meticulous task (e.g. surgical room, laboratory,

classrooms anD offices.)

“LED does not attract insects as it does not emit wavelengths in the UV spectrum.”--Ambient Lighting Corp.

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Color rendering index and color temperature are two subjects that are often confused with each other. The color-rendering index of lamp changes according to the combination between mercury vapor and phosphorescent coating. Different types of phosphors will render different color imaging, another reason for least pleasant light that comes from older CFL bulbs. A CRI of 100 can only be achieved by tungsten bulb and daylighting, but many latest technologies of LED and CFL have achieved the close to the same CRI quality.

Color Temperature, on the other hand, determines the “shade” of whiteness of a light source relative to a blackbody. Higher color temperature lighting generally requires higher light levels. Kruithof curve should be utilized when balancing between color temperature and light level of certain bulbs. Harsh bulb with extreme color temperatures (too cool or warm) may appear garish and displeasing on skin and may sometimes render things to either look sickly or too tan. Consequently, it is crucial to choose appropriate lighting and dimming range to provide best color temperature, hence best visual quality.

Multiple studies have concluded that choices of color may have an impact to the occupant’s emotion or mood. Choices of color are important depending on the specific programs. For instance it’s more appropriate in using bright colors in lower schools than major government institutions. In addition light colored material has better tendency to reflect light, than darker colors, therefore it is important to choose certain colors in accordance to the programmatic spaces. Color allow places to be interpreted correctly and can help highlight and accent hierarchical spaces. It is also used to reflect light and help balance or neutralize color of different bulbs.

Different types of furniture and reflective surfaces can also manipulate lighting quality. Wall paints and colorful decorations may help to balance color temperature of the room but color rendering index must also be carefully chosen in order to allow for better visual quality.

BBC North Office Interior, UK

20 Square Meter Apartment, ParisBetillon and Dorval-Bory

Gordon Bunshaft (SOM), Beinecke Rare Book and Manual

BIDS SURVEY

BENEFITSIn a 2006 experiment at Waseda University in Japan, Nishihara et al identify an 11% improvement on a triple digit multiplication task when subjects could control their task lights (400 lux fixed + 300 lux variable) as compared to when they could not (700 lux fixed). The performance on text typing also tended to be higher (p = 0.09) when task lights were controlled.First cost increase: Annual savings:ROI:

$157,000$89,100 (Individual Productivity)57%

Advanced Lighting Control = Individual Productivity

Reference: Nishihara, N., Nishikawa, M., Haneda, M., and Tanabe, S. (2006) Productivity with Task and ambient lighting system evaluated by fatigue and task performance, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 249-252

Fjeld 2002

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BENEFITS:

In a 1999 building case study of the U.S. Post Office in Reno, NV, Romm identifies a 6% increase in individual productivity, a $0.10/sf savings in annual energy use, and a $0.13/sf savings in annual maintenance expenditures due to a retrofit in which conventional 2x4 task-ambient lighting with flush lens fixtures were replaced by indirect lighting combined with a new acoustic ceiling.First cost increase: Annual savings:

ROI:

$859,000$1,350,000 (Individual Productivity) + $23,000 (OM energy)160%

Lighting + Acoustic Control = Increased Productivity + Energy Savings

Reference: Romm, J. J. (1999) Cool Companies: How the best businesses boost profits and productivity by cutting greenhouse gas emission. Washington D. C.: Island Press, pp. 87-89.

• Integration of daylighting controls and light fixtures with enclosure design, HVAC ducting and structural system interfaces

• Early collaborative decision-making for ensuring the performance of lighting and daylighting systems cannot be overstated

• Integration of lighting with interior form and material – ceilings, walls, furniture, can improve light distribution and quality

LIGHTINGINTEGRATION10

PURSURE INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION FOR VISUAL PERFORMANCE, ENERGY, AND MATERIAL SUSTAINABILITY, AS WELL AS HUMAN HEALTH

• Integrate with interior systems• Integrate with enclosure system• Integrate with structural system• Integrate with mechanical systems• Integrate with passive heating or active power generation

QUICK STRATEGIES

The opportunity to effectively integrate two or three building systems offers higher performance with potential for cost savings and design elegance. The integration of lighting with interior form and material – ceilings, walls, furniture, can improve light distribution and quality. The integration of daylighting controls and light fixtures with enclosure design, HVAC ducting and structural system interfaces can improve light distribution and glare control while financing aesthetic qualities. The integration of daylighting with passive solar heating and/or active power generation can ensure significant energy savings, with seasonal variations in the use of solar heat and light.

The importance of early collaborative decision-making for ensuring the performance of lighting and daylighting systems cannot be overstated. Performance at visual tasks will be significantly affected by lighting/interior and lighting/enclosure interfaces. Energy effectiveness will be affected by lighting interfaces with enclosure and HVAC systems. The effective integration of daylight, view, and circadian cycles, with electrical lighting, may prove to be critical to human health and performance.

Rachel Petro,US Department of Energy Research Support Facility

Takeshi Hosaka,Daylight House

Shigeru Ban, Nine Bridges Country Club

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Why ECOPOD? Most of the current teaching toolkit exist in a form of brochure, online survey, or temporary booths and installations. The ECOPOD aims to change the idea of toolkit and transform design guidelines into something that is tangible, in the hope of creating a more effective teaching device. The visual and real time experience may help users better understand the impact of high performance luminaire in contrast to conventional fixtures.

This section of the report will include the various iterations of the ECOPOD and illustrated scenario based on the CBPD Lighting Guidelines. The scenario will inform users on the configurability of the pod and help understand the potential learning experiences that it will provide. An informative brochure is provided for each scenario to address the related specifications, terminologies, and guidelines that should be followed. The information are gathered based on numerous literature reviews and reports by lighting manufacturers or academic research. In tandem with the potential users, the brochure is divided into three sections: students (key factors), general users (fundamental), and professionals (advanced). The three sections are identified by the different color and silhouette illustrated in the Identifying User section.

Prior to the designing phase, this section also includes several successful case studies of mobile or small spaces that has been successfully for the lighting or other purposes. The design of the pod considers the different modulation that is possible, which render the pod to be compact and sizable.

INTRODUCTION

CASE STUDIES

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D.A.L.I Lighting LabPenn State Department of Architectural Engineering http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/research_facilities/dali.asp

Penn State is one of the first universities to adapt the digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) instructional laboratory in the United States. The system is installed in an approximately 1200 sq feet space and contains over 70 of different lighting fixtures, including color-changing fixtures, TV lights, spotlights, and typical commercial lighting. All the lamps are controllable and dimmable from either local or remote access. Aside from its vast range in lighting configuration, the DALI system features the most flexible way of light control through the use of web-cam and internet browser. As a result, lighting condition can be changed from almost anywhere around the world without the presence of the occupants.

DALI system functions with each ballast having its own address. Although control is high flexible, its biggest drawback still lies in the lack of good monitoring capabilities.Benefits of DALI system includes, simple wiring installation, minimizes component, lower maintenance cost, increase space flexibility, and status monitoring of individual components.

The funding of the lighting lab are sponsored by several lighting companies. The lab has collected $186,000 worth of equipment and resources to the facility as a form of donation. The following list are the sponsor for AE DALI Lab in Penn State: Advance Transformer Co.; ALP Lighting; Bplus1/B+L Technologies; ERCO Lighting, Inc.; Gam Color; GE; Hess America; Indy Lighting; Juno Lighting; LSI Lighting; Lucifer Lighting; Lutron; Mechoshade Systems Inc.; Mitsubishi International Corp.; Osram Sylvania; Peerless Lighting; Philips Lighting; Starfield Corporation; Sterner Lighting; Sylvania; Tridonic Atco, Inc.; Wattstopper, Inc.; Duane Wiedor Company; Woodhead, L.P.

CASE STUDIES:

FLEX LAB for LightingLawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryhttp://flexlab.lbl.gov/pdf/flexlab-brochure.pdf

Facility Low Energy eXperiment in Buildings (FLEXLAB) consist of four new testbeds, with two cells per testbed 600sf each. The testbeds are also divided into two sections: exterior and internal. One of the testbeds include an Occupied Lighting and Plug Load Testbed, a 3000 sq feet core and perimeter office space. The space is divided in two zones for comparative studies and all lighting is individually circuited, metered and programmable.

The lighting testlab capabilities includes horxiontal and vertical photometers, lighting system and fixture power, HVAC energy use, reconfigurable interior spaces, state of pre-existing shading devices, exterior daylight conditions, data acquisition and control over variety of platforms and devices.

The testbed can immediatedly validate system energy savings relative to the 1kWh/sq.ft target, optimized sequences of operation, hollistic archival set of high-quality field-measurment and comprehensive experimental results to adjust system control logic. The testbed also allow for human subject testing that focuses on occupant satisfaction and personal control, and is able to use virtual design testbed to specify low-energy retrofit lighting systems for architects and engineers.

CASE STUDIES:

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Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWiTT) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryhttp://windows.lbl.gov/facilities/Mowitt/default.htm

Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWiTT) Facility is designed for window developers to test for U-factor and solar heat gain capacity (SHGC). The window test lab provide different glazing comparissons, energy-savings calculation through SHGC analysis, and provide energy performance for different wondow types. A multi-year study of exterior heat transfer coefficent in winter conditions and its dependency on wind speed has also been done in the MoWiTT.

The compact scale of MoWiTT is the size of standard steel cargo carrier, approximately 320 sq feet in size. Since the lab is constructed from a cargo container, its mobile nature allow it to be oriented in a specific direction. The testlab itself can be perceived as a giant calorimeter that helps measure the specifications of the specific glazing. Due to its flexibility, MoWiTT can be tested for specific projects, case by case basis.

CASE STUDIES:

Plug-n-Park Modular Charging Station TWITT, Designed by Anestis Papaemanouilhttp://inhabitat.com/tag/anestis-papaemanouil-twitt/t

The Plug-n-Park charging station is a modular design for hybrid car. The station features photovoltaic panels on its roof that function both as a daylight shading system and energy collector for hybrid cars. The station was also designed to be modular, which allow for greater flexibility in terms of space provided for parking.

Since the design was part of a competition, there was lack of concrete information. However, the chaging station features PV roof panels that has the ability to rotate on an horizontal axis to achieve optimal daylight at all time. Simultaneously, due to the strutures’ ballasts, there was no need for achoring and therefore allow the structure to be mobile and ephemeral, allowing spaces to be much more dynamic without construction or demolition cost.

The modular charging station will be build and featured in the 2013 US Green Building Council Annual Conference in Philadelphia. The design will be assisted with duo-guard products.

CASE STUDIES:

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Nikkei Messe Japan Lighting Fair Light Booths by Panasonic, Daiko Electric, Koizumi Lighting Tech., Odelic, Mintage, Toki Corporation, Yamada Shomei Lighting, etc.https://messe.nikkei.co.jp/en/ld/i/column/84715.html

The Nikkei Messe Lighting fair is Japan’s largest exhibition of lighting products and systems and lighting design. It features variable lighting products such as LED, OLED and other state-of-the-art lighting and control systems, as well as lighting design ideas for creating energy efficient and comfortable spaces from around the world.

The fair is divided into variable zones such as, residential, office, retail, exterior lightings and is targeted for architects, lighting designers, facility managers, and general consumers. Lighting products are exhibited efficiently, informing users its unique features and benefits as compared to typical lighting products. Each of the booths host a very creative installations of lighting products, which allow users to visually understand the advantage of high performing products. It is indeed a very fun way to showcase the latest lighting technology and simultaneously effective to promote awareness and curiousity of general consumers.

CASE STUDIES:

Weatherization Training LabsEnergy Conservation Institutehttp://www.energyconservationinstitute.com/mobile-building-performance-lab-s/81.htm

The 24 feet length mobile test lab is designed to mimic a traditional traditional home for both educators and students to learn various BPI field testing services. The mobile test lab provides a hands-on learning environment without leaving campus. In addition the mobile lab is fully equipped with full mechanical control and an assortment of diagnostic tools and instruments, including blower doors/duct testing, infrared cameras, and combustion analyzers.

The following are basic features each lab include:Combustion appliances zones (CAZ) analysis, furnace analysis, hot water tank testing, pressure diagnostic, range and oven testing, and thermal imaging. The features help occupants to better understand energy efficient appliances and its impact on the indoor environment.

CASE STUDIES: SEED ClassroomMethod Homes and SEED Collaborativehttp://inhabitat.com/method-homes-and-seed-collaborative-to-unveil-completely-self-sufficient-portable-classroom/

SEED classroom is a 900 sq feet mobile and self-sufficient pod that can be easily transported from different cities. The classroom was designed to meet the 20 imperatives of the Living Building Challenge, an international sustainable building certification that is known to be more rigorous than LEED and BREEAM. The pod features rainwater collection system which provides water to the labs, toilets and also used for agriculture purposes. It also filters and reuses greywater and has a composting toilet.

In addition, the classroom is also modular, hence allowing the opportunity for the portable classroom to exapand itself depending on the number of occupants. In addition to its main feature, it also has tubular skylights for lighting purposes, solar PV panels, energy recovery ventilator, food producing green wall, and interior cistern for rainwater storage. Furthermore, the classroom also monitor energy and water consumption which help boost energy saving and simultaneously act as an educational purpose for the students.

The SEED classroom is a dynamic space that functions efficiently. The classroom can be reused and recycled when not needed anymore, thus reducing amount of construction and demolition.

CASE STUDIES:

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Halley VI: Modular Research Station in AntarcticaHugh Broughton Architects and AECOMhttp://inhabitat.com/halley-vi-the-worlds-first-modular-research-station-in-antarctica-can-climb-through-snow/

Due to the rising snow and ice levels that have destroyed the other first four Halleys, the latest research station were designed to be modular to adapt for future impacts. In addition, due to the modular nature of each station, construction materials can all be fabricated and shipped to be constructed timely and efficiently. This is especially important because of Antactica’s harsh climate and unpredictable weather change.

Another feature that Halley VI provides is the fact that its foundation is not drilled into the ice-shelf like all five of its predecessors, instead, it is merely resting. Consequently, the stations can adapted, rearranged, and relocated accordingly in relation to the behavior and breaking of ice-shelf. The giant steel skis, in which the pod rests, are also hydraulic legs, where the stations can mechanically move itself vertically to avoid being burried in ice.

Its modularity and pre-fabricated idea is highly applicable to the design of the lighting pod, especially for the possibility of other types of possible pod designs (HVAC pod, Enclosure pod). The linkage between one systems to another is vital, and the considering the rapidly advancing technology, the current pod may require further expansion. Modularity also means ease of relocation and transport/mobility, which allows for greater workshop and cross-nation teaching opportunities.

CASE STUDIES: The Community Voice BoxJeff Munie and Bill Vassilakishttp://www.designmakeschange.com/dmc_tawb_entry4.html

The design was based on a community based participatory research program, acting as a toolkit to determine the effect of coal burning Fisk power generation around Pilsen Neighborhood in Chicago. The small pod acts as hub for the community to not only educated themselves in terms of their air quality and local environment, but also to be able to share stories and exchange of knowledge.

Acting as the main featured tool is a small audio/visual equipment that is linked to a touch screen tablets that would be able to be playback by others. The pod also provides history of Fisk, types and amounts of pollutants, and health effects of each pollutants and illutrate ways to become involved in local community decision making.

The mobile community voice boc also features a real time air quality monitor, a solar panels for energy and sulf-sustaining purposes, and a community message board for different community postings in regard to air quality and environmental health issues. Its mobile nature allow the small pod to be moved from neighborhood to neighborhood allowing a greater scope of different ideas and knowledge. Simultaneously the voice box can also be applied in other cities for different neighborhoods that are suffering from the same air quality conditions.

The Community Voice Box is a great toolkit for data collection in a greater urban scope. It is simultaneously a way to gain knowledge from the community and others without direct interactions between different people. The transformable pod can be made compact when being transported and expanded into a small pavilion when collecting data. Overall, a great precedent for the lighting pod.

CASE STUDIES:

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FORMS ORIGAMIOrigami style space not only allow for multiple rooms to be assembled very quickly, but its modular nature allow for similar room to be assembled next to each other flawlessly. Origami typology pods would also be more lightweight and compact compared to the other shapes and forms.

Advantages:

• Origami style is much more lightweight and compact in comparison to sturdy shapes and sizes. Consequently, origami style can be repeated to illustrate the different lighting configuration or systems that can be applicable to different spaces/program.

• Due to its folding nature, the origami pod can be very illustrious to create a story line and therefore become comprehensive towards explaining each system and light configuration.

Disadvantages:

• Origami style cannot consider storage of freestanding furniture, therefore, each furniture must be separately transported.

• Its compact nature requires both the ceiling and floor of the space to be foldable, yet these surfaces cannot be made too thick, as it is detrimental to the thickness and flexibility of the folded pod.

• Due to the thin surfaces and folding-nature of the pod, all wiring must either passed through the center of rotational hinges and may affect the aesthetic and realistic quality of the space

CONFIG #1

CONFIG #2

FORMS:

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BILATERALTwo different spaces have the ability of direct comparison of two different lighting systems. One space can present a typical and less-efficient lighting configuration, whereas the second will demonstrate the retrofit of the first room.

