Lightand en week2_2

Artificial Lighting

เทคโนโลยสีภาพแวดล้อมอาคารWeek 2

Artificial Lighting

Lamps Luminaire Case Studies Lighting Fair and Technology

Lamps

Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent LampTungsten Halogen Lamp Metal Halide Mercury High Pressure Sodium Low Pressure Sodium

Lamps

The first type of lamp was incandescent lamp. The first design of the lamp began with filament lamp around the 1880s.Vaccum pumps were used to create a sufficiently hard vacuum and various materials were tried for the filament. The most successful at that time was the introduction of lamp design of Thomas Edison with the Tungsten filament lamp.

สว่นทางหลอดไฟก็ยงัได้รบัการพฒันาต่อไปมกีารสรา้งหลอดไฟฟา้แบบฮาโลเจนซึ่งมกีารเติมก๊าซอาโลเจนในหลอด อะตอมของทังสะเทนท่ีหลดุออกมาจะไมไ่ปจบัผนัง แต่จะจบักับฮาโลเจนแทน (ก๊าซฮอาโลเจนมคีวามดันสงู หลอดไฟหรอืกระเปาะไฟจงึมกัทำาด้วยควอตซ์ ) พอสารประกอบระหวา่งฮาโลเจนกับทังสะเทนไปใกล้ไสห้ลอดท่ีมอุิณหภมูสิงู สารประกอบท่ีเกิดจากการจบัตัวของฮาโลเจนกับทังสะเทนจะแตกตัวออก หมุนวนเชน่นี้เรื่อยไปทังสะเทนจงึไมม่โีอกาศจบัผิวหลอด

Lamps

The first shape of Fluorescent was a linear and later it was developed to be smaller and thinner with higher efficacy and longer lamp life. Its shape was changed to be more compact by folding up and was called "compact fluorescent" , which has introduced around the 1970s. The compact fluorescent was more efficiency and more energy saving than the linear one.

Lamps

หลอดนีออน

ใชง้านกันอยา่งจรงิจงัจงัเมื่อ พ.ศ 2477 - 2479 ซึ่งในการใชง้านจรงิๆ ต้องมอุีปกรณ์อ่ืนชว่ยคือ สตารท์เตอร ์(starter ) และบาลาสท์ (Ballast) โดยท่ีในการจุดหลอดครัง้แรกจะต้องใชไ้ฟแรงสงูเสยีก่อนเพื่อกระตุ้นให้หลอดทำางาน สตารท์เตอรท์ำางานโดยการปิด-เปิด วงจร อยา่งรวดเรว็ทำาใหเ้กิดแรงดันสงู พอหลอดติดแล้วหน้าท่ีของสตารท์เตอรก์็หมดไป และมีบาลาสต์ทำาหน้าท่ีต่อแทน และมกีารใช้ก๊าซเฉื่อยใสเ่ขา้ไปในหลอดด้วยเพื่อชว่ยในการกระตุ้น

Lamps

Lamps

Lamps

We know that 'T12' was the first fluorescent type and the later was 'T8' lamp introduced as a replacement for the 'T12' There were also the development of coating inside from halophosphate into triphosphor coating in the late 1970s. The latest development of linear fluorescent is T5 16mm

Lamps

The other kind of lamp development which is significant was the introduction of metal halide (fig10).

The metal halide lamp contains halides inside arc tube, which is covered again by the outer bulb. This lamp uses the third electrode for starting and due to halide mixtures inside, colour stability can be achieved. This lamp has high efficacy , long lamp life up to 20,000 hours with very good colour rendering. However, there are some limitations of this lamp. For example, it takes around 4 minutes to start and around 20 minutes to restart again. Moreover, It can be dimmed to only 50 percent of light out put and has a colour shift up to 400K to 1000K. In addition, it emits significant UV radiation and may fail by explosion due to gas inside.

Metal halide

Lamps

Lamps

The oldest type of high-intensity discharge lighting, used primarily for street lighting.

Mercury vapor lamps provide about 5 0 lumens per watt. Thee eeee e eeee eeee eeeeeeeeee e eeee eeeeee e eee eeeeee

mercury vapor lamps in arenas and gymnasiums have been reeeeeee ee metal halide lamps . Metal halide lamps have a

higher eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee and a higher ef ficacy. However,eeee high-eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eee e eeeeee eeeee eee ee eeee

1600024000longer lifetimes ( , – , hourse eeee e eeee eeeeee lamps. Significant energy savings are also possible by

replacing old mercury vapor lamps with newer high-pressure sodium lamps .

