Page 1
Light Microscopy
Bright Field
Fluorescence
Phase-Contrast
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
Page 2
Electron Microscopy (EM)
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
Page 3
Chemical Composition of Cells
Pg. 58
Page 5
Chemical Bond Energies
Page 8
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA
Pg. 76
Page 12
0.34 nm
Pg. 171
Major Groove
Minor Groove
Page 13
SupercoiledDNA
Non-supercoiledDNA (relaxed)
Page 14
Werner Syndrome
15 yrs. 48 yrs.
Mutation in gene encoding RecQ helicase
Page 17
Human Karyotype
Pg. 179
Page 18
RNA Molecules
5’ 5’
3’3’
Page 21
(Pgs. 74-75)
Amino Acid Side Chains
Page 24
Extra carbon atom!
Page 25
ß-Sheet
alpha-helix
Page 26
Hydrophobic Interactions in Tertiary Structure
Page 27
Representations of Protein Tertiary Structure
Backbone
Ribbon
Wire Frame
Space Filling
Pg. 132
Page 28
Quaternary Structure
Pg. 141
Page 29
Chloride Ion Channel Protein
Page 30
Comparison of Protein Primary Structure
Cyclin-dependent Kinase Proteins
Page 34
Gene Expression
Pg. 230
Page 35
Pg. 202
RNASynthesis
OH
OH
OH
Page 39
Exon/Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes
Pg. 238
Page 41
Sequence Structure of Introns
Page 43
Pg. 241
Alternative Splicing
Page 44
Pg. 237
5’ Guanine Cap Structure
Page 45
CytosolNucleusMitochondria
SecretedERGolgiEndosomeLysosomeTransmembrane
Page 48
Reading Frames in RNA
Page 51
tRNA Synthetase
tRNA Amino Acid
Synthetase(blue)
EditingDomain
Page 52
“Editing” by tRNA Synthetase
Page 54
Large Subunit RNA Secondary Structure
Page 55
Small Ribosomal Subunit
Pg. 253
Page 56
3’
mRNA Structure
Page 57
Pg. 253
Initiation of Translation
Page 59
tRNA
Release Factor (RF)
Page 61
Co-translational Protein Folding
Page 62
Protein Folding by “Chaperones”
Page 65
TranscriptionalActivator
TranscriptionalRepressor
Page 66
Pg. 257
Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation
Proteasome
Amino acids + Ub
Protein Ub-Ub-Ub
Protein + Ub
Ubiquitin Ligase
Page 68
Coding and catalysis
Coding
Coding intermediate
Page 69
Superficial Infections Systemic Infections
Fungal Disease