Advantages:

• The straightforward nature of bilateral configuration can become much more comprehensive towards explaining latest technology.

• Due to its design simplicity, the pod can be set-up quickly and installed technology can be better integrated into different surfaces.

• Freestanding furniture can be stored easily due to the ample of space inside the cube. *not applicable to origami*• Bilateral systems allow for thicker wall slab thus allowing for each light fixture to be installed appropriately (no

hanging or messy wiring)

Disadvantages:

• Bilateral configuration lacks the space to for every type of office typology. Although it is imperative that each light fixture can be controlled individually, putting too many fixtures and technology into a space can be confusing.

• Comparison between typical and best systems means that technology must be constantly updated in order for each space to be relatable and most efficient respectively.

CONFIG #1

CONFIG #2

FORMS: SLIDING PANELSSliding panels is another efficient method to create spaces in a short period of time. Sliding panels also allow for multiple spaces for further comparison between different lighting methods. Each room can be equipped with different themes (programmatic, systems, or hybrids) and allow for better understanding of different fixtures and systems.

Advantages:

• Sliding panels allow for more divided or zoned spaces, thus allowing for better explanations of different light configurations and systems.

• The sliding nature also allow for fast assembly/disassembly of spaces.• Freestanding furniture can be stored within the assembled pod, therefore allowing it to be compact. (Although

sliding panels may require certain thickness and storage space may not be as large as bilateral units.)• Each panel is detachable and modifiable in sections and does not have to affect other already assembled spaces.

Disadvantages:

• Wiring may be quite tricky due to its sliding nature; wires can be winded in (automatically or manually) to avoid tangling.

• Each room will be slightly of different sizes due to the overlapping nature of the sliding panels.• Railings have to be installed for the sliding panels and may affect the realistic quality to the space.

CONFIG #1

CONFIG #2

FORMS:

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PLUG-N-PLAYPlug and play style allows for greatest flexibility in assembly of spaces. As a result, the style also allows for flexibility in the story line. Furthermore due to its flexible nature, different lighting configurations and systems can be mix and match according to the desired explanation. Each panel can be modified and updated accordingly for greatest efficient installation.

Advantages:

• Plug and play has greatest flexibility of creating different spaces in accordance to the storyline intended.• Each panel unit can be exchanged and replaced to achieve desired lighting configurations. Due to the flexibility of

the panel units, each panel can also be updated to latest technology without affecting other existing panels.• Wall panels are the same size and modular and therefore can be pre-fabricated easily to replace outdated or broken

panels.• Each panel is detachable and modifiable in sections and does not have to affect other already assembled spaces.

Disadvantages:

• Due to the number of panels, limited spaces are reserved for freestanding furniture, as a result most light fixtures and furniture is dependent on each panel.

• Electrical wirings have to be integrated within each panel with a retractable wiring system to allow each fixture to be connected to an outlet.

• Panel assembly can be slightly more complicated relative to sliding panels, bilateral or the origami systems. Further thoughts and consideration to the lighting configurations have to be synchronized in accordance to the desired storyline.

CONFIG #1

CONFIG #2

FORMS:

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COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS: HOW TO MEASURE LIGHT LEVEL?Prior to intoducing more components, it is crucial to understand the differences of lighting units in order to comprehend what is actually being measured. Lighting can be easily misconceived due to the often subjective perspective of human perception. It is important that all the lighting terminlogies are understood in order to corelate some of the vital factors in measuring and specifying both daylight exposure and electric luminaire.

The “brightness” of light can mean different things:

1. Luminous Flux (lumens): The amount of light coming from a light source 2. Illuminance (lux): The amount of light falling on a surface 3. luminance (cd/m2): The amount of light reflected off a surface is.

These quantities are different because the farther a surface is from a light source the less light falls on the surface, and the darker a surface is, the less incident light it reflects. For example, point source like a candle that causes an illuminance of 1 lux on an object one meter away would cause an illumination of 1/4 lux on the same object two meters away, or 1/9 lux on the object when it is 3 meters away.

The amount of light being given off by a particular source, in all directions, is called luminous flux (or “luminous power”) and is a measure of the total perceived power of light. It is measured in lumens. Lumens are a useful metric for comparing how bright a light source is (i.e. a 60W incandescent bulb is about 850 lumen.

The human eye perceives light within the “visible spectrum” – between wavelengths of about 390 nm (violet) and 700 nm (red). Humans perceive some wavelengths of light more strongly, and luminous flux is scaled to reflect this (using the luminosity function). Radiant flux is a related measure that quantifies the total power of the electromagnetic radiation from a source (not just visible light – also infrared and ultraviolet), and is measured in watts.

The amount of light falling on a surface is “illuminance”, and is measured in lux (metric unit = lumen/m2) or foot-candles (English unit = lumen/ft2). 1 footcandle equals 10.8 lux. This is the measurement you’ll work with the most for optimizing visual comfort because building regulations and standards use illuminance to specify the minimum light levels for specific tasks and environments.

This value does not depend on the material properties of the surface being illuminated. However, since the amount of light the sur-face “sees” depends on how much is being re-flected from other surfaces around it, it does depend on the color and reflectance of the surfaces that surround it.

Luminance is the light reflected off of surfaces and measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2), or Nits (in imperial units).

Luminance is what we perceive when looking at a scene, or when using a camera. The quality and intensity of the light that reaches our eye does depend on the material properties of the surfaces (color, reflectance, texture).

While luminance is really useful for understanding qualitative measures of the success of a design, it is not a good measure of light quantity. Because the human eye can adjust for a huge range of illumination levels over 3-4 orders of magnitude, from bright daylight in the 10’s of thousands of lux to mere 10’s of lux.

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COMPONENTS: DAYLIGHTING SOLAR PATH SIMULATION

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PROFESSIONAL/COMPLEX

NOVICE/EASY

The heliodon is an accurate realistic simulation of the solar pattern. he heliodon can be maneuvered manually and adjusted to the specific sun angle. The heliodon might require professional handling dur to its intricacy. In depth understanding of solar pattern and its manuvering is required. A giant heliodron might be costly to install, but both effective and accurate to generate most accurate lighting.

Digital simulation enables an indepth analysis of light quality in the ecopod. Illuminance can be mapped for each square footage. The detailed analysis allow greater understading of the effect of solar orientation in relation to each daylighting systems. The simulation can also be applied to electric lighting system. On the other hand, such analysis requires prior understanding of lighting definitions and software. Ecotect and Radiance are two softwares that are most suited for generating such simulation.

Simple lighting system with basic armature can be utilized for easier maneuvering. Solar simulation may not be as accurate as the use of heliodon, but nevertheless quite realistic in terms of generating daylight simulation. Basic light armature can also be easily integrated into the pod and can be efficiently relocated due to its compact nature. Basic flex-arm light system can be easily used by both professionals and novice.

Digital simulation of space renderings are much more relatable for ecopod users. The rendering illustrates the experience of the daylit space, thus allowing a better understanding of the aesthetic quality of the space. endered simulation is most visually impactful. Digital imaging can also be easily modified and changable due to its progamming dependency. Digital usage allows a spectrum of analysis from professionals to novices, daylighting to electrical lighting.

Daylight and solar path simulation is crucial to illustrate differences of solar angle and light intensity throughout different climate, season, orientation and time of day. The diffences of these angle can be divided into two different axis:

1. digital or analog/real-time representations2. difficulty in maneuvering daylight simulation tool

The two axis create four different categories, whereby a software or contraption is represented depending on the difficulty level (illustrated below). The toolkit represented may vary in accordance to cost and availability of space, nevertheless, it is crucial that all technologies should be user-friendly and provide sufficient flexibility to illustrate the intended solar angle. Although greater flexibiltiy may be acquired in using digital means, real-time simulation would create a greater impact in user’s perspective and hence more credible than the former.

Since the method of illustrating daylight remains unknown, both potential will be explored. An intuitive and user-friendly application will be created to show daylight, while model will show potential ways of applying/installinh analog system within the Ecopod.

79

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SKYLIGHT SYSTEMS

DAYLIGHT SYSTEM CONTROLAND ANALYSIS

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Daylight Systems and AnalysisThe daylight systems and analysis tab allows users to control the ecopod’s skylight system that can be adjusted manually or automated through daylight sensor. The control pad also allows adjustment in the skylight angle and shading. While window systems are manually interchangable, systems can be selected for energy consumption calculation. The energy calculation shows the typical residential, ASHRAE standard, and retrofitted performance for both office and residential.

One each end of systems, the symbol allows users to check its technical specifications. Specification helps determine the overall annual savings and return of investment. Further information on the product can also be sent electronically through the specification tab.

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DAYLIGHT DIGITAL SIMULATIONCOMPONENTS:

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Daylight SimulationThe inability for solar path simulation due to cost factor, space demand and technical complexities, is compromised by digital daylight simulation that simultaneously allows for in-depth lighting analysis. Both rendered and technical images of the ecopod can be projected to show users the adavantages and experience of daylighting systems.

Daylight simulation also broadens the scope of different lighting quality in different areas of the world, hence allowing for better understanding for a wider mass. The daylight simulation can be navigated both automatically by selecting date, time and location, or manually by entering the azimuth and altitude of the specific location.

82

ILLUMINANCE METER APPLICATIONCOMPONENTS:

LightMeter by whitegoods

LightMeter by Vlad Polyanskiy

LuxMeter by Application Manufactory

The white goods light meter is an intuitive app that recommend brightness level to various spaces. In addition, the application can be set to display brightness level in lux, klux and footcandle. The most unique feature is its capability of adjusting brightness sensitivity in the “settings” tab. As a result, the light meter application can be calibrated in accordance to a more reliable light meter. The app comes with an instruction on measuring lighting level to inform user the proper way to render most accurate results.

The application is compatible with the iPhone 3GS and above and uses both front and back camera’s and has a built in timer.

This application is extremely simple and quite intuitive. Each components are annotated when the information button is clicked on the lower right of the screen. The light meter can be utilized for single or non-stop realtime mode.

On the other hand, the application has indicated the following disclaimer: Please note that Light Meter app is not a replacement for a professional device and should be used for private purposes only.

The LuxMeter application is a comprehensive application that informs user not only the current lux, but also the various standards needed to be achieved for various spaces. Unfortunately, these spaces are calculated relative to the application sensitivity, therefore results may be inaccurate to the recommended light level by IESNA. Consequently, this may result in user’s misunderstanding on the accuracy of certain bright level. The application is very intuitive and allow users to save recorded data to ease efficiency in comparison between various spaces.

The application has indicated the following disclaimer: Please note that Light Meter app is not a replacement for a professional device and should be used for private purposes only.

iPhotoLux by LASHThe application is the most efficient as it provides a luminance from a single photo. On the other hand iPhotoLux does not indicate brightness level, but instead measures the luminance calues relative to the adjustable exposure setting square. Once the luminance map is complete, the application indicate a certain scale of luminance level and a single tap on the screen allows you to write the specific luminance level of the point.

The iPhotoLux application is a simplified version of the PHOTOLUX Luminance Mapping System developed by the P2E research group (Physics and Perception of Environments) of the Building and Civil Engineering Laboratory (LGCB) at ENTPE (www.entpe.fr/lgcb), in France. PHOTOLUX relies on a luminance calibrated digital camera from Canon and a MS based Windows software.

Light Rabbit by Light Rabbit LimitedThe Light Rabbit application is most comprehensive tool to measure different lighting system. Developed by a lighting company, the application first address users the spatial intention for the brightness measurement. Once the brightness of the space is measured, the app allows for users to find various recommended lamp that would adjust the either “too bright” or “too dark” indicator. On the other hand, since light rabbit is developed in the UK, lighting standard might be slightly different than the commonly used IESNA. The application also provide an energy calculation based on incandescent or halogen replacement, illustrating the annual energy and electricity cost savings (in £), and reduction in CO2.

Due to its marketing nature, this applciation is a very exciting way to view the differences and light retrofit potential.

The luxometer may be the simplest most intuitive lux meter relative to the other applications. The application is a non-stop realtime light level indicator. The application is compatible with the iPhone 3GS and above and uses both front and back camera’s and has a built in timer.

Luxometro by Carles Sanz

83 84

ILLUMINANCE METER ACCURACYCOMPONENTS:

A

B

C

A

B

C

The Accuracy ExperimentMargaret Morrison OfficeMay 6, 2014The experiment aims to identify the accuracy of each application relative to a calibrated professional illuminance meter. For each of the application, the iPhone is held on the same distance, aimed at the surface measured by the illuminance meter. The surfaces entail a work/writing surface, a desktop screen, and the keyboard. These were determined as vital surfaces that are most used in an office environment.

The mean of three different readings from each application is taken as the final result. This helps reduce the marginal error of the experiment.

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ILLUMINANCE METER INTEGRATIONCOMPONENTS:

+60%

+10%

+133% +127%

+13%

-54% -75% -48% -66% -93%

-64% -24% -64%+23%

-27%

The experiment tested that mos illuminance meter are marginally inaccurate relative to the professional illuminance meter. From the results, it can be deduced that the error might be caused by the following speculation:

1. Based on the graph, the iPhone illuminance meter cannot register an illuminance level that is too high, therefore rendering a high differential in the lumens level across all the applications.

2. Errors happened due to inaccuracy in the variable of distance. This can be observed by inconsistency nature of the error (same application but differential may be negative or positive. Distance may affect the way illuminance is recorded by the iPhone and therefore sensitivity is dependent variable of the latter.

3. Surface of material may register differently on the iPhone application and the illuminance meter due to varying sensor/receptor.

Despite the applications lack of sensitivity, it can still be used in a relative method. Both the LightMeter by Vlad Polyanskiy and Luxometro by Carlos Sanz shows similar pattern to what was recorded by the Konica illuminance meter. Although recorded brightness may be misleading in terms of lumens, relative brightness still can be communicated in subjective terms (for in-stance Too Bright, Bright, Dim, Too Dim). Consequently, users can determine the lighting quality in terms of visual experience and based on the calibrated relative scale of the application. On the other hand, the subjectivity of such application may fail to communicated the right lumens level when buying lamps.

Further incentives can be recommended such as utilizing a more dependent sensor shown in the image below or perhaps even investing in an actual illuminance meter. Illuminance meter on iPhone application still needs to be further developed in order to achieve intended purpose.

The Lumu sensor was developed by a start-up company intentionally used for calculating correct photo parameters - ISO, aperture, and exposure time. On the other hand, the sensor also measures light level in lux or foot-candles based on the iPhone pinhole camera. The Lumu sensor cost $149, which is muchaffordable than a professional illuminance sensor.

85 86

LIGHTING EFFICIENCY/LUMENS PER WATT BOXLight efficiency box aims to illustrate the differences between wattage and brightness level. Since most people associate brightness with wattage, most general consumers misunderstood the brightness level of an LED. In addition, it is also crucial that the efficacy light box address the value that brightness should not be the only factor of consideration but the lighting efficacy lumens/watt. Higher efficacy lamp allow for greater energy savings and have the capability of rendering the same or better lighting quality as incandescent or phosphorus based CFL. The box will be equipped with variation of bulb types but supplied with the same wattage. Users will be able to identify that with less amount of power, LED can render the same amount of brightness as any other lamp available in the market. This specification is most vital, as consumers will be able to calculate the efficiency of a lamp by manually calculating the specification that is often found in bulb packaging.

LED11 W

72 lm/W

T811 W

68 lm/W

Incandescent11 W

8 lm/W

CFL11 W

59 lm/W

Both brightness and wattage should be considered when choosing lightbulb in order to determine the lighting efficacy. Lumens and wattage differs according to bulb type and should be chosen accordingly.

COMPONENTS: COLOR RENDERING (CRI) BOXThe color rendering index box shows the differences in lamp CRIs. Lower CRI renders a poorer color relative to daylight. Any colorful items, in this case a bowl of green and red apples, can be used to prove that lower CRI renders poorer color. It is therefore important that highest CRI is chosen when choosing a lamp. LED technology has improved significantly to achieve similar CRI of a fluorescent light (80-85). Unfortunately, LED has not been able to achieve the same CRI of incandescent which renders a CRI of 100. CRI level should not below 70.

90+ CRI 85 CRI 80 CRI 70 CRI

COMPONENTS:

87 88

COLOR TEMPERATURE LEARNING BOXThe color temperature box aims to illustrate the difference of lamp color, which has effect on the mood and experiential effect of a space. Lower color temperature spectrum (2700K to 3000k) has a warmer shade of color, which is appropriate for restaurant, lounging, or commercial application. Higher color temperature spectrum (4100K to 6000K) has a cooler shade of color, which is best used for hospitals, instituitional buildings or office task lighting. Warmer shades give a healthier glow to the human skin, and therefore would not be as harsh in comparison to cooler shade. Cooler shade of color may potentially make people look a bit sickly. It is important that color temperature is considered when choosing lamp for a fixture. LED fixture typically has a higher color temperature as compared to linear or compact fluorescent lamps. The color temperature box includes a changable screen. The screen is used to illustrate the differences in light diffusion.