Mercury vapor lamps

Lamps

Lamps

Lamps

A type of high-intensity discharge lamp that uses sodium under high pressure as the primary light-producing element . These high efficiency lights produce a golden white color and are used for interior industrial applications, such as in warehouses and manufacturing, and for security, street, and area lighting; they are becoming the most common type of outdoor lighting .

- 50High pressure sodium lamps have an efficacy of – 140lumens per watt – an efficiency exceeded only by eee -

eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eee eeee e eeeeee eeeee eee ee - , high pressure sodium lamps have a lower

color rendition index than metal halide eee ee eee 1600024000longer lifetimes ( , – , hours).

High-pressure sodium lamps

Lamps

Lamps

A type of lamp that produces light from sodium gas contained in a bulb operating at a partial pressure of 0.13 to 1.3 pascal. Low-pressure sodium lamps provide energy-efficient outdoor lighting compared to high-intensity discharge lighting, but they have a very low color rendition index. Typical applications include highway and security lighting, where color isn't important.

Low-pressure sodium lamps work somewhat like fluorescent lamps. Like high-intensity discharge lighting, low-pressure sodium lamps require up to ten minutes to start and have to cool before they can restart. Therefore, they are most suitable for applications where they stay on for hours at a time. They are not suitable for use with motion detectors

Low-pressure sodium lamps

Lamps

Lamps

You can use the chart below to compare low-pressure sodium lamps with high-intensity discharge lamps. If you don't already, it helps to understand basic lighting principles and terms before making comparisons.

Lamps

Another development of current lamp is 'Sulfur Lamp'. This lamp is induction lamp, which has no electrode and produce light by an induction coil inside bulb. The coil induce a gas and sulfur with the same frequency as the microwave energy and then the sulfur will form plasma and it glows brighter. This lamp is used widely in light pipe system, lighting tunnel and fiber optics

LampsSulphur lamps

Lamps

Sulphur lamps

The Latest technology of current lamp is LED lamp or light emitting diodide technology (fig16) . This lamp can produce a colour in a narrow frequency range and also produce red green and blue for a single lamp combining to produce white light

LampsLED

Lamps

องค์ประกอบในการเลือกหลอด• CCT• CRI• Maintained Illuminance• Voltage แรงดันตำ่าปลอดภัย เชน่ สระวา่ยนำ้า• อายุการใชง้าน ยิง่สงูอายุการใชง้านยิง่มาก (80%)• Initial lumen• position

Luminaire

• Fluorescent • Downlights• Highbay&Lowbay• Exterior luminaire• Street Light • Wall Washer/Flood light• Emergency light• Solar cell• Wall-mounted uplight• Lighting Accessories

Lamps

Lamps

2-

แสงสวา่งท่ีกระจายจากดวงโคมไฟฟา้ทัว่ๆไปแบง่ได้สองสว่นคือ แสงเบื้องล่าง ( Downward Light ) และแสงเบื้องบน (Upward Light)

อัตราสว่นของแสงเบื้องล่างต่อแสงทัง้หมดจากหลอดไฟฟา้เราเรยีกวา่ Downward Light Output Ratio ( DLOR)

อัตราสว่นของแสงเบื้องบนต่อแสงทัง้หมดจากหลอดไฟฟา้เราเรยีกวา่ Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR)

Light Output Ratio of Luminaire (LOR) Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) takes into account for the loss of light energy both inside and by transmission through light fittings. It is given by the following expression.

Luminaire

Luminaire

downlight/Flood light Luminaire

Luminaire

Recessed fluorescent

Luminaire

Wall mounted luminaire

Luminaire

Wall mounted luminaire

Luminaire

Wall wash luminaire

Luminaire

Wall wash luminaire

Luminaire

Track luminaire

Luminaire

Pendant luminaire• Point Indirect. These luminaires aredesigned to provide general or ambientlighting. They contain reflectors that helpproduce a wide distribution so that theycan be mounted close to the ceiling.Pendants or cable usually suspends them,but some types are post‐mounted from the floor.

Luminaire

Luminaire

Pendant luminaireLinear Indirect. These luminaires are designed to uselinear or compact fluorescent lamps to providegeneral or ambient lighting by illuminating theceiling. Reflectors are used to produce widedistributions and permit short suspension distance.