2700 K 3500 K 4500 K 6000 K

diffuser (large) diffuser (medium) translucent lens dark glass

COMPONENTS: DAYLIGHT SHADING/REDIRECTING COMPONENTSAnother component that IS crucial is the used of daylight shading and redirection elements that is typically reagrded as a window fixture; such fixtures can be directly interchangable on the Ecopod windows. On the other hand, since a limited full-shades can be stored and implented on the windows, other means shown below can be used to diversify the number and amount of shading. The use of small boxes or hand-held panels to illustrate color and transparency of difference mesh shades can be used instead, allowing greater amount of space for light-redirecting blinds. The variety of panels will enable users to compare the differences in the light transmission and opacity of the material (privacy).

The idea of panels can also be implemented for other components such as reflective ceiling tiles or lenses/screen (as shown on the color temperature learning box section).

mesh shades panels

reflective ceiling panels

information poster

COMPONENTS:

89 90

INTERCHANGABLE LIGHTING COMPONENTSLighting components should be interchangable for maximum flexibility in varying different lighting systems. Two main systems will be used to ensure such flexibility:

1. Provision of a gridded ceiling system for variable ceiling fixtures (e.g. troffers, suspended, pendant, etc.) 2. Provision of a track system for track lighting

In addition to the various lighting panels, individual fixture such as task and floor lighting will be utilized to provide greater variation in lighting systems within the ecopod. While some task/surface fixtures can be stored within the storage component, floor fixture may be too large to be stowed away within the ecopod. As a result, larger floor fixture will be kept seperate and is optional depending on varying sources and transportation means.

track fixture

flexible track strip

suspended indirect/direct

fixturemovable

panels

recessed troffer fixture

gridded plug-n-play

fixture panels

COMPONENTS: DESIGN ITERATION I

91 92

STEP 2STEP 1

The ecopod opens up to create two main spaces for both daylighting and electric lighting systems. A compact storage space is shared between daylight and electrical lighting spaces. Storage space contains interchangable systems, such as blinds, mesh shades, relocatable track fixtures, T8 fixtures and different lightbulbs and lamps.

The pod can be compacted into a volume that fits into a standard truck load. This enables transport efficiency for lighting demonstration purposes. Panels can be pre-fabricated and therefore efficiently assembled for pod modularity.

99”

103.24”

31.57”

FUNCTION & OPERATION // DAYLIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

STEP 3

Pod roof is equipped with three skylights that are each equipped with roller blinds as shadind devices. Roof can be applied to electrical lighting space for lighting integration purposes.

93 94

STEP 4 STEP 5

Skylight roof is attached to the second panel on the daylight room, which can be rotated to form an enclosed space. The panel is equipped with full vertical windows that is divided into three parts: clarestory, body, and kickplate. Each window is double glazed (Clear/Clear 6mm air gap) that potentially can be layered with other single pane glaze to illustrate different lighting effects. This configuration also illustrates maximum daylight within the space without any shading systems, which acts as a baseline for maximizing daylight potential.

STEP 6

The next rotatable panels are divided into three in correspond to the three window parts. Each panel can be rotated to block specific window level to illustrate effect of window configurations on light. The panels are also embedded with varying daylight redirection and shading systems:

Top Panel: //Light Shelf //Reflective Ceiling (facbric)

Middle Panel: //Tracks for detachable Single Pane Glazings or Window Shading Sytems

Lower Panel: //Table Surface

Roof system can be elevated at different angles for optimum solar angle.

The very last panel cosist of an information poster, single pane glazing storage, and a foldable panel with embedded touch screens for varying daylight orientation simulation and lighting analysis.

95 96

interior light shelflight shelf redirects sunlight upwards to reduce glare and redistribute light for better uniformity.Effective Factors: - color and finish- form/shape- dimension (distance from window)- reconfigurability

glazing typestransparent and translucency of glazing affects light distribution/diffusion, privacy and views. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- tint color

reflective ceilingreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- form/shape- reconfigurability

window configuration window configuration affects light quality within the space. window types may determine operability and interior airflow.Effective Factors: - window types- glazing types (tint, u-value, SHGC, Tvis)

FIXTURES // DAYLIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

skylightsskylights allow for better lighting quality. light contrast from vertical window source can be balanced, especially in deep floor plan. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- translucency/transparency- automated/manual operability

skylight shadingvariable shading includes blinds, fabric, and mesh. shading system can be translucent but also opaque. certain shading system, such as baffle/louvres, can redirect light.Effective Factors: - opacity- colors and reflectivity- u-value- automatic/manual control

interior blinds/meshinterior blinds or mesh help redirect or diffuse/soften solar glare. it also affects both views and privacy level.Effective Factors: - u-value- color reflectivity- visual transmission (Tvis) - light transmission- shape/form- automated/manual control

97 98

• Gordon Light Shelf• Hunter Douglas Brightshelf

• ClimaGuard Guard SatinDeco• Photochromic Chameleon 60• (Phase Change GlassX Crystal)

• ClimaGuard Guard SatinDeco• Photochromic Chameleon 60• (Phase Change GlassX Crystal)

• Armstrong Optima Square Lay-in Fine Texture

• Mars ClimaPlus High NRC• Sheetrock Lay-In Ceiling Panel

ClimaPlus• Glacier

POTENTIAL SYSTEMS // DAYLIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

• Major Industries Guardian 275 (Crystal/White)

• Pilkington InsulightTM Triple w/ Optitherm S3 T16mm Argon

• Wasco E-Class Glazing eMAX3

• Levolor Sheer Efficiency with Energy Shield• Hunter Douglas Architella Honeycomb

Shades• Thermoveil Dense Basket Weave

Refer Daylight Info. Page

Refer Daylight Storage

Refer Simulation Media

99 100

reserved for plug-n-play lightingfixtures

STORAGE // DAYLIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

150mm

Retro SolarRetroLux A-Blindhttp://www.retrosolar.de/de/pdf/pdf_aktuell/luxa.pdf

Specifications

61% at 20 degree tilt

Visible Light Transmission SHGC

0.15

CRI

90

Hunter Douglas Window TreatmentsDuette Architella Honeycomb: Triple Honeycombhttp://www.blindalley.com/portfolios/hunterdouglas/portfolioslarge/duetteenergyefficiency.html

Specifications

5.80

R-Value Shading Coefficient

0.21

MarkiluxMarkilux 6000 Cassette Awninghttp://www.retrosolar.de/de/pdf/pdf_aktuell/luxa.pdf

Specifications

Projection Width

250mm

Hunter DouglasDécor® Aluminium Blindshttp://www.archiexpo.com/prod/hunter-douglas/aluminium-venetian-blinds-50316-227765.html

Specifications

25mm

Slat Width Width

320 - 3300mm

Drop

200 - 3000mm

101 102

STEP 2STEP 1

The ecopod opens up to create two main spaces for both daylighting and electric lighting systems. A compact storage space is shared between daylight and electrical lighting spaces. Storage space contains interchangable systems, such as blinds, mesh shades, relocatable track fixtures, T8 fixtures and different lightbulbs and lamps.

FUNCTION & OPERATION // ELECTRIC LIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

STEP 3

103 104

STEP 4 STEP 6

STEP 4 & 5The ceiling can be dropped down to create a drop ceiling effect. Drop ceiling is made of a reflective eggcrate material, which allow for better reflectivity of uplighting. The eggcrate texture is also used due to its modularity and efficiency for troffer or suspended lighting installation. Roof can also be extended, whereby track lightings or other pendant fixtures can be installed.

STEP 6Table surfaces are folded up similar to the daylight table. Surfaces are used to determine the brightness from task or surface fixtures.

STEP 5

STEP 7 STEP 8

STEP 7Relocatable floor and task light can be installed once table surfaces are folded up. Due to its relocatable nature, freestanding floor and relocatable task light is stored seperately from the pod. Storage issue must be thought further in the design process, but its external nature allow for greater flexibility for fixture changes.

STEP 8Eggcrate dropped ceiling has dedicated panels for a 2’x2’ and 1’x4’ troffers. Assembled fixtures can be interchangable with fixtures in the storage space (refer to storage section). Further investigation will be done to integrate electric lighting and daylight spaces together, in order to fully integrate the two lighting system.

105 106

glazing typestransparent and translucency of glazing affects light distribution/diffusion, privacy and views. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- tint color

reflective ceilingreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- form/shape- reconfigurability

window configuration window configuration affects light quality within the space. window types may determine operability and interior airflow.Effective Factors: - window types- glazing types (tint, u-value, SHGC, Tvis)

reflective ceilingreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- form/shape- reconfigurability

FIXTURES // ELECTRIC LIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

interior blinds/meshinterior blinds or mesh help redirect or diffuse/soften solar glare. it also affects both views and privacy level.Effective Factors: - u-value- color reflectivity- visual transmission (Tvis) - light transmission- shape/form- automated/manual control

reflective ceilingreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- form/shape- reconfigurability

107 108

• CREE• CR Series LED Architectural Troffers• AR Series LED Architectural Troffers• CR-LE Series 20L LED Light Engine

• Lithonia• 2TLED 2’X 2’• VTLED 2’X 2’ Volumetric Recessed Lighting• AL Series 2’x 2’ LED High Perf. Architectural

• Finelite • HP-4 ID LED• E-4 Indirect LED• Series 16 LED 3E

• Cooper Lighting • NEO-ray 23DP LED, • Corelite Class A D/I Lensed• Corelite Loft Micro Frosted Lens LED

• Elite • ET LED 401 Series• ET LED 372 Series• ET LED 373 Series

• Philips Ligtolier • Lytespan Spot LED 15W• Lytespan Spot LED 34W• Lightolier LightFlood LED LLF2

POTENTIAL SYSTEMS // ELECTRIC LIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

• Surface Relocatable• Finelite

• CURVE• REACH Viper

• ESI Ergonomic • Lightcorp Voyage Personal LED

• Under-Cabinet Surface • Sempria LED G2-UC• Finelite EDGE LED Undercabinet• Lithonia Lighting Rayzer modular

LED System

Refer Daylight Info. Page

Refer Daylight Storage

Refer Simulation Media

• Waldmann• Ataro LED Freestanding LED• Tycoon LED Freestanding LED• SIRA LED LED Freestanding LED

• Zumbotel• SFERA LED Freestanding Luminaire

• Artemide• Illiria Floor LED Lamp

• Tobias-Grau• XT-A Floor LED OSA 120V

109 110

reserved for daylight shading fixtures

STORAGE // ELECTRIC LIGHTINGDESIGN ITERATION I:

909 - 1038 lm

FineliteSeries 16 LED 3Ehttp://www.finelite.com/download_files/series_downloads/brochures/FL_S16-LED_brochure.pdf

Specifications

CREE LightingCR Series LED Architectural Troffershttp://www.cree.com/Lighting/Products/Indoor/Troffers/CR-Series

Specifications

PHILIPS Lightolier Lytespan Spot LED 15W LLAB0 Track Lightinghttp://www.lightolier.com/MKACatpdfs/LLAB0.PDF

Specifications

Lumens Output Power

15 W

Cooper Lighting NEO-ray 23DP Straight & Narrow LEDhttp://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/lighting/products/documents/neo_ray/spec_sheets/23DP-1-L35-SCETG-xx-U-DD-S92HT.pdf

Specifications

Lightcorp Voyage Personal LED http://www.lightcorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Voyage-Cutsheet.pdf

Specifications

CRI

85

Color Temperature

2700 - 3000

Life Hours

50000

Dimmable

Yes

Lamp Type

LED

2000, 3200 (50% step dimming)

Lumens Output Power

22, 32 W

CRI

87

Color Temperature

3500

Life Hours

50000

Dimmable

Yes

Lamp Type

LED

250 lm

Lumens Output Power

7 W

CRI

84

Color Temperature

3500

Life Hours

50000

Dimmable

Yes

Lamp Type

LED

2100 - 2700 lm

Lumens Output Power

33, 34 W

CRI

n/a

Color Temperature

3500

Life Hours

50000

Dimmable

moderate

Lamp Type

LED

moderate1729 lm (up) & 825 lm (down)

Lumens Output Power

22, 32 W

CRI

90+

Color Temperature

3000, 3500, 4000 or 5000

Life Hours

50000

Dimmable Lamp Type

LED

111 112

DESIGN ITERATION II

CHANGES AND MODIFICATIONThe changes made is due to additional components that were made to enhance the comparison and provide better explanation of various lighting attributes. Aside from the additional components, the new design iteration considers a better integration between the daylighting and electric lighting section, allowing a seperate and combine effort from the two different lighting sources. The new design iteration will also include the placement of an iPad to be included in the Ecopod to test for brightness on ligthing distribution on a surface. The new design iteration especially stresses on the “Introduction Wall” for the fundamental explanation of CBPD lighting guidelines and Ecopod Manual. Exterior shell of the ecopod is also used for storage means of interchangable mesh shades and reflective panels.

Changes:• Ecopod is unfolded so that spaces are more

enclosed for accurate light measurement• Addtional Components - Light Box, Mesh Shades

and Reflective Panels, iPad• Possible integration and sufficient segregation

between daylighting and electric lighting section• Skylight roof angles system is changed to

withstand better load• More horizontal surface area for seating space and

brightness measurement.• Addtion of vertical fins• Addition of more skylights• Addition of more vertical windows (in the electric

lighting section)• Addition of skylight shading system• Addition of “Introductory Wall”

Similar Feature:• Storage space remains unchanged but act as a

structural spine in the new design• Skylight angle remains to be raised at a maximum

of 40 degrees although angled orientation is changed

• Electric lighting flexible gridded ceiling system remains unchanged

• Shades and varying glazing interchanging system still utilized sliders

DESIGN ITERATION II:

113 114

STEP 1 STEP 2

STEP 3 STEP 4

Ecopod remains to be the same size as shown in Design Iteration I when it is full folded.

The roof of Ecopod is folded out first due to the thickness of skylights. The tent-like opening is reflects a grand gesture to welcome users.

The floor is unfolded. All the unfolding panels of Ecopod are symmetrical.

The exterior wall unfolds.

STEP 5 STEP 6

placeholderSTEP 7

Roof angle for the daylight section can be modified accordingly, while rotating panels are used to adjust window configurations.

The exterior wall unfolds another time to create an all-round enclosure, thus blocking external unwated light sources.

All smaller components such as table surfaces can be unfolded. Some components are seperate from the Ecopod due to the lack of storage space, but remain to be integrated through design. Ecopod provides opaque fabric that can be draped against the angled roof to block unwated external light.

114 116

interior light shelflight shelf redirects sunlight upwards to reduce glare and redistribute light for better uniformity.Effective Factors: - color and finish- form/shape- dimension (distance from window)- reconfigurability

glazing typestransparent and translucency of glazing affects light distribution/diffusion, privacy and views. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- tint color

reflective ceiling fabricreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- form/shape- reconfigurability

interior blinds/meshinterior blinds or mesh help redirect or diffuse/soften solar glare. it also affects both views and privacy level.Effective Factors: - u-value- color reflectivity- visual transmission (Tvis) - light transmission- shape/form- automated/manual control

window configuration window configuration affects light quality within the space. window types may determine operability and interior airflow.Effective Factors: - window types- glazing types (tint, u-value, SHGC, Tvis)

FIXTURES // DAYLIGHTING• Provision of various glazing systems, shading and redirection devices• Shading systems include venetian blinds, mesh shading, awnings and tensioned skylight shading (fabric and mesh)• Daylight redirection includes light shelves, high performance blinds (retrolux)

exterior awningexterior awning can be useful to block high intensity solar radiation that potential may cause discomfort glare. it is vital that awning is reconfigurable for various seasons.Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- dimension of overhand- max. load and wind and water resistance

DESIGN ITERATION II:

skylightsskylights allow for better lighting quality. light contrast from vertical window source can be balanced, especially in deep floor plan. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- translucency/transparency- automated/manual operability

skylight shadingvariable shading includes blinds, fabric, and mesh. shading system can be translucent but also opaque. certain shading system, such as baffle/louvres, can redirect light.Effective Factors: - opacity- colors and reflectivity- u-value- automatic/manual control

117 118

floor lightingreconfigurable floor lighting can be moved around accordingly to various task. high performance floor lighting allows control of direct/indirect.Effective Factors: - brightness and efficiency- light distribution- reconfigurability

vertical finstransparent and translucency of glazing affects light distribution/diffusion, privacy and views. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- tint color

track lightingtrack lighting can be utilized as a indirect ambient or wall wash or directed as task lightEffective Factors: - brightness and efficiency- light distribution- reconfigurability

lightboxlightbox illustrates the differences of basic lamp specifications such as lamp efficiency, CRI, and color temperature.Effective Factors: - brightness and efficiency in lumens/watts- color temperature in kelvin- color rendering index- lenses and diffusers

task lightingtask lighting increases flexibility of individual control to enhance brightness depending on various task. dimmable task light is recommended.Effective Factors: - brightness and efficiency- light distribution- CRI- reconfigurability

FIXTURES // ELECTRIC LIGHTING• Provision of various high performance fixtures• Fixture includes track, suspended ID, floor, task, and recessed • Ceiling equipped with reflective egg-crate panels.• “Lightbox” provides information on Efficacy, CRI, and color temp.

suspended ceiling lightingsuspended ceiling light varies widely from lens type, form, and indirect-direct adjustability. Effective Factors: - brightness and efficiency- light distribution- control and dimmability

reflective ceiling panelreflective ceiling panels/fabric can be used to redirect light from upward shelf lighting and indirect lighting. Effective Factors: - color and reflectivity- distance between light and panel- reconfigurability

DESIGN ITERATION II:

skylightsskylights allow for better lighting quality. light contrast from vertical window source can be balanced, especially in deep floor plan. Effective Factors: - u-value- solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)- visual Transmission (Tvis) - light Transmission- translucency/transparency- automated/manual operability

recessed troffer lightingrecessed lighting is useful due to its modularity. selecting proper lens and lamp is crucial as to avoid discomfort glare from source.Effective Factors: - brightness and efficiency- light distribution- control and dimmability- CRI and color temperature- dimension and modularity

119 120

122

SCENARIO

Why ECOPOD? Most of the current teaching toolkit exist in a form of brochure, online survey, or temporary booths and installations. The ECOPOD aims to change the idea of toolkit and transform design guidelines into something that is tangible, in the hope of creating a more effective teaching device. The visual and real time experience may help users better understand the impact of high performance luminaire in contrast to conventional fixtures.