CoveCove. These luminaires are designed to beplaced in an architectural cove or to have ashape such that when mounted on the wallthey produce a cove and its lighting effect

Luminaire

High bay and low bay Luminaire

Wall slot Luminaire

Linear FluorescentLinear Fluorescent. These luminaires are oftendesigned for high‐output fluorescent lamps,with the reflector often being part of thehousing. A refractor or lens is uncommon.These luminaires are designed to minimizeaccumulation of dirt by providing forconvection; in areas with large amounts ofairborne particles, dust‐tight covers are used.Diffusers with gasketing are often used in wetlocations.Strips. These luminaires have one or morefluorescent lamps mounted to a small housinglarge enough to hold ballasts and sockets.Reflectors are uncommon since theseluminaires are used in areas where a largeamount of general diffuse lighting is requiredand efficiency and budget are a concern.

Luminaire

Luminaire

Luminaire

High bay High Bay. These luminaires use HID lamps toproduce general lighting in an industrial area.They are for applications with spacing‐tomountingheight ratios of up 1.0. Theseluminaires use reflectors and refractors toproduce luminous intensity distributions thatvary from narrow to wide, depending on theapplication and the need for verticalilluminance.

Luminaire

Low bayLow Bay. These luminaires use HID lamps toproduce general lighting in an industrial area.They are for applications with spacing‐tomountingheight ratios greater than 1.0. Aswith high bay luminaires, they are surface orpendant mounted. These luminaires usuallyhave wide luminous intensity distributions toprovide greater horizontal and verticalilluminances in areas with restricted ceilingheights.

Luminaire

Exterior luminaire Luminaire

LuminaireExterior luminaire

LuminaireExterior luminaire

Recessed floor luminaire

Luminaire

IP 65 ป้องกันผงได้ ป้องกันนำ้าฉีดVDE ทนอุณหภมูไิด้ 180 cIII มศัีกด์ิไฟฟา้น้อยกวา่ 42 volts เอามอืจบัไม่อันตราย

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LuminaireStreet Light

LuminaireStreet Light

LuminaireEmergency Lighting

LuminaireSolar Cell

LED

Luminaire

LuminaireSelecting appropriate luminaire• Distribution and intensity that will give effect you want, reflector• Appropriate color of lamp• Scale• Appearance• Maintenance• Environment condition—safety(ground), air movement, ambient tempt, IP rating• Energy efficient• Acoustics, thermal performance

Luminaire

Impact of the physical environment onluminaire selection:1. Surface reflectance2. Size of room3. Shape of room4. Windows5. Maintenance6. Temperature7. Furniture or equipment in the roomSurface reflectances and room proportions affect the appearance of the surfaces and the amount of light inter‐reflected w/in the space:•luminance ratios should be kept within a reasonable limit according to the function of the space, e.g. offices, schools• interreflection of light, co‐efficient of utilization (CU) is a good measure of the efficiency of a luminaire in getting light to the work surface in the room

Luminaire

Luminaire

Lighting Websites

http://www.erco.comhttp://www.zumtobel.comhttp://www.delight.co.thhttp://www.lighting.philips.co.th/http://www.isometrix.co.uk/http://www.osram.com/osram_com/http://www.abacuslighting.com/http://www.concord-lighting.com/http://www.deltalight.co.uk/http://www.dwwindsor.co.uk/http://www.etaplighting.com/

http://www.ex-or.com/http://www.oldhamlighting.co.uk/http://www.lutron.com/http://www.reggiani.net/eng/http://www.wila.com/pages/home/index_engl.htmlhttp://www.lightingawards.com/http://www.lighting.co.ukhttp://www.iald.org

Case Studies

Incandescent lamps were used in many works of the great architects in modern architecture period as following examples. Glassgow School of Art, 1908 by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. luminaries with incandescent inside were suspended vertically with rectangular form , harmonised with the surrounding vertical elements in the late art. Nouveau periods. Robie house, 1908 by Frank Lloyd Wright, circular luminaries containing incandescent lamp inside called ‘Japanese Globe’ were integrated into architectural elements on ceiling. The ceiling height was lowered in order to conceal wires, ducts and vents inside. We can see the luminaries combined into architectural elements giving a sense of formal and functional style of Frank Lloyd Wright with warm appearance space.

Case studies

Case studies

Case studies

Hongkong International Airport by Norman Foster. The integration of lighting in detail of architecture is by using indirect uplighting supported by the light reflectors qantry with metal halide lamp.