This section of the report will include the various iterations of the ECOPOD and illustrated scenario based on the CBPD Lighting Guidelines. The scenario will inform users on the configurability of the pod and help understand the potential learning experiences that it will provide. An informative brochure is provided for each scenario to address the related specifications, terminologies, and guidelines that should be followed. The information are gathered based on numerous literature reviews and reports by lighting manufacturers or academic research. In tandem with the potential users, the brochure is divided into three sections: students (key factors), general users (fundamental), and professionals (advanced). The three sections are identified by the different color and silhouette illustrated in the Identifying User section.

Prior to the designing phase, this section also includes several successful case studies of mobile or small spaces that has been successfully for the lighting or other purposes. The design of the pod considers the different modulation that is possible, which render the pod to be compact and sizable.

INTRODUCTION

1.  Introductory wall to familiarize user with ECOPOD

2.  Configurable roof angle to optimize skylight in response to solar path

3.  Foldable work surface to simulate various spatial dynamic environment

4.  Storage space for other reconfigurable fixtures

5.  Detachable modular reflective ceiling panels to test for material reflectivity

6.  Removable and interchangeable components for maintenance efficiency

1

2

3

4

6

5

DAYLIGHT

WINDOW CONFIGURATIONSWindow configurations is important to maximize daylighting within the interior space. One of the main reasons why window configuration come first before the introduction to the Ecopod is to increase user’s interest level at a visual scale. Addtionally, due to the intuitive design and hands-on nature of the Ecopod, the movement demonstrated by each panel as each window leveled is covered will create a sense of familiarity. Users will gain a sense of independence as they explore the Ecopod systems according to their topic of interest. Different configurations will allow users to learn of the importance of maximizing window wall ratio and reduce the need of electric lighting.

Step 1. (Best Practice)Full window configuration.

Step 2.Cover kickplate. Set up surface area.

Step 3.Allow daylight source from clerestory and body only.

Step 3.Cover clerestory. Set up fixtures for vertical Source daylight shading and redirection

Step 3. (Worst Case)Allow daylight source from body only. This is what a conventional daylight source would look like for realtively minimum window-wall ratio.

Area 1

INTRODUCTION TO ECOPOD

Step 1.Set up lighting guidelines for references and guidelines of various Ecopod fixtures.

Step 2.Read “Simple Steps to Navigate through Ecopod” with the use of digital applications.

Step 3.Test for portable illuminance meter to gain familiarity with iPad.

The “introductory Wall” functions to get users to be more familiar with the Ecopod. The wall will inform users of the 10 CBPD Lighting Guideline, supply “take-away” Lighting Guidelines Booklet, a poster to guide users throughout the Ecopod, and two iPads for users to use as an illuminance meter. Since the manual and guidelines are non-permanent, it can be updated accordingly if there are additional systems or components added to the Ecopod.

Area 2

123 124

H = 2HThe projected illuminance depth should is approximately two times of the window height. Window height should be adjusted according to space depth to allow daylight to penetrate into the space. Daylight redirection can be utilized to increase depth.

WINDOW WALL RATIO @ 20% - 40% BetterBricks study shows that energy use is the least at WWR between 20% and 40%. No windows and glazing ratio greater than 40% allow greater energy use due to no heat gain and daylight access and excessive heat gain respectively.

LESS IS MORE: R-VALUE MATTERSAccording to BuildingScience study, highly glazed buildings do now save more daylighting energy. Nevertheless the need for views, outdoor connection, and quality of natural light may call for higher WWR and can be offsetted by higher performance windows specs.

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WINDOW HEIGHT = 2 x WINDOW HEIGHT of LIGHT DEPTH

Window Wall Ratio

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 20 40 60 80 100

20

30

40

WindoW to Wall Ratio

ORIENTATION CLIMATE DEPTH SKYLIGHTSConsider skylights as an option

Measure the desired depth of daylit space

Climate determines WWR

Orientate windows for efficient daylighting

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

WindoW to Wall

Ratio

Key Factors1. daylighting -Higher WWR allows for greater daylighting opportunities.2. VieWs -Outdoor connection proves to increase occupants’ productivity and health.3. natuRal Ventilation -Operable window should be installed for natural ventilation, which reduce energy

consumption and increase occupants performance.4. theRmal ComfoRt -Install high performance windows to reduce infiltration and heat loss from glazed

surfaces.5. noise Pollution -Higher WWR may cause increase in noise pollution especially in urban areas. 20-30%

ratio should be maintained.

Fundamental

daylighting- Understanding climate location - Basic calculation of solar heat gain and heat loss- Account for building orientation, layout and depth

Advanced

- Utilize energy simulation calculation on the basis of DOE weather file.- Assess solar pattern and orientate optimize building form and orientation. - Identify different solar pattern and balance window specification without compromising Tvis. - Simulate ventilation pattern through operable windows.

- Select appropriate window specifications for various orientation.- Select window frames w/o thermal bridging.

- Ensure high performance acoustical properties of the indoor wall material to reduce noise from glazed surfaces.

VieWs - Locate available views and position windows strategicallynatuRal Ventilation - Understand wind pattern and positioned window for various type of ventilation.

theRmal ComfoRt - Select high performance windows with high insulation property.

noise Pollution - Assess site and face windows away from external noise.

LEED INCENTIVESfor Daylit Spaces:

75% of spaces should have a daylight factor of

2% or above.

The space illustrated on the left is certified.

*www.ecotect.com

“Window wall ratio should be kept between 20-30%. Despite its aesthetic, over-glazed building is proven to increase energy consumption. ”

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

125 126

DAYLIGHT SHADING AND REDIRECTION

Step 1.Shade skylights to ensure an accurate variable of the effect of daylight redirection and shading.

Step 2.Vary glazing type to investigate the effect of different U-value, Tvis, SHGC, and other related specifications.

Step 3.Pull down blind to investigate the effect of daylight shading.

Step 4.Adjust blind angle to investigate the effect of daylight redirection.

Step 5. (Best Practice)Slide blind to investigate the combine effect of using high performance glazing and daylight redirection.

Daylight shading and redirection is the third stop. Upon learning window configuration, users should also be aware of controlling light intensity from various daylight source. High performance window shading and redirection can manipulate light level according to verious activities. Users will already have a basic gasp of the iPad illuminance meter and can test the brightness level on the provided surface. Light level will vary according to the use of different shading/redirection fixtures. Skylight is shaded prior to the test to control variables. Daylight shading and redirection will let users understand the impact of utilizing daylight for both task and ambient purposes and create greater comfort by protecting unwanted glare.

Area 3 Aside from blinds, daylight redirection will also include the use of light shelves, exterior awnings and vertical fins. Although these light redirection techniques are not commonly used but it is in fact extremely effective when used appropriately. Light shelf has to be paired with a reflective surface so that light can be redirected downwards. Additonally light shelf needs to be placed at a sufficient distant from the ceiling so light will be well distributed and uniform. External awnings create shading to prevent discomfort glare especially during period with high solar intensity. Unlike the light shelf and awnings that deal mostly with redirecting and reflecting sharp solar angle, vertical blinds are used for low solar angles. The use of vertical blinds are crucial for west orientation and is effective to prevent glare. Users will learn the effectiveness of daylight redirection and the differences of each fixture in relation to building/solar orientation and angle. Most importantly, it is also crucial for users to understand that the used of daylighting requires flexible control.

Step 1.Pull out light shelves for daylight redirection effect.

Step 2.Install portable awning to block high intensity daylight and investigate the effect of external shading.

127 128

RESPONSE TO CLIMATEAccording to DOE EnergyStar Program, glazing specifications is dependent on different climate zones. Each climate zone has a recommended max. U-value (lower number suggest better insulation) and SHGC. Higher Tvis should also be considered for better views.

GREATER R-VALUE = LESS COSTChicago Consevation Corps study shows that greater R-value (insulation factor) reduces energy cost/year by approximately $500 when comparing single pane window versus high performance low E glazing. Similar pattern can be observed for different housing types.

WINDOW PERFORMANCE & TECHNOLOGY Window performance and technology has improved significantly. In addition to glazing specification, designers and architects need to be aware of thermal bridging in window frames, noise insulation capability, and external film components that can be applied as retrofit.

Cost

($/Y

ear)

R-value (1=1 pane of glass)

300

200

100

00.5 1

glazing sPeCifiCations

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

CLIMATE R-VALUE SHGC T-VISHigher Tvis allows for clearer views to the outside

High SHGC for passive solar gain and low to reflect unwanted heat

Higher R-Value means better insulation

Climate determines glazing specifications

600

500

400

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Northern (mostly heating)

North Central (heating&cooling)

South Central (heating&cooling)

Southern (mostly cooling)

3 Flat - 360sf

Four Square - 300sf

Bungalow - 180sf

Apartment - 100sf

House Type & Window Area

Cost of Window Heat Loss vs. R-value

glazing sPeCifiCations

Key Factors1. R-Value oR u-faCtoR -Indicate thermal resistance of glazing. Higher R-value or lower U-factor means

better thermal insulation. 2. solaR heat gain CaPaCity (shgC) -Solar energy transmittance of a window or door as a whole. Higher

SHGC indicates greater passive solar gain to offset mechanical heating. 3. Visible light tRansmittanCe (Vlt oR tVis) -Ratio of total transmitted lighti to total incident light. Higher

Tvis value indicates better light penetration and often corelates to the clarity of the glazing.4. oPeRability and ContRol -Various operability allow better outdoor connection. Sensors can be

implemented for efficient automation.5. teChnology -Consider using electro/photochromic windows.

Fundamental

R-Value oR u-faCtoR- Ensure that U-factor of glazing is as low as possible to reduce heat gain/loss.- Inquire window contractor or manufacturer of specifications and utlize Energy Star certified products. shgC- Value of SHGC is dependent of the climate. Lower SHGC is suited for warmer climate zone and vice versa.tVis- Ensure that glazing choice has highest amount of Tvis to ensure sufficient natural light.oPeRability and ContRol- Install appropriate operable windows for ventilation. New technology such as phase change window can vary thermal resistance for seasonal change.teChnology- Refer to window contractor or manufacturer for latest window technology.

Advanced

- Include window R-value in simulation to calculate heat loss/gain.- Ensure that Value Engineering is practiced in choosing window R-value.- Install framing with thermal bridging. - Simulate the amount of heat gain by using thermal imaging to determine amount of passive heat gain. - Understand differences between visibility and Tvis. Simulation should include Tvis for lighting analysis. - Operable windows tend to increase infiltration, ensure high performance operable system for air tightness.- Ensure efficient occupant control. - Recommend electro/photochromic windows. Increase in control might benefit climate with extereme swings.

U-factor: SHGC:T-vis:Light to Solar Gain (LSG): *LSG should be aimed lower for warmer climate zoneUV%:

0.280.410.741.8

24%

U-factor: SHGC:T-vis:UV%:

>1.00>0.60>0.60100%

Solarban 60 (2) Starphire + Starphire Solar Control Low-E Glass

Typical Single Glazed/PaneWindows

ENERGY SAVINGS

ReplaceSingle Pane Windows

$145 - $501(59 to 196 Gal. of Gasoline)

ReplaceDouble Pane Windows

$71 - $247(35 to 144 Gal. of Gasoline)

COMPARISON“Specify glazing according to your climate zone. Consider U-value, SHGC, and Tvis before glazing. Glazing types can be varied according to orientation.”

129 130

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

TRIGONOMETRY 101Depth of overhang and height of window can be determined by a simple trigonometry calculation based on the latitude of the building location and its corresponding solar angle.

CLIMATE AFFECT SHADING TYPESShading type effectiveness varies according to different climate and locations. It is crucial to understand the climate and solar path (winter and summer) before choosing the shading type. Shading type can save up to 80% energy savings.

LESS IS MORE: R-VALUE MATTERSSolar path needs to be understood and communicated to clients clearly. Solar path diagram can be re-interpreted in terms of amount of solar energy gain through the building facades through the use of light simulation. The method will allow greater understanding of energy savings for cost-conscious clients.

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SOLSTICE ORIENTATION MATERIAL DYNAMICDynamic shading for seasonal change

Reflective material to diffuse light

Orientate proper shading for varying facades

Summer and winter solstice varies solar angle

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FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

daylight shading & RediReCtion

Key Factors1. daylighting -Maximizing daylighting requires flexibility in control. Lighting level should be dynamic

and catered to various activities.2. VieWs and PRiVaCy -Level of transparency of a shading device may change the light transmission and

visual impact of indoor enviroment.3. theRmal ComfoRt -Both shading and redirection reduce unwanted solar heat gain. Certain shading

device may act as night insulation.4. glaRe -Avoid discomfort glare by installing shading and redirection device at different orientation.5. light distRibution -Daylight shading redirection allow for uniform light distribution through diffusion

or refraction.

Fundamental

daylighting- Understand amount of solar gain from different orientation and spatial organization.- Install appropriate shading and daylight redirection on different facade.VieWs and PRiVaCy- Choose appropriate shading fixture and material for flexible opacity to maintain outdoor views.

theRmal ComfoRt - Choose shading with high reflectivity surface or R-value to increase thermal insulation and reduce heat loss/gain.

glaRe- Utilize shading device to prevent discomfort glare. Glare may be caused by varrying solar angle from different orientations.light distRibution - Install high performance redirecting fixture and reflective surface to diffuse light uniformly across space.

Advanced - Utilize energy simulation calculation on the basis of DOE weather file.- Install photosensors for automated shading and dynamic redirection device. - Shading device should be installed according to sunpath diagram.- Maintain views according to program. - Utilize thermal camera to test for performance of shading device. Dynamic shading is ideal for temperate climate.

- Calculate building geometry and depth of shading device in relation to occupant’s activity to ensure no glare- Simulate potential glare sources. - Calculate reflected geometry from redirecting fixture and ensure sufficient distance to reflective surface.

“Utilized daylight shading and redirection to harvest daylight effectively. Select appropriate shading fixture in response to solar path and angle.”

131 132

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

SKYLIGHT ANGLES AND SHADING

Step 1.Set up skylight angle.(Maximum Angle 40 Degrees)

Step 2.Adjust skylight angle to investigate the effect of roof angle and orientation.

Step 3.Apply skylight shading for translucent cloth and opaque shades to investigate lighting effect during high/peak solar intensity

Skylight angle shading is especially important as horizontal surfaces can potentially cause the most heat gain and light intensity. The Ecopod will allow users to experiment in the various lighting quality depending on the angle of the skylight and the use of various shading and redirection fixtures. Lighting from skylight can be diffused accordingly with baffles or mesh system, hence creating a uniform ambient light. The use of skylight can be very effective when located at an angle. On the other hand, users should also be aware that skylight can become a liability in hotter climate unless oriented appropriately and allows for operability.

Area 4

133 134

TASK AND AMBIENT LIGHTINGUsers can start to understand the impact of ambient and task lighting by playing with the brightness of the varuous fixture within the ECOPOD. Users will measure illuminance level for every light configuration, allowing them to experiment and identify the most fitting work condition. Indirect-Direct (ID) fixtures should be tested before implementing task lighting to show the potential light intensity of high oerformance ambient luminaire. With the addition of task lighting, users will realize that ambient can be reduced significantly, allowing for greater energy savings. Seperating task and ambient also allow for greater control over each individual’s specific activity and task, therefore increasing comfort and productivity.

Step 1. Set-up work surface for task light. Table surface will help simulate an office workspace environment.

Step 2.Use the provided remote control to lower information screen on task light. It also acts as a divider.

Step 3.Adjust brightness of suspended ID lighting to show the dimming variations.

Step 4.Adjust brightness of floor ID lighting to show the dimming variations. Floor lighting can also be moved around.

Step 5. Turn on task lighting and dimmable ambient track lighting. Track lighting has a greater control in adjusting brightness.

Area 5

Step 6. (Best Case)Bring out your laptop and test for the best brightness level between the suspended indirect lighting and task lighting.

135 136

ELECTRIC LIGHT

DAYLIGHTING FOR AMBIENT+TASKBefore installing ambient lighting, ensure that daylighting its maximize for both task and ambient. Daylighting is crucial to increase occupant’s productivity, health, and performance. Additionally, utilizing daylight will reduce energy consumption significantly.

TASK OVER AMBIENTIndividual dimmable task light should be prioritized over ambient lighting. Individual task light provides greater occupant control for various activities. According to EEB HUB (DOE) Research, lowering ambient light can be reduced by up to 50% for greater energy savings.

PHOTOSENSORS & DIMMING CONTROLAmbient light should be controlled to provide uniformity and low contrast relative to daylighting. Photosensor and automated dimming control should be installed to balance the two sources. Installing these sensors would reduce energy consumption.

ambient lighting

DAYLIGHT PERFORM DISTRIBUTION CONTROLLighting can be adjusted for different activity

Distance between ceiling and luminaire affects distribution

Select high performance luminaire

Optimize daylight for ambient lighting

h h

TASK

AMBIENT AMBIENT+ TASK

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

ambient lighting

Key Factors1. illuminanCe -A measure of how much the incident light illuminates a surface. It is important that

ambient light provide sufficient illuminance level to avoid high contrast.2. effiCaCy -Choosing high performance fixture provide higher efficacy (measured in lumens/watt), a key

factor in energy conservation.3. bRightness/ContRast -A luminance measure between focused object and background lighting. Maintain

ratio to avoid glare.4. glaRe -Ensure fixture design does not cause discomfort glare through the exposure of light source.5. ContRol and oPeRability -Choose dimmable fixture with daylight sensors.

Fundamental

illuminanCe- Illuminance level should be kept an appropriate level depending on the various activities.- Extremely bright lighting might be detrimental as to create unwanted glare.effiCaCy- Select fixture with high efficacy to maximize energy savings. Keep in mind of the lumens produced by fixture.bRightness/ContRast - Ensure brightness/contrast balance between task and ambient lighting.glaRe- Consider indirect lighting to avoid risk of glare.- Avoid exposed reflective panels. Utilize diffuser/lens to soften light intensity.ContRol and oPeRability- Install daylight sensors to balance lighting level between ambient and daylight.

Advanced

- Measure the illuminance level of general activity space. Suggest appropriate light distribution and illuminance in response to the activity.- Illuminance level: 100-300 lux - Consider lighting efficacy in life-cycle cost estimation to illustrate the investment made by clients. - Use illuminance meter to measure brightness of background and work surface. Ensure balanced ratio. - Simulate working area by using lighting software to determine potential glare sources from fixture.- Install fixture appropriately. - Each fixture should be installed with an individual ballast. Calculate daylight depth to vary ambient light level.

Lumens Output:

Power:CRI:Color Temperature: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Adjustability:

1719 lm (up)1408 lm (down)36.4 W873000-4000K86 lm/W50,000LED/Yes

Finelite HP-4 Indirect/Direct Linear LED Typical T12 Recessed FluorescentLumens Output: Power:CRI:Color Temperature: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

2300 lm40 W (2)624000K57.5 lm/W7,500T12/No

ENERGY SAVINGSCOMPARISON“Ambient lighting can be utilized to adjust contrast in the office to prevent glare. Implement lower ambient if each workspace is equipped with a task light.”

137 138

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

DAYLIGHTOptimize daylight for task lighting

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

SEPARATE AMBIENT AND TASKAmbient and task fixture should be separated to maximize brightness control within a shared space. Individual control should be provided for each occupant, with a lower ambient lighting for basic indoor activities.

CONTROL YOUR LIGHTDual source lighting allow greater flexibility in adjusting brightness to suit the specific needs for various activities. Since brightness would vary, the following set of priority is recommended:1. Maximize daylighting (with sensors)2. Provide dimmable task light3. Provide dimmable ambient (ID)

HOW MUCH LUX DO YOU ACTUALLY NEEDInstallation of task lights should correspond to the amount of light needed for the specific program/activity. Eliminating extraneous light would reduce energy consumption. According to ILO Encyclopedia, the illuminance level can be grouped into 3 main categories as illustrated on the diagram on the right.

task lighting

ACTIVITY PERFORM CONTROLLighting can be adjusted for different activity

Select high performance luminaire

Adjust lighting intensity according to activities

TASK

AMBIENT

Dual-source lighting enable lower am-bient lighting levels and energy savings

more thanViewing paper-based documents

requires five times more light than viewing a monitor

task lighting

Key Factors1. illuminanCe -A measure of how much the incident light illuminates a surface. It is important that task

light provide illuminance level in the working area.2. effiCaCy -Choosing high performance fixture provide higher efficacy (measured in lumens/watt), a key

factor in energy conservation.3. bRightness/ContRast -A luminance measure between focused object and background lighting. Maintain

ratio to avoid glare.4. glaRe -Ensure fixture design does not cause discomfort glare through the exposure of light source.5. ContRol and oPeRability -Choose dimmable fixture with easy reconfigurable arm.

Fundamental

illuminanCe- Illuminance level should be kept an appropriate level depending on the various activities.- Extremely bright lighting might be detrimental as to create unwanted glare.effiCaCy- Select fixture with high efficacy to maximize energy savings. Keep in mind of the lumens produced by fixture.bRightness/ContRast - Ensure brightness/contrast balance between task and ambient lighting.glaRe- Ensure that light source is unexposed.- Provide sufficent ambient/background light to reduce glare.- Avoid reflective work surface.ContRol and oPeRability- Select task lighting with dimmability control as to adjust brightness in relation to ambient/background brightness.

Advanced - Measure the illuminance level of general work surface, monitor screen, and keyboard and suggest appropriate configurable/dynamic task fixture.- Illuminance level: 300-500 lux - Consider lighting efficacy in life-cycle cost estimation to illustrate the investment made by clients. - Use illuminance meter to measure brightness of background and work surface. Ensure balanced ratio. - Simulate working area by using lighting software to determine potential glare sources from fixture.- Install fixture appropriately. - Consider ergonomics and reconfigurability of fixture to increase efficiency and occupant comfort.

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Color Temperature: *Higher Temperature is recommended for work surface.Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

371 lm8 W833500K

46 lm/W100,000LED/Yes

Finelite REACH Viper Typical T12 Cabinet Task LightLumens Output: Power:CRI:Color Temperature: *Higher Temperature is recommended for work surface.Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

650 lm (Too High!)14 W604000K

46 lm/W7,500T12/No

ENERGY SAVINGSSavings per Replacement

$205(~83 Gal. of Gasoline)

*www.ledlight.com

COMPARISON“Having trouble seeing what you are doing? A dimmable task light allow greater control and flexibility to adjust the amount of light for the specific task you are doing!”

139 140

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

HIGH PERFORMANCE LAMPHigh performance lamp is crucial to increase energy savings potential. Users can dial the wattage level for each lamp level to see the potential brightness rendered by each lamp. A visual side-by comparison of the brightness level of the different lamp at the same wattage will help user to understand that wattage does not equate to brightness and LED is most efficient and energy friendly. The efficacy box will be accompanied by an information poster, which illustrates the other specifications that may deter user to opt for the higher priced LED (e.g. CRI, lifespan, cost benefits, flicker etc.)

Step 1. Remove 2x2 egg crate panels and replace with a conventional troffer fixture.

Step 2.Understand that troffer has a high glare potential w/o lenses or diffusers.

Step 3.Compare conventional and high performance fixtures to understand impact on visual.

Area 6

141 142

CFLLED

AB

C

HIGH PERFORMANCE FIXTUREUsers need to understand the differences between various fixtures. The same type of fixture may not render the same light quality due to the different variables the manufacturer might use (e.g. reflector, lens/diffuser type, shape, ballast, dimmability and control etc.) Most importantly, each high performance fixture needs to be compared with a conventional one (most commonly used in older buildings). This scenario intend to target lighting retrofit that may cause discomfort glare, worst color rendition, and is lacking control and dimmability. Different fixture will create different lighting distibution, and therefore it is crucial to choose the appropriate fixture for the intended type of space and activity. The importance of a fixture should not just be based on its aesthetic look but its performance.

Incandescent

Similar low wattage is applied to different lamp types to show the differences in lamp efficacy (lumens/watt).

A

BC

D

A

B

C

D

CREE Lighting CR Series Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

2,200-3,200 lm22-32 W90+100 lm/W50,000LED/50% step

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

2,650 lm54 W90+49 lm/W7,000T12/No

Lithonia SP AIR Louvered Troffer

Finelite HP-4 ID Indirect/Direct Linear LEDLumens Output:

Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

1719 up & 1408 down (adjustable)36.4 W83-8780 lm/W50,000LED/Yes

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

2800 lm (2)56 W80100 lm/W7,000T8/No

GE Pristine Pendant Direct T8

Waldmann ATARO LED ID FreestandingLumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

9240 lm105 W8088 lm/W60,000LED/Yes

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

1300 lm27 W80-8548 lm/W5,000CFL/No

Trademark Home Collection Floor Fluorescent

HIGH PERFORMANCE LUMINAIRE CONVENTIONAL FIXTURE

Finelite Curve Task LightLumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

363 lm8 W8245 lm/W100,000LED/Yes

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

820 lm15 W6254 lm/W7,000T8/No

Econo Under Cabinet Fluorescent Light

The brightness of the screen illustrates the light intensity from the different bulb at the same wattage. Wattage can be adjusted to show the maximum brightness for each lamp type. Bulb can also be easily replaced for future advancement in lighting technology or light testing.

PLAN YOUR FIXTUREFixture should be selected according to the interior space. Ensure sufficient distance from source to surface (i.e. ceiling, wall) when using indirect fixture. Dimmable and reconfigurable fixture is recommended to increase occupant’s comfort.

CHOOSE ENERGY STAREnergyStar products ensure fixture efficiency for various specific tasks. As a result, it promises the same fixture at a third of the energy cost. Fixture should be positioned correctly to reduce glare. Choose appropriate lamp for the specific fixture type.

INSTALLATION AFFECTS DISTRIBUTIONThe proportional relationship between light intensity and distribution should be adjusted to the specfic task. Greater distribution reduces light intensity and allow for more uniform distribution. Distance from light source to surface and fixture type is crucial to achieve desired light quality.

light fixtuRe

DAYLIGHT SPATIAL EFFICIENCY CONTROLFixture can be adjusted for different activity

Select fixture with greatest lumens per watt

Assess spatial availability for lamp fixture

Optimize daylight sytems before determining lamp fixtures

indirect

indirect/direct

recessedtroffer

recessed can

wall wash

wall sconce

covefixture

under-cabinet lighting

tasklighting

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

light fixtuRe

Key Factors1. sPatial aVailability -Light diffuser and reflector create uniform light distribution and prevent glare. The

used of lens and diffuser may change light intensity and should be selected carefully.2. effiCienCy -Select appropriate material and opacity to optimize light transmission and distribution.3. light distRibution -Lens type can affect distributional direction from light source. Lens thickness,

texture, and material has extensive effect on light quality.4. dimension -Perforation size affects light distribution and intensity5. ContRol and dimmability -Dimmable lamp is recommended for flexible light quality control.

Fundamental

sPatial aVailability- Before purchasing any fixture, assess the spatial availability and general activity of the space.- Ensure that fixture can perform accordingly within the given space.effiCienCy- Select efficiency fixture with greatest distribution and intensity per watt.- Select Energy Star certified products.light distRibution- Various type of distribution (see Ambient and Task) can be utilized to provide the appropriate light quality.dimension- A fixture should not get in the way of the desired activity. Ensure proper fixture scale in response to available space.ContRol and dimmability- Dimmable feature allows for greater control over light level.

Advanced - Consider light fixture in spatial design to optimize fixture distribution and performance.- Selected light fixture (esp. indirect fixture) require sufficient height. - Fixture efficiency have direct link to its installation. Ensure fixture is installed according to manufacturer specification. - Simulate fixture within the space before purchasing.- Refer to manufacturer distribution data. - Fixture dimension should always be considered to ensure that it does not intrude occupant’s activity.

- Selecting dimmable lamp can potential allow for greater spatial dynamic.

COMPARISON ENERGY SAVINGSHID lamps emit light in every direction; this light is controlled using a reflector or refractor. The result is poor utilization, with efficiencies as 40%.

LED directs the light to where it’s needed without the use of external optics. This results in efficiencies as high as 80%.

LED fixture has a 50% energy savings potential when compared to conventional bulb fixtures.

*Emerson Industrial Automation - Appleton Lighting Fixtures 2010

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Uniformity: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

11,200 lm183 W<656:1 (glare!)40 lm/W24,000HPS/No

High Pressure Sodium LEDLumens Output: Power:CRI:Uniformity: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

10,200 lm157 W>802.7:165 lm/W50,000LED/No

“Choosing the right fixture should not just be based on aesthetic but function. Light fixture should be efficient and suitable for the type of space.”

143 144

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

ONE - TWO - TWENTY ONEOne LED equates to approximately 21 incandescent bulbs in terms of their energy demand. It is crucial that LED performance should not be mistaken by its low wattage but its efficiency (represented by lumens/watt).

LED IS STILL THE BEST VALUEAccording to a study by Sewell, LED remains to be the best in aspects such as temperature output, lifespan, yearly cost, efficiency, and life-cycle. It is proven that although initial cost of LED might be slightly more expensive, its investment is still best in the long run.

MOVE TOWARDS LEDAlthough many professionals believe that future lighting market would utilize linear fluorescent over LED, it is also vital to understand the rising trend of LED across the board. This is especially due to the reduction in cost of LED and improvement in its CRI and color temperature (US DOE 2012). LE

D L

ight

ing

Cost

($/k

lum

ens)

200

150

100

50

2008

FIXTURE EFFICIENCY COLOR TEMP. CRIHigher color rendering index reveals true color of objects

Color temp.affects the ambience of the space

Select lamp with greatest lumens per watt

Determine fixture-lamp compatibility to avoid glare from oversized bulbs

COMPACT FLUORESCENT

LED INCANDESCENT

4W 8W 40W

LED VS INCANDESCENT LED VS CFL

2009 2010 2011 2012

20

15

10

5

Cumulative LED

Lights (Millions)

DEPLOYMENT AND COST FOR LED LIGHTS 2008-2012

lamP Quality

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

lamP Quality

Key Factors1. bRightness and effiCaCy -High performance fixture provide higher efficacy (measured in lumens/watt).2. lifesPan -Select lamp with longer lifespan to increase life-cycle benefit and reduce maintenance cost.3. ColoR Rendeing index (CRi) -Indicates the color rendering of an object under the specific lamp. Higher CRI

renders better visual quality.4. ColoR temPeRatuRe -Indicates the color produced by the lamp (measured in Kelvin (K)). Higher Kelvin

produces cooler color (blue) whereas lower Kelvin produces warmer color (red).5. ContRol and dimmability -Dimmable lamp is recommended for flexible light quality control.

Fundamental

bRightness and effiCaCy- Select fixture with high efficacy to maximize energy savings. Keep in mind of the lumens produced by fixture.

lifesPan- Consider lifespan of lamp when purchasing as an investment to the initial cost.ColoR Rendeing index (CRi)- Select lamp with highest CRI for best visual quality. CRI should be kept above 80.ColoR temPeRatuRe- Select color temperature in response to the ambience of the space.- Cooler colors render “hygienic” look; warmer colors render “intimate”.ContRol and dimmability- Dimmable feature allows for greater control over light level and optimize the lifespan of the lamp.

Advanced - Brightness of lamp should be selected in response to the general activity- Highest lamp efficacy should be selected to reduce energy consumption but maintaining light quality. - Cost calculation should include life-cycle analysis of lamp. Notify users of their investment in the lamp choice. - Lower CRI may be utilized in transient spaces to optimize utility cost. - Assess user’s desired ambience for the space.- Color temperature may change visual color of interior furniture and look.

- Selecting dimmable lamp can potential allow for greater spatial dynamic.

COMPARISON - GE Light Bulb Comparison ENERGY SAVINGS

Savings per CFL Replacement:

$3.62/year

Savings per LED Replacement:

$3.75/year*General Electric (GE) LightingCollected data is based on 3 hours/day use @ $0.11kWh

“Choosing the right lamp is the most direct and efficient way of energy saving. Investing in LED though may seem expensive, but beneficial in the long run.”

145 146

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

ACTIVITY BASED LIGHTINGThe ECOPOD can be zoned into two main spaces with separate lighting configuration based on the activity. Due to the flexibility in fixture dimming, light level can be controlled to adjust to the appropriate brightness level. In the diagram below. The daylighting side of the ECOPOD is being used for teaching students, while the electric lighting side is used for a working individual. Ambient light level of the latter can be dimmed, while maintaining sufficient brightness by using task lighting. On the other hand, if the activity were to happen in the opposite spaces, the window may provide sufficient daylighting for the individual worker, while the ambient fixture can be brightened to provide a comfortable teaching environment.

147 148

The ECOPOD can be zoned accordingly. In the illustration above, the daylighting side is used mainly for teaching students on different lighting systems, while the other side, another user is testing the brightness of the task light without being interupted. Ambient light for zone 2 can be significantly dimmed

ZONE 1AMBIENT ACTIVITY

ZONE 2TASK ACTIVITY

KEEP IT LOCALLocal lighting configuration should be utilized for most flexible control. Local lighting allow occupants to achieve desired lighting level through individual control. Local lighting renders most efficient relative to general and localized lighting.