Case studies

Another example of integration of lighting into details of architecture is Waterloo international al Terminal, London by Nicolas Gimchaw. The artificial lighting is using 1KW and 400W metal halide down lights hung from the roof structure. This is supplemented by up lighters to light the ribbed steel roof structure. At night time, the space of the terminal glows up and brings the roof structure appear , which leads to visual interest.

Case studies

The Grand Louvre, Paris by I.M. Pei and lighting design by Claude Engle. The artificial lighting light up only the stainless steel frameworks the glass above. The lamps used is 100 W12 V low-voltage tungsten halogen concealed in the duct around the inner base of the pyramid. This lamp light upward from bottom to the top without causing interrelations in the glass panels.

Case studies

Another example of integration of the artificial lighting and glass is Rodin Museum Pavilion, Korea. This Pavilion is enveloped by Sand blasted, acid-etched glass that filter sunlight during the day and this glass shell is internally illuminated by 500W halogen floodlights mounted inside at the base of the walls at night time. The luminaries lead the pavilion acting as a dramatic luminous form with recessed halogen in the floor accenting the stainless steel pillars, which frame the glass wall and illuminate the ceiling.

Case studies

Case studies

In addition another application of the artificial lighting is the exterior lighting. The exterior lighting can also be used in combination with materials outside external wall and can create visual interest at night. Some architecture which is successful such as New 42 ND Street studio, New York by architect Platt Byard Povell and Vortex lighting design. Stainless blades outside act as shading devices during daytime and function like thearterical elements at night time. The lamps used to light the blades mainly by one colour of metal halide for each bay. It also be supplemented by 2 no of 975 W PAR fixtures with dicroic halogen lamp. The blades are perforated and grazed, so they pass light through upward and reflect back creating luminous elements on the facade.

Case studies

Case studies

The most interesting of the exterior lighting integrated into architecture is the Burj ali Arab, Dubai, The world's tallest hotel tower. The main form of tower was lit in white light of metal halide while the exoskeleton with bracing trusses are lit in some parts to create a silhouette effect. The luminous are controlled by a pre- programmed DMX system.

Case studies

Finally, the artificial lighting can represent 'metaphor' effect within architectural space. We can see from light sculpture, lifracombe Pavilion by architect Tim Ronald and specialist lighting design. the changing skys over the town can be metaphoric and represented by red , green and blue light of tungsten halogen protectors with colour filters. The projectors are installed in the ceiling and project to the space leaving the suspended panels in silhouette. This luminous can also be dimmed to give eight changing sky scenes.

Case studies

ISOMETRIX Lighting

11 Chater Road Tower, Hong Kong

Private Gallery, london

41D Stubbs Road Clubhouse, Hong Kong

Premios Lamp Lighting Solutions

56 selected projectshttp://issuu.com/lamplighting/docs/56_selectes_projects_lamp_awards_11

Premios Lamp Lighting Solutions

The Winners of the Lamp Lighting Solutions Awards '11 are:

Architectural Exterior Lighting : Gran Casino Costa Bravaby b720 Fermín Vázquez Arquitectos and Maurici Ginés artec3 Lighting Design (Spain) for: "the use of light as a projective tool, another element of architecture both in its natural and artificial angle that is effectively integrated in the structure itself and generates three- dimensionality and dynamism”.

Interior Lighting ThyssenKrupp Quarter by Licht Kunst Licht AG: Alexander Rotsch and Andreas Schulz (Germany) for: "their masterful treatment of artificial light in each of the indoor spaces, emphasizing the building's transparency. They highlight the smart use of light on vertical planes as well as the careful design of custom-made lighting".

A Mention for: Hope Treeby 24º Studio (Fumio Hirakawa and Marina Topunova) in Tokyo (Japan) for: "the facility's poetic bearing that evokes nature in a space for display and the innovative way that watercolor's role is used by giving it a new function."

Urban and Landscape Lighting: Broken Lightby Rudolf Teunissen (The Netherlands) for:"its novelty, its innovation, because it fuses light and shadow into a single concept and improves urban space through artificial light. Space perception is improved through illuminating vertical and horizontal planes in a balanced fashion."

A Mention for: La delgada línea roja

by Sílvia Cruells and Guillem Colomer of ESTAV (Spain)

(Escola Superior d' Arquitectura del Vallès) for:

"the formal simplicity of its application in the landscape

and for the emotional value it contributes. It highlights its

capacity to evoke emotions in the user and adapt itself to very

different urban environments."

Light Fair and Technology

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Light Fair and Technology

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