500 LUX MAX.A regular office space only requires approximately 500 lux to achieve maximum visual acuity. In response to this, the amount of light provided by natural daylighting are more than sufficient. Brighter work surface does not equate to better work environment, but may cause discomfort glare reflected from surface.

ERGONOMICS, LOCALITY, AND CONTROLProfessionals should begin to understand that a work surface has different focus area, whereby occupant’s movement and reach is linked to their visual effort. The ergonomics of lighting design should be dynamic and reconfigurable for maximum flexibility for different tasks and work area.

loCal Vs geneRal lighting

ACTIVITY ERGONOMICS BRIGHTNESSSelect fixture with greatest lumens per watt

Assess spatial availability for lamp fixture

Optimize daylight sytems before determining lamp fixtures

dim laptop screen 18lxhome lighting 50-150lx

twilight 10 lx

office 320-500lxovercast day 100-1,000lx

light therapy 2,500-10,000lx

indirect sunlight 10,000-25,000lx

direct sunlight 32,000-130,000lx

MOST EFFICIENT

EFFICIENT

INEFFICIENT

Range IFrequent movementsGreat visual effort

Range IILess frequent movementsFrequent visual

Range IIIImply little movementUnimportant visual info.

Range IV Least movementNo visual effort

Range V Should be avoidedShould be avoided

CONTROLFixture can be adjusted for different activity

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

loCal Vs geneRal lighting

Key Factors1. task and ambient light leVel -Increase task light flexibility and dim ambient lighting. Seperate the two

systems for individual control.2. bRightness and effiCaCy -Optimize fixture or lamp efficiency to increase lumens/watt. Ensure balance of

contrast between task and ambient.3. aCtiVity and lumens -Lumens should be kept at an appropriate range depending on the activity.4. eRgonomiCs -Ensure that work surface are properly lit with reconfigurable task fixture for various

activities.5. ContRol and dimmability -Dimmable lamp is recommended for flexible light quality control.

Fundamental

sPatial aVailability- Before purchasing any fixture, assess the spatial availability and general activity of the space.- Ensure that fixture can perform accordingly within the given space.bRightness and effiCaCy- Select efficiency fixture with greatest distribution and intensity per watt.- Select Energy Star certified products.aCtiVity and lumens- Based your lumens on your activity. Lower both ambient and task light according to lumen demand.eRgonomiCs- Light fixture should be adapted to work surface.-Choose task light integrated work surface for optimum light quality.

ContRol and dimmability- Dimmable feature allows for greater control over light level.

Advanced

- Consider light fixture in spatial design to optimize fixture distribution and performance.- Selected light fixture (esp. indirect fixture) require sufficient height. - Fixture efficiency have direct link to its installation. Ensure fixture is installed according to manufacturer specification. - Refer to IES or ASHRAE90.1 for lighting power density (LPD) of different programmatic spaces. - Work surface should be design with the consideration of task lighting.- Location of work surface matters to maximize natural daylighting. - Selecting dimmable lamp can potential allow for greater spatial dynamic.

COMPARISON

Curve Photometric AmbientLuminaire

General Lighting General + Local LightingCurve Photometric AmbientLuminaire

Curve Photometric TaskLuminaire

Isolux Curves Isolux Curves

ENERGY SAVINGSSavings for General + Local Lighting

$302/year@ 16.2 kWh/m2 (LPD)

Savings for General + Local Lighting + Occ. Sensor

$507/year@ 13.7 kWh/m2 (LPD)*Moreno et al. 2013, Energy and Cost Savings by Using Lighting Controls in Offices

“Localized lighting allows for greater occupant control, which reduce energy consumption and increase comfort. Dimmable fixtures help reduce glare.”

149 150

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONSince ID fixture is dimmable, each of the fixture can be adjusted in terms of its ID ratio. The scenario allows users to understand the various effect and light quality that can be potentially rendered by dimmable ID fixture. It is also important for user to understand the effect of indirect fixture to the reflected ceiling surface and vice versa. The height of suspended lighting can be adjusted to illustrate the differences of light distribution and intensity. Indirect has the potential to create hot spots if positioned to close to the ceiling, while requiring more light intensity and energy if it is placed too far.

Step 1. Turn on floor ID lighting and set it to a 50:50 ratio.

Step 2.Turn on floor ID lighting and set it to a 25:75 ratio. Direct floor lighting has a greater potential of causing glare problems.

Step 3. (best practice w/ task light)Turn on floor ID lighting and set it to a 75:25 ratio. indirect floor lighting allow a more uniform light distribution.

Back to Area 5

Step 4. Turn on suspended ID lighting and set it to a 50:50 ratio.

Step 5. (activity-based light)Lower suspended lighting to show the reflected light verus the direct light. With greater light intensity and lower ambient, it is most suited for a working individual.

151 152

Step 6. (similar to poor troffer)Raise suspended lighting to show the reflected light verus the direct light. Hot spots is created and render indirect light inaffective.

DISTRIBUTE RIGHT!Choose the right light distribution in response to the activity. Indirect lighting is often used for ambient, whereby direct lighting for task. Indirect and direct ratio may vary according to the lighting purpose. DIfferences in the ratio can affect spatial lighting quality.

POTENTIAL SAVINGS OF 75%In using proper light distribution and daylighting, 75% of energy savings can be achieved. Approximately 60% can be saved in utilizing dimmable direct-indirect fixture. It is crucial that fixture is installed according to manufacturer instruction to ensure proper distribution instead of creating unwanted “hot-spots”.

INDIRECT LIGHT = REDUCED GLAREAccording to a study by Cornell University, indirect fixture is proven to reduce glare and increase productivity by approximately 20% as compared to using parabolic fixture. Indirect fixture allows for uniform light distribution with less glare potential.

light distRibution

ACTIVITY SPATIAL LENS CONTROLFixture can be adjusted for different activity

Select fixture with greatest lumens per watt

Assess spatial availability for lamp fixture

Optimize daylight sytems before determining lamp fixtures

direct semi-direct general diffuse

direct-indirect semi-indirect indirect

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

light distRibution

Key Factors1. distRibution tyPe -Select appropriate distribution type in response to the general activity of the space.2. fixtuRe installation -Fixture and specified lamp should be installed according to manufacturer

instruction. Consider spatial availability to ensure fixture performance is optimized.3. light intensity and aCtiVity -Light intensity should be adjusted within the suggested range in response

to the activity.4. lens, RefleCtoR, and diffuseR -Utilize diffuser, lens, and reflector to optimize distribution and light

quality.5. ContRol and dimmability -Dimmable lamp is recommended for flexible light quality control.

Fundamental

distRibution tyPe- Light distribution should be zoned according to spatial activity and program- Choose appropriate fixture for light distribution.

fixtuRe installation- Fixture should be installed appropriately (according to manufacturer’s recommended height and angle) to ensure proper light distribution. light intensity and aCtiVity- Light intensity should correspond to the activity, keeping in mind that not all activity requires high intensity light.lens, RefleCtoR, and diffuseR- Certain fixture may come with optional lens or diffuser to elevate lighting uniformity and distribution area.- Utilize high performing lense and diffuser.

ContRol and dimmability- Dimmable feature allows for greater control over light level.

Advanced

- Simulate the lumens distribution within the space to ensure sufficient illuminance on the basis of the activity.- Lighting should not be too bright or causes discomfort glare. - Building design should consider availability of spaces (e.g. height, spatial inset for cove lighting etc.) for the desired fixtures. - Identify lighting intensity for electric, daylighting or both on working surfaces, screen monitor, or any spaces involving any visual task. - Choose appropriate diffuser to optimize distribution.- High performance lenses/reflector would render greater diffusion but retain light intensity level.

- Selecting dimmable lamp can potential allow for greater spatial dynamic.

EXAMPLE - OMS Lighting Relax Asymmetric LED VARIABLES

The parabolic louvre ensures sufficient illumination of the workplace but the upper parts of the walls and the ceiling remain dark. Such illumination causes a feeling of a cave effect and makes the room optically smaller.

HID

CFL

HEP

LED

LEDHEPCFLHID LED is shown to have the most variables in lighting distribution. It also has the greatest light spread to create better light uniformity, thus lowering contrast and reducing potential glare.

The optimal solution involving types of the luminaires which are suspended, with both direct and indirect characteristics of the luminous flux distribution.

The new solution involving the latest types of the LED with direct and indirect distribution of the luminous flux directed towards the ceiling. The ceiling is sufficiently illuminated and the room seems optically larger.

“LED fixture is known to have the most varied types of distribution. Choosing proper distribution allow for energy savings, increase comfort and productivity.”

153 154

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

DAYLIGHT GLARE SOURCEDaylight is a common glare source if not treated properly. Types of window shading is important for various building orientation in response to the solar path. Low angled sun is best shaded by vertical fins, while steeeper angle with horizontal blinds, or exterior overhang. Although daylighting is important, it is also a high intensity source that may cause increase in contrast level in deep buildings. Users will learn that skylights may reduce such contrast level. In this scenario, users can also test for different shading material and visually experience the effect of light diffusion and distribution. Users will learn the important variables of shading and avoiding potential glare source.

Step 1. Experiment with daylight simulation to identify the correct blind use at different buidling orientation and season. Replace venetian blinds with other shading device and material to see its impact on daylight distribution and diffusion.

Step 2.Deep building has a problem with contrast level. Implement skylights to balance contrast level.

Area 7 (compare w/ Area 1)

LUMINAIRE GLARE SOURCEUnderstanding luminaire glare source to reduce potential glare source from light fixtures. Users will learn the value of VCP (visual comfort probability) for each type of fixtures. While luminaire glare source can be problematic, reducing glare by changing the direction of light or installing diffusers may reduce brightness level and light intensity. Ensure that brightness remains sufficicent and optimal fot the desired activity. The scenario will help user to understand basic concepts of using appropriate lamp for a specific fixture to avoid exposed bulb. User will use their illuminance meter to measure the brightness level on their work surfaces and ambient to ensure proper contrast level.

Step 1. A conventional troffer without lens or diffuser causes discomfort glare.

Step 2.On the other hand, an indirect fixture reduces glare and creates better uniformity.

Step 3.Ensure that contrast level between task and ambient is not greater thatn 1:2.5.

Step 4. The color temperature box also test for lenses and diffusers. Light can be diffuse but reduce lumens.

AB

C

A

B

C

Parabolic Louvre-small-medium-largeEgg-crate Louvre-small-medium-largeLens Diffuser-holographic

-volumetric

-colored/dies

Not all the diffuser and lenses are illustrated below, visit the Components: Lenses and Diffusers page.

Lens and diffuser components are grouped with the color temperature box to illustrate the different light quality with different spectrum.

155 156

A B C DA

B

C

D

Not all the shading materials/type shown below can be stored within the ECOPOD. For more information, consult with shading manufaturer or accredited professionals.

Translucent Cellular Shade

Sheer Fabric

Wooden Venetian Blind

Mesh Fabric

Panels located behind wall

Configurable shading device

Back to Area 5 and 6

POSITION RIGHT!Position light fixture or work surface correctly to prevent direct or reflected glare. You should not be squinting while you are working or staring at the computer. Select non-reflective computer screen or work surface to prevent unwanted glare.

BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST RATIOEncyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety identifies that high contrast level can reduce visual acuity by approximately 50%. The affect of reduction in visual acuity has been related to headaches, reduced productivity and lack of concentration.

TYPE OF SHADES MATTERSStudy shows that various blinds has an affect on daylight glare potential (Wienold et al. 2006). It is utmost important that proper shading is chosen to reduce glare source. Simulation should be done to test the effectiveness of shading and redirection fixtures.

managedaylightglaRe

DAYLIGHT SOURCE SHADING CONTROLDiffuser can be adjusted for various light level

Use appropriate shading/redirect device for varying orientations

Identify potential glare source

Optimize daylight through appropriate window wall ratio

Average Disturbed PersonsAvg Daylight Glare PotentialAvg DGP w/o peak extractionStandard Deviation

% successful subjects

Instrument Essilor C45 glare tester; modified by Meyer and Richez;n = 780 office workersSource: Meyer et al. 1990

Visual Acuity

Daylight Vision(190 cd/m2)

Dim Light(3 cd/m2)

Dim Light(3 cd/m2) w/Lateral Dazzle(300cd/m2)

eliminate visible luminaires, which can cause direct

glare

avoid placing lumi-naires or comput-

ers where glare will cause problems

avoid palcing luminaires or task

surfaces where reflections will

bounce directly into occupants’

eyes

Probability of disturbed subjects in %

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

managedaylightglaRe

Key Factors1. maximize daylight -Maximize daylight by optimizing window wall ratio (WWR 20-40%).2. building oRientation -Ensure that glazing is orientated according to climate and solar path. Warmer

climate zone would try and reduce solar intensity and vice versa.3. shading and RediReCtion -Provide appropriate shading and redirection for potential glare sources.4. bRightness and ContRast -Balance contrast ratio between task and ambient to avoid discomfort glare.5. tyPe of shades -Select appropriate type of shades according to solar angle and ensure dynamic control

for maximum comfort.

Fundamental

maximize daylight- Balance the amount of daylighting without risking overheatingbuilding oRientation- Consider building orientation and positioned window according to climate zone.shading and RediReCtion- Provide shading and redirection at potential glare sources.bRightness and ContRast- Contrast ratio between ambient and task should not exceed 1.25- Use simple illuminance meter app to find relative light level- Avoid over-lighting spacestyPe of shades- Utilize horizontal shades for steep solar angle (summer or south) and vertical shades for low angle (winter or west)- Ensure that shades and redirection can is dynamic for maximum efficiency and comfort esp. in temperate climate zones.

Advanced

- Try and achieve daylight factor of 2% or more for 75% of space for LEED credit. - Building should be design according to orientation. Shade according to solar path and orientation. - Simulate effect of shading and redirection to ensure effectiveness. - Simulate and map illuminance level on work surfaces and ambient light level. - Calculate ambient and task ratio at various vital work surface and activity area. - Utilize appropriate shades in response to building orientation and solar path.- Specify opacity level, reflectivity, and visible transmission to ensure effective shades.

157 158

ENERGY SAVINGS & COMFORT

Ligh

ting

Ene

rgy

Use

(kW

h/ft

2 /yr)

Glare from windows reduces productivity up to 25%, while access to a view has been shown to increase mood, increase productivity up to 12%, as well as increase memory function and mental recall up to 25%.**

* Lutron Electronics Co. Inc. and Purdue University** Heschong Mahone Group. Inc. 2003

EXAMPLE - Lutron Performance Shading Solutions

Radio WindowTM sensorThis small, wireless sensor is a new addition to the Quantum Total Light Management system. It works with Hyperion to maximize views and available daylight by overriding Hyperion and keeping shades open when there are cloudy conditions or shadows from neighboring buildings. It also provides brightness override and closes shades to limit glare.

Lighting Annual Energy Usage*Avg. Savings = 1.6 kWh/ft2/yr (83%)

SOUTH NORTH WEST

ManualAutomated

“Daylight glare prove to reduce productivity by 25% and is therefore a crucial factor in lighting design. Automated blinds can help manage glare.”

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

THE FORBIDDEN ANGLEThere are two various factors that has an effect on direct glare potential (DGP): 1. Height of lighting installation2. Size of room and frequency of fixturesIt is important that 45o angle is noted as the rule of thumb for the visual range from eye level in which light source should not be exist.

GLARE CAN SLOW YOU DOWNEncyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety identifies that exposure to glare can reduce response time significantly. The contrast level of 1000cd/m2 can already affect productivity level by causing headaches and deteriorate performance. It is therefore important to balance task and ambient light level to optimize contrast.

SIMULATE POTENTIAL GLARE• Avoid contrasts greater than 10:1 when doing tasks. • Avoid an absolute illuminance value of 2,000 lux or

greater. This is because most computer monitors are 200 lux, and you want to stay within 10x of that monitor brightness.

• A contrast of 20:1 means occupants will see silhouettes. This is often okay for corridors.

• A contrast of 50:1 causes discomfort, so it should always be avoided.

managefixtuRe glaRe

SOURCE CONTRAST DIFFUSER CONTROLFixture can be adjusted to better light uniformity

Adjust contrast level by diffusing daylight

Ensure acceptable lighting contrast between task and ambient

Identify glare sources from light fixtures(esp. direct light)

BEFOREexposure to glare

AFTERexposure to glare

% successful subjects

% successful subjects

Response Time (s) Response Time (s)

Instrument Essilor C45 glare tester; modified by Meyer and Richez;n = 670 office workersSource: Meyer et al. 1990

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

manage fixtuRe glaRe

Key Factors1. lighting/lamP fixtuRe -Choose high performance lighting fixture and the specified lamp recommended

by the lighting manufacturer. 2. diffuseRs and RefleCtoRs -Diffuser can be used to reduce direct glare from direct luminaires, whereas

reflectors should be optimized to amplify luminaire without causing glare or unequal distribution.3. lighting distRibution -Light distribution should be kept uniform. Unequal distributions may cause

hotspots and unwanted contrast.4. bRightness and ContRast -Balance between task and ambient lighting to avoid high contrast that may

cause discomfort. 5. lighting ContRol -Light fixture should be dimmable to allow for dynamic changes in contrast level for

various spatial activity.

Fundamental

lighting/lamP fixtuRe- Ensure that lamp/luminaire is fully covered by fixture, diffuser, or lenses. Exposed luminaire is one of the most common glare source.diffuseRs and RefleCtoRs- Utilize diffuser and lenses to prevent glare.- Reflector should not be directed towards occupants unless shielded by diffuser or lens.

lighting distRibution- Light uniformity can be adjusted through diffusers, light fixture type and location (height to ceiling, distance to reflector).

bRightness and ContRast- Specify the illuminance of task and ambient fixture to ensure that contrast levellighting ContRol- Ensure that fixture is dimmable to compromise various contrast level especially when maximizing daylighting.

Advanced

- Choose high performance light fixture that allows for maximum brightness without potential glare.- Simulate illuminance and luminance level from fixture. - Install appropriate lens to achieve desired distribution without compromising brightness level.- Choose appropriate reflective index for reflectors to avoid glare and hotspots. - Light distribution should be simulated before installing fixture.- Fixture should be installed according to manufacturer recommendation and distribution chart. - ` - Notify users that chosing dimmable fixture not only has a potential to increase energy savings, but also increase occupant’s comfort and spatial activity changes.

“Avoid glare sources by positioning fixture at the right height in respect to occupant’s view. Choose lenses or diffusers with highest VCP level.”

159 160

COMFORTOffice environments require that fixtures have a

VCP rating of >70,

80 or more for environments where visual-task computers are used.

*Lightsearch.com

EXAMPLES

Visual comfort probability (VCP) is a rating on a scale of 0-100 given to indoor fixtures (in a uniform system with identical fixtures) to indicate how well accepted they are likely to be by the area’s occupants. A VCP rating of 75, for example, indicates that 75% of the occupants in the poorest location would not be bothered by direct glare.

Prismatic Lens

Deep-Cell Parabolic Louver

Translucent Diffuser

Small-Cell Parabolic Louver

60-75%50-70

60-75%75-95

40-60%40-50

35-45%99

Lens Efficiency:VCP:

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

DYNAMIC ZONINGTo understand lighting zoning, users must first understand the climate and solar path to determine the appropriate shading. Taller buildings should also consider zoning not just on the horizontal, but vertical plane. The ECOPOD allow users to understand that each building facade can be zoned seperately amongst the programatic zone of a plan view. In addition, since all ECOPOD light fixtures are dimmable, users can play with the brightness contrast level to identify its impact on potential glare. With the use of micro-zoning, such as provision of task light, ambient light can be dimmed sufficiently for navigation. Building sensors and depth is another zoning-related factor that would have a great impact in energy savings.

Step 2. Ambient provide sufficient light to navigate around ECOPOD, while task provide higher intensity for visual demanding tasks.

PLUG-N-PLAY FIXTURESAlthough there are not too many plug-n-play lighting fixture available in the market, such fixture proves to be very beneficial in terms of lighting retail and manufacturing. The flexibility of a fixture may allow manufacturing to be more efficient (one component can be used in multiple settings), and due to its modular nature, can be replicated if its broken. Plug-n-play fixtures not only eases maintenance and operation of a building, but also allow ease in shipping cost. Ikea packaging for instance is a great example of an immediate purchasing fixture that is packaged so that there is no wastage space in transporting.

Reconfigurable fixture can be replaced with available modular plug-n-play fixtures shown to the right

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Step 3.Install sensors on suspended ID luminaires to create better uniformity in response to distance for daylight source.

Step 1. Light zoning should consider building orientation in response to solar path. The scenario above illustrates the differences between the two zones that are simulated to face south (horizontal blinds) and west (vertical fins).

3 421

5 6

7

12

8 10

9

11

Date Navigator Users can navigate time using arrows

Time Range SelectorDay, Week, Month

Chart Type SelectorArea chart, bar chart, line chart

WidgetPop-up window that act as shorcuts for the dashboard features

Real-time Consumption Displays each device’s hourly electricity consumption

Projected AreaProjected graph based on previous energy consumption

LegendClicking the text on the legendwill toggle appliances in the chart

Your SavingsDisplays user’s electricity saving percentages last week based on the baeline consumption (Jun - Sep)

3

SchedulerSet Tabs can be dragged into the scheduler to determine the timeappliances will be turn off/on.

GroupAppliances can be grouped together to increase efficiency in control. Select appliances to group (add/remove).

Compare Feature

Working HoursWorking hours are highlighted inyellow.

Energy Dashboard Manual

Recommendation Reminds users of unused appliances (idle/standby status) can be turned off after a certain period of time

PNC Impact Displays savings or cost if all PNC employees acted as the user have last week

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Calendar13

10

11

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Best in the officeUser with lowest energy consumption.

Average in the officeAverage energy consumption of office users

YouYour total energy consumption

13

ControlQuick on/off switch for specified appliances. Grouped appliances can be controlled by pressing button

Sensor can be calibrated to CMU Dashboard wireless control.

PLUG-N-PLAY LIGHTING

Developed by a Belgian company, Kreon specializes in track lighting allowing it to not be available as a suspended feature but also a floor lamp. Each luminaire is modular and can be added and removed to the track as needed.

Artemide Tolomeo Mega Floor/Wall/Ceiling fixture allows the flexibility to install light in any surfaces. Retaining its flexible hand, the lamp is flexible and movable in a 360 axis. This highly flexible lamp can be beneficial for dynamic lighting and enhance occupants control.

ARTEMIDE TOLOMEO

KREON DIAPASON

Area 7 (compare w/ Area 1)

ZONING DAYLIGHT DEPTHLighting zone can be as simple as determining depth from window sources. Daylight intensity is far higher closer to the windows, and therefore lighting fixture should be adjusted to reduce contrast and potential glare.

ZONING ORIENTATIONSVarious building orientation may require different lighting level. According to a case study by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, dimmable lighting in various zones can reduce energy of up to 6%. Consequently lighting control in various zones can potentially be very beneficial.

UNDERSTANDING SENSORS RANGEProfessional should understand the various range of sensors. Appropriate sensors should be installed based on the affected area and value engineering. Standby time should also be set appropriately to prevent inefficiencies in light switching.

dynamiC zoning

ORIENTATION SPATIAL INDIVIDUAL SENSORSInstall sensor to optimize zoning and control

Individual control for each fixture configured to various activities

Assess spatial activity to determine required fixtures

Assess building orientation and solar path to determine zones

dynamiC zoning

Key Factors1. Web-based oR WiReless ContRol -Utilize latest wireless or web-based control technology that increases

light efficiency to save energy.2. indiVidual oR aCtiVity-based -Configure each fixture individually or utilize dynamic settings for various

activities to optimize light level accordingly.3. light distRibution PeR zone -Refer to the recommended lumens chart (IESNA) for various activity for

various zones. Create micro-zones to maximize control and flexbility to maximize comfort.4. dimmability -Select dimmable lamp or fixtures to maximize energy savings potential in different zone/

activity settings.5. sensoRs -Utilize sensors in transient spaces to maximize energy savings.

Fundamental

Web-based oR WiReless ContRol- Before purchasing install fixture, assess its connectivity and controllability.- Contact wireless control companies for home/building automation to create a better systems integration. indiVidual oR aCtiVity-based- Select digital switch that group fixture and determine light level in response to each activity settings.light distRibution PeR zone- Refer to the recommended illuminance level per zone based on the activities. - Overlapping zones require dynamic lighting.dimmability- Ensure that most fixture has a dimmable capability especially ambient lighting to ensure maximum comfort and adjustable contrast level.sensoRs- Installing occupancy sensors has a potential energy savings of 15%.

Advanced - Ensure individual IP address for each light fixture for individual control. Each fixture should be programmed correctly.- Provision of annual maintenance for tuning and software update. - Allow for manual override for each settings, whereby individual light level can be adjusted separately. - Ensure that light distribution per zone is adequate.- Utilize lighting simulation tool to verify light levels in both summer and winter. - High performance dimmable fixture should be selected.- Flicker frequency (dim mode) should be specified to increase visual comfort. - Recommend various sensors for maximum comfort of occupants.

Zone 1Zone 3

Zone 2

Zone 2 Zone 1

Day

light

Zon

e

Elec

tric

Lig

ht Z

one

You don’t need all of the lights on all of the time

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION“Light zoning impacts building load and occupants comfort. Each zone should be detailed accordingly to create smaller microzones for greater flexibility”

EXAMPLE - VIEW.inc Electrochromic Glass ENERGY SAVINGS

A zone is defined as a group of windows that are controlled together.

Have zones for each orientation (East, West, South and North) since they have different sun exposures throughout the day. For windows on the same façade, designate separate zones for the open office area, conference room, and executive office as each space may have different needs.

Low-Rise OfficeHigh-Rise Office

20 stories, 400K SF50% window to wallUnitized curtain wallCentral plant HVACTraditional: Low-e glass with laminated inboardDimable lightManual shades on traditional building

4 stories, 80K SF40% window to wall, punched-hole windowsPackaged rooftop HVAC unitDynamic glass on E+W+S facadesTraditional Low-e glassManual shades on traditional building

163 164

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

SYSTEMS INTEGRATIONWhen considering building automation system (BAS), there are varying components that need to be accounted for. For instance HVAC supply should not be positioned to a luminaire source as to hindrance air flow and temperature change from the fixture’s heat sink. Consult with an expert on all the other relating factors!

SENSORS SAVINGS SURPRISEVarious sensors have different light savings potential. According to a case study by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, occupancy sensors has a potential energy savings of up to 43%. Sensors can be extremely beneficial especially in transient spaces.

ACHIEVE SMART BUILDINGWith advancement in building automation system, recommend clients on its energy savings potential in response to the high first-cost investment. Ensure automation is equipped with operations and maintenance service or live web-based monitoring.

adVanCe ContRol(bas)

SPATIAL COST SENSORS AUTOMATIONBuilding automation system (BAS)

Install sensor to optimize zoning and control

Calculate cost/sf of installing BAS. Larger bldg. benefits most.

Assess area size of building to determine the need for BAS

adVanCe ContRol(bas)

Energy for lighting in the entire building, based on a 10-hour lights on-full scenario

Key Factors1. Web-based oR WiReless ContRol -Utilize latest wireless or web-based control technology that increases

light efficiency to save energy.2. Remote oR in-house faCility management -Facility management is crucial in larger buildings to maintain

light quality and maximize control, efficiency, and energy savings.3. lighting and systems uPgRade -BAS increase effciency in systems upgrade. It also tracks energy

consumption and allow for comparison in system retrofit.4. sensoRs -Utilize sensors to maximize energy savings and comfort.5. Whole building integRation -BAS allows for whole building integration.

Fundamental

Web-based oR WiReless ContRol- Before purchasing install fixture, assess its connectivity and controllability.- Contact wireless control companies for home/building automation to create a better systems integration. Remote oR in-house faCility management- Contact a residential/commercial facility management company for more information on the various amenities provided.lighting and systems uPgRade- BAS allow for lighting replacement, therefore increasing efficiency in maintenance.sensoRs- Install sensors to maximize control efficiency and building automation.

Whole building integRation- Aim to integrate all building systems.

Advanced

- Ensure individual IP address for each light fixture for individual control. Each fixture should be programmed correctly.- Provision of annual maintenance for tuning and software update.

- Inform clients the advantages of having facility management, operations, and management.- Provide list of automated light fixtures.

- Utilize energy data and dashboard integration to reduce occupants behavior for greater energy savings. - Integrate high performing sensors with light fixtures to improve automation.- Install sensor according to the manufacturer specification to ensure optimal functionality. - Assess the extent of BAS based on the scale of the project and cost-benefit analysis.

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION

$

$$$

EXAMPLE - GE Integrated Lighting and HVAC Controls ENERGY SAVINGS

Lower Utility Cost:Up to 15% Savings

$0.20-0.40/sf/year

Higher Property Value:Every $0.10/sf savings,

$0.80/sfincrease in property value.*Metropolitan Energy Policy Coalition (MEPC)

Coordinated, automatic adjustments to office lighting and HVAC levels throughout the day

Building managers can streamline operations from a single monitor screen.

The ability to access and monitor the system remotely, easily making changes from a mobile device.

Data collected by the system can be analyzed to identify trends and develop smarter strategies.

Early detection of problems with system performance— early repair can potentially reduce maintenance cost.

individual lighting and comfort controls to workspaces, improving employee satisfaction and productivity.

“BAS increase control efficiency and allow for whole building integration. It can potentially reduce energy by 15% and increase property values”

165 166

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Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

6000 KelvinA

COLOR TEMPERATURE BOXThe color temperature box is a modular small scale modular and interactive toolkit to inform users of the visual differences and effect of varying shades of color temperature. Occupants can place their hands in the box to find out that cooler color bulbs may cause the skin color to look pale and sickly as compared to warmer color bulbs. Rendered color can also distinguish spatial ambience and mood. The color temperature box is accompanied by a color temperature poster containing a metric and diagrams describing which corresponding color temperature is appropriate to the intended activity and program.

COLOR RENDERING INDEXThe color rendering index box illustrates the rendering quality of a lamp, it allows for users to understand the differences of visual quality. Users that intend to light a space where color matters, such as retail, CRI can be a determinant to ensure best color quality. The CRI box is accompanied by a informative poster containing a metric and diagrams describing which corresponding color temperature is appropriate to the intended activity and program. It will also show the different bulbs with their range of CRI level. Users will understand that the often misconceived low CRI of LED is in fact untrue.

167 168

Place hand in the provided space to visually differentiate the impact of color temperature on skin tone. Due to its modularity, more boxes can be extended to show many more colors within the spectrum.

2700 Kelvin

4000 Kelvin

A B

C

B

C

-Graphic Arts Studios-Winter goods shops-Seasonal Affective Disorder

-Offices-Hospitals-Manufacturing

-Residential LIghting-Restaurants-Hotel Lobbies

Residential Light Bulbs

Electronic Flash

Noon Daylight

Candlelight

2000K3000K4000K5000K

CRI 70 @ 2700KA

A B

C

B

C

-Poor LED-Phosphor Fluorescent (T12)-Typical Metal Hallide-High Pressure Sodium-Low-Pressure Sodium

-Typical LED-Linear Fluorescent (T5,T8)-Compact Fluorescent

-Daylighting-High Performance LED-Halogen-Ceramic Metal Hallide-Incandescent

CRI 80 @ 2700K

CRI 90 @ 2700K

Low CRI <70(cool white bulb)

Good CRI ~80(full-spectrum bulb)

CRI 100(daylight)

The provided bowl of fruits and apple illustrates the CRI value. The red and green apples allow users to identify green and red wavelengths that is most commonly problematic, especially in phosphorus lighting, Due to its modularity, more boxes can be extended to show many more CRI values within the spectrum.

Back to Area 5 and 6

KNOW YOUR COLOR WHEELJust like the color wheel, warmer lighting equates to lower Kelvin and cooler light otherwise. It is important to understand the different coloration that different lamp may render. Different color may result in different mood. Unlike all the available hues, color temperature Kelvin often but not limited to 2700K, 3000K, 3500K, 4000K, 4500K, and 5000K.

SET THE RIGHT MOODDifferent color temperature may set the ambience of a space. A restaurant is rarely lit in a bright white light (i.e. hospital lighting). It is crucial that color temperature of certain spaces is adjusted according to the specific activity to avoid awkwardness and therefore discomfort.

REFER TO THE KRUITHOF CURVEThe Kruithof Curve illustrates the relationship between illuminance and color temperature. The right balance of the two specifications should be kept for best visual quality and comfort. Space should be lit accordingly to the mood but not fall under the “too warm” or “too cool” zones.

ColoRtemPeRatuRein kelVin

ACTIVITY LUMINAIRE COLOR TEMP. INTERIORInstall sensor to optimize zoning and control

Individual control for each fixture configured to various activities

Assess various luminaire and their color range.

Assess various activity to set proper ambience.

ColoR temPeRatuRe in kelVin

Key Factors1. luminaiRe tyPe -Select appropriate luminaire type. Consider the range of color temperature the

luminaire provide.2. aCtiVity -Specific activity is a vital decision-maker for color temperature. Decide common spatial

activity to zone accordingly.3. mood and ambienCe -Various color temperature can set varying mood and ambience. Serious activity

usually would require higher Kelvin (cooler color), whereas relaxing activity requires otherwise.4. dynamiC ColoR temPeRatuRe -Dynamic spaces should provide flexible color temperature (e.g. cooler for

task and warmer for ambient)5. inteRioR fuRnishings -Consider furnishing color to match lighting (i.e. cool color furnishing does not

match warm color lighting).

Fundamental luminaiRe tyPe - Before purchasing contact manufacturer on the fixture specification and range of color temperature it provides.aCtiVity- Decide on the program and common activity taking place within the space.mood and ambienCe- Mood and ambience of the room is affected by the lighting color temperature. Adjust color temperature if the room feels unsuitable for the activity.dynamiC ColoR temPeRatuRe- Ensure that most fixture has a dimmable capability especially ambient lighting to ensure maximum comfort and adjustable contrast level.

inteRioR fuRnishings- Select interior furnishings with the consideration of light color temperature.

Advanced

- Notify client the different range of color temperature.

- Familiarize client/occupant’s daily activity to decide on the appropriate color temperature for each room. - Consult the ambience and mood the client desire before deciding on color temperature.

- Create flexibility for spatial dynamics by dividing smaller lighting zones based on specific acitivity (i.e. work surface).- Additional plug-n-play ambient lighting can be added to enhance flexibility. - Avoid clashing various colors in respect to lighting. Refer to color wheel.

Illum

inan

ce (l

ux)

Color Temperature (K)

TOO WARM

TOO COLD

COMFORT ZONE

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION COMPARISON COMFORT

Lumens Output: Power:CRI:Color Temperature: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

800 lm9 W805000K89 lm/W25,000LED/Yes

CREE 60W 5000K CREE 60W 2700KLumens Output: Power:CRI:Color Temperature: Efficiency:Lifespan:Type/Dimmability:

800 lm9.5 W802700K84 lm/W25,000LED/Yes

Karo

linsk

a Sl

eepi

ness

Sca

le

Effects of Color Temperature on Alertness Level

Effects of Color Temperature on Visual Acuity

Visu

al A

cuit

y Sc

ale

Lighting color temperature proves to effect visual acuity and productivity level. Warm white light is proven to render the best alertness and visual acuity.

* Shamsul et. al. -- Effects of Light’s Colour Temperatures on Visual Comfort Level, Task Performances, and Alertness among Students

“Color temperature not only affect spatial ambience and mood, but has been proven to impact occupants’ visual acuity, comfort, and productivity.”

169 170

Carnegie Mellon UniversityECOPOD © 2014For further information visit:

Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

WHAT COLOR IS IT?CRI is a specification that need to be considered for best visual quality. Various lamp can render distortion in color due to its irradiance level for various wavelength. If the color pencils suggest that it is not the color it claim it is, perhaps you might want to check the CRI of the lamp instead. Choose a CRI higher than 80!

THE WARM LEDLED color mixing technology has allowed the stereotyped blue tint luminaire to have the quality of a CFL or better. LED CRI has improved siginificantly, with high performance products reaching a CRI of 90 or higher (CREE). The rapid advancement of LED makes for a great investment in replacing CFL.

WAVELENGTH DISTRIBUTIONEach luminaire has different color spectrum distribution that may render warmer or cooler color. Higher irradiance level in all wavelength (e.g. sunlight) renders higher CRI. CFL CRI level is high due to the high rendering quality of RGB, but LED CRI potential is much higher with current advancement. A 5 points difference in CRI can make an impact.

ACTIVITY LUMINAIRE IRRADIANCE FURNITUREChoose furniture color that correspond with irradiance level.

Select lamp with high irradiance level across all wavelengths.

Invest in high performance luminaire that provides >80 CRI.

Assess various activity for adequate CRI.

ColoR RendeRingindex

ColoR RendeRingindex

Key Factors1. luminaiRe tyPe -Select appropriate luminaire type. Consider the CRI the luminaire provide.2. aCtiVity -Specific activity is a vital decision-maker for CRI. Decide common spatial activity to zone

accordingly.3. hoW high a CRi? -Based on the activity, select an appropriate CRI level. Task with high visual need (e.g.

hospital) requires higher CRI.4. iRRadianCe leVel -Select luminaire with high irradiance level across the wavelength spectrum. Warmer

and cooler temperature is indicated by the relative irradiance level of a specific wavelength.5. inteRioR fuRnishings -Consider furnishing color to match the highest irradiance level of the specific

wavelength for best visual quality.

Fundamental

luminaiRe tyPe - Before purchasing contact manufacturer on the fixture specification and CRI it provides.aCtiVity- Decide on the program and common activity taking place within the space to determine CRI.hoW high a CRi?- CRI should be >80 to provide sufficient visual quality and color rendition.- Higher CRI may be required if task is visually demanding.iRRadianCe leVel- Consider irradiance level of color spectrum when choosing light.- Choose appropriately (e.g. high green wavelength is less conducive to planters, whereas high blue wavelength may cause “hygiene” or “sickly” look).inteRioR fuRnishings- Select interior furnishings with the consideration of light color temperature.

Advanced

- Notify client the different CRI options available for the type of fixture. - Familiarize client/occupant’s daily activity to decide on the appropriate CRI. - Practice value engineering. - Maximize daylighting for best CRI.- Compare CRI level among various fixture, verify with manufacturer of CRI. - Specify irradiance level- Use irradiance camera to detect an over abundance of certain wavelength. Ensure irradiance level is balance across spectrum for best visual quality.

- Avoid clashing various colors in respect to lighting. Refer to color wheel.

FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION COMPARISON LEED INCENTIVESfor Interior Lighting Quality(Pilot Credit 22):

Use light sources with a

CRI of 80 or higher

for at least 95% of the connected lighting load.

*USGBC LEED Pilot Credit Library

“CRI Level should be kept above 80 and consider the color distribution for warmer spectrum to increase occupant comfort and productivity.”

171 172

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Designed by Aswin Widjayain collaboration with:Vivian Loftness (CBPD)

DESIGN ITERATION III

ECOPOD SPATIAL EXPANSIONDESIGN ITERATION III:

174

SOLAR PATH SIMULATIONDESIGN ITERATION III: WINDOW CONFIGURATIONADDITIONAL SCENARIO:

175 176

DYNAMIC ZONING WITH SENSORSADDITIONAL SCENARIO: CONCLUSION

177 178

FUTURE WORK REFERENCES

ECOPOD for Other Building SystemsECOPOD has always been designed with a mindset that other building systems can also be implemented into its each separate pod. In response to its logo, ECOPOD encapsulates building HVAC and enclosure -- two components that has a great impact on building energy and occupant’s comfort. Such implementation may be much more complex due to the expected sizes of the pod, nevertheless not impossible.

Construction and ImplementationThe construction of ECOPOD requires latest technology. It is ideal to have the construction of ECOPOD to be pre-fabricated to allow ease in production for lighting companies and manufacturers that wish to own an ECOPOD. Due to the standardized or close approximation of fixture sizes (e.g. lighting fixtures, glazing, sensors etc.), the ECOPOD should be constructed in tandem with allowable dimensions. Implementation and user testing should be carried out before the ECOPOD is fully launched into the lighting market.

Design Iterations and ModificationMore design iterations should be carried out to enhance user interface and systems integration. In addition, the development of ECOPOD design should also consider maintenance and operation. Systems should be reconfigurable as ECOPOD demands latest installation of lighting technology. Maintenance and operations is key to foster ECOPOD’s revlevancy. In depth research and investigation should be carried out concerning ECOPOD’s interface and light simulation effectiveness.

Integration with CMU Dashboard ProjectAt this stage, ECOPOD has a lack of control system that can be improved through an integration of CMU Dashboard that would enable users to interact with lighting plugloads. The dashboard may potential act as a control system that suggests recommendations for users in terms of lighting configurations and sensors. With advance control system, users can attain a better understanding of the benefits lighting automation.

Reaching Intended GoalThe goal of the ECOPOD is to achieve understanding of building systems integration. Other variables that may effect energy savings, occupants comfort, and productivity need to be understood in order to create sustainability in the building industry. Future ideas involve integrating all systems into a singular pod. Though this may seem improbably due to the limited space of a pod, the idea can be evolved digitally.

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Gifford, W., Goldberg, M., Tanimoto, P., Celnicker, D., & Poplawski, M. (2012). Residential Lighting End-Use Consumption Study: Estimation Framework and Initial Estimate. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability . U.S. Department of Energy.

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Guyer, J. P. (2010). Introduction to Interior Lighting Design. Stony Point: Continuing Education and Development, Inc.

Health and Safety Executive. (2002). Lighting at Work HSG38. Government, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions.

Hedge, A., Sims Jr., W. R., & Becker, F. D. (1991). Cornell University Lighting the Computerized Office. Retrieved 2014, 13-May from CU Ergo Cornell University Ergonomics Web: http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/lighting/lilstudy/lilstudy.htm

Hernández Calleja, A., & Ramos Pérez, F. (2011). Conditions Required for Visual Comfort. (J. Guasch Farrás, Editor) Retrieved 2014, 13-May from Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety: http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vi/lighting/item/284-conditions-required-for-visual-comfort

Jennings, J. (2014). Analysis, Methods and Tools. Retrieved 2014,13-May from BetterBricks: http://www.betterbricks.com/design-construction/tools-resources/integrated-facades/analysis-methods-and-tools

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Madison Gas and Electric Company. (2014). Boosting Lighting Efficiency with Reflectors and Maintenance. Retrieved 2014, 13-May from MGE.com: https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/_escrc_0013000000DP22YAAT-2_BEA1_OMA_OMA_Lighting_OMA-03.html#toc_Cleaning_Lenses_and_Louvers

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APPENDIX A: LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIESAPPENDIX Ballast: A ballast is a device used to operate fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps such as metal halide (MH) and high pressure sodium (HPS). It is an electrical device that supplies the voltage they need to start and run efficiently.

Dimmer: An electrical control that lets you increase or decrease a lamp's brightness. When used to dim incandescent and halogen lights, dimmers also increase the life and decreases the energy they use. CFL compatible dimmers make the most of dimmable CFLs. CFLs are about 5 to 10 times more efficient than incandescent lights.

Occupancy Sensors: Occupancy sensors are devices that sense occupancy of people within a space. Luminaires are dimmed or turned off when movement is not present, indicating that the space is not occupied. Three main types of sensor technologies exist: passive infrared, ultrasonic, and high frequency (microwave). These energy saving devices may be wall mounted, ceiling mounted, or built into the luminaire. Occupancy sensors are required in some spaces in new construction or major renovation to meet Code. CLP offers additional incentives for the use of occupancy sensors.

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Efficacy: Efficacy is the measure of light output in lumens per watt of energy consumed. The higher the better: The efficacy of a traditional incandescent bulb may be somewhere in the 15-20 range, while compact fluorescent bulbs and LEDs can range anywhere from 50-100, or higher.

Illuminance (footcandle): Illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a surface. It is calculated as the number of lumens per unit area of surface, usually expressed as lumens (lm) per square foot or “footcandle.” Footcandles = lm/ft2.

Lumens: Lumens measure how much light a bulb gives off. The soft light of an traditional 60-watt bulb gives off 840 lumens; so does a 15W CFL.

Luminance (Candelas per square meter): Luminance is the photometric quantity most closely associated with one’s perception of brightness. It usually refers to the amount of light that reaches the eye of the observer measured as luminous intensity in candelas per meter2.

Photometry: The measurement of visible light, based on how bright it seems to the human eye.

Voltage: The flow of electricity, expressed in volts, measures the electrical pressure in a circuit.

Wattage: The amount of electrical power consumed by a lamp or light fixture is measured in watts (W). If you have a 4-Watt LED, or a 14W CFL, or a 100W incandescent bulb, they all give the same amount of light (see Lumens). Sometimes CFL and LED bulbs are described as “100W Equivalent;” that means that, using just 4W or 14W, they are as bright as your 100W incandescent.

Watt-Hour: If you leave your 4-Watt LED on for one hour, you use 4 Watt-hours of energy. It all adds up, and it’s the measurement your electricity bill is based on. By that point, your Watt-hours are usually measured in the thousands, when they become known as kilowatt-hours, or kWh.

Watts per Square Foot (W/sf): W/sf is the measurement used for establishing the lighting power allowance (LPA). It is also the measurement used for determining the actual lighting load based on the lighting power density (LPD).

Candela: The Candela (cd) is a unit of luminous intensity, describing the intensity of a light source in a specific direction. In CLP, qualifying luminaires may not exceed certain luminous intensity limits based on the type of fixture and/or the application. These criteria help limit excessive glare

Color Rendering Index (or CRI): The Color Rendering Index (CRI) uses a scale from 0 to 100 to describe the effect of a light source on the color appearance of an object in comparison with the color appearance under a reference light source, where 100 indicates no color shift. In general, a low CRI rating indicates that the colors of objects will appear unnatural under that light source. A high rating indicates that the colors of objects will appear natural under that light source. Some common examples of CRI:

Color Temperature: A light source’s color helps us describe it as “warm” (redder) or “cool” (bluer). Most folks consider light below 3200K to be “warm,” while those over 4000K are “cool.” Sunrise and sunset are about 1600K, candlelight is about 1800K, a cool white fluorescent bulb is 4100K and heavily overcast sky is 6500K. Our skin looks lovely in warm light, and pale in cooler light. If you’re looking for the warmth of incadescent light, we recommend 2700K. Sometimes cooler temperatures are labelled “sunlight” or “bright white,” which sound great. But they’re probably not right for most household applications. The letter K stands for Kelvin (more on that later).

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Accent Lighting: Accent lighting is used to provide higher levels of light in a focused pattern to accentuate selected objects in relation to their surroundings. Accent lights count toward the lighting power density (LPD), but do not have to meet the CLP spacing criteria or luminous intensity criteria. In some space types, the accent lights are part of the overall LPD (such as in office spaces), while in other areas (such as retail) a separate allowance is given for accent lighting.

Ambient Lighting: Ambient light level refers to the amount of general uniform lighting in a space. Ambient light is provided from luminaires that distribute the light widely, directly or indirectly. Ambient light levels are measured in footcandles (fc). CLP criteria include recommendations for ambient light levels depending on the type of space and the tasks performed.

Direct Luminaire: Direct luminaires distribute 90-100% of the emitted light in the direction of the surface to be illuminated. The term usually refers to light emitted in a downward direction.

Direct/Indirect Luminaire: Direct/Indirect luminaires combine direct and indirect lighting. The percentage of up-light and down-light will vary for each luminaire.

Glare: Glare is the effect of brightness, or differences in brightness, within the visual field sufficiently high enough to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss of visual performance.

Indirect Luminaire: An indirect luminaire distributes 90-100% of the emitted light upward. For indirect luminaires, the maximum to minimum ratio of light on the ceiling, as opposed to spacing criteria is the key to evaluating the uniformity. CLP uses ceiling ratio, based on luminaire suspension and spacing to determine uniformity. The formulas for calculation are part of the CLP Online Project Qualification Tool.

Task Lighting: Task lighting is the lighting, or amount of light, that falls on a given task. For the purpose of CLP, Task Lighting refers to lighting that is in addition to the general lighting system, such as portable lighting (desk, floor, and table lamps), as well as lighting that is part of modular systems. Also see Accent Lighting and Decorative Lighting, which is not the same as Task Lighting. Task Lighting is supplemental to the general ambient lighting. If a fixture is the only lighting for the space, it is not considered Task Lighting. Task lighting is not counted as part of the Lighting Power Density to meet CLP energy use criteria.

Wall Wash: Wall Wash is a term used to describe luminaires designed to illuminate vertical surfaces. In CLP projects, wall washers must be mounted within three feet of the wall they are illuminating.

Compact Fluorescent Lamp (or CFL): Small fluorescent lamps with folded, spiral or bridged glass tubes and high color rendering (CRI). CFLs are both efficient and long-lived.

Electron Stimulated Luminescence (ESL): Light produced by accelerated electrons hitting a phosphor (fluorescent) surface in a process known as cathodoluminescence.

Halogen Lamp: A kind of incandescent bulb that contains halogen gases (think iodine, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), which help the tungsten filament last longer. Touching the glass exterior with bare hands shortens their life; if you do, remove your fingerprints with denatured alcohol.

High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS): High pressure sodium lamps are high intensity discharge lamps which use sodium in an excited state to produce light. HPS lamps require HPS ballasts. While this source is very efficacious, it is not typically used in indoor applications due to its poor color rendering ability. However, specialty HPS lamps with higher color rendering indexes are available.

T5 Lamps: T5 refers to linear fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 5/8”. This is typically used to refer to high-efficiency lamps requiring T5 electronic ballasts. T5 lamps are currently only available in metric lengths, thus making them only appropriate for new luminaires. T5 lamps are available in both standard and high-output. T5 is also the dimension for many of the twin-tube compact fluorescent lamps (TT5), but those are not typically referred to as T5 lamps.

T8 Lamps: T8 refers to linear fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 8/8” (1 inch). The first generation of T8 systems, commonly run on electronic ballasts were more efficient than the older T12 (12/8”) systems. These lamps use a tri-phosphorous coating, which improved the color rendering when compared to standard T12 cool white lamps. The next generation of T8 systems is known as High Performance T8 (HPT8). HPT8 systems feature improved color rendering, lamps with a higher lumen output (3,100 initial lumens), higher maintained lumens, 20% longer life, and are 6¬8% more energy-efficient than standard T8 systems. T8 lamps also come in reduced wattages (30, 28, or 25 Watt). These lamps are typically used in retrofit applications.

Incandescent Lamp: Light is produced when the metal filament inside the bulb Is heated to the point of warm glow by an electric current.

Light emitting diode (or LED): A tiny, solid-state light source lit up by electrons moving through a semiconductor material. LEDs used to be synonymous with cold light because of their color temperature was often above 5000 Kelvin (K). Nowadays, LEDs with color temperatures ranging from 2600K to 3500K cast a warm glow. LEDs are about 20 times more efficient than incandescent lights.

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APPENDIX B: Electric Lighting Fixtures Specification Survey

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APPENDIX C: Daylighting Fixtures Specification Survey

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