Life3

• 1. Life-Span DevelopmentTwelfth Edition1CHAPTER 3: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAND BIRTH

2. Prenatal Development2Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg)Prenatal development is divided into 3 periods and lasts approximately 266-280 days: Germinal period: first 2 weeks after conception, zygote created Embryonic period: occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception Fetal period: begins 2 months after conception and lasts until birth 3. Prenatal DevelopmentGerminal Period: period of development that 3 takes place the first two weeks after conception Rapidcell division by the zygote Blastocyst: group of cells after about 1 week Trophoblast: outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo Implantation: attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall; occurs 10 to 14 days after conception 4. Prenatal Development 4 5. Prenatal DevelopmentEmbryonic Period: development from 2 to 8 weeks 5 after conception Beginswhen blastocyst attaches to uterine wall Mass of cells is now called an embryo Three layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm Amnion: a bag that contains a clear fluid (amniotic fluid) in which the embryo floats Umbilical Cord: connects the baby to the placenta Placenta: group of tissues containing mother and babys intertwined blood vessels Organogenesis: process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development 6. Prenatal Development 6 7. Prenatal DevelopmentThe life support system for the embryo consists 7 of the: umbilical cord, placenta, and amnionFetal Period: development from two months after conception to birth Rapidgrowth and change Viability: the age at which a fetus has a chance of surviving outside the womb Currently 24 weeks; changes with advances in medical technology 8. Prenatal Development8The Brain: Babies have approximately 100 billion neurons (nervecells) at birth Architecture of the brain takes shape during the first two trimesters Increases in connectivity and functioning occur from the third trimester to 2 years of age Neuraltube develops 18 to 24 days after conception Anencephaly Spina bifida 9. Hazards to Prenatal Development9Teratogen: any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes Drugs(prescription, nonprescription) Incompatible blood types Environmental pollutants Infectious diseases Nutritional deficiencies Maternal stress Advanced age of parent STDs 10. Hazards to Prenatal Development Prescription and Non-prescription Drugs: 10 Many women are given drugs while pregnant Some are safe; some can cause devastating birth defects Known prescription teratogens include antibiotics, some antidepressants,some hormones, and Accutane Non-prescription teratogens include aspirin and diet pills Severity of damage to the unborn depends on: Dose Genetic susceptibility Time of exposure Critical period: a fixed time period during which certain experiences orevents can have a long-lasting effect on development 11. Hazards to Prenatal DevelopmentPsychoactive Drugs: drugs that act on the nervous 11system to alter states of consciousness, modifyperceptions, and change moods Includes caffeine, alcohol, nicotineCaffeine: small risk of miscarriage and low birth weight for those consuming more than 150 mg. daily Increased risk of fetal death for those consuming more than 300 mg. daily $$ FDA recommends not consuming caffeine or consuming it sparingly 12. Hazards to Prenatal DevelopmentAlcohol: 12 Fetal alcohol syndrome: abnormalities in newborn due to mothers heavy use of alcohol in pregnancy Facial deformities Defective limbs, face, heart Most have below-average intelligence; some are mentally retarded Even light to moderate drinking during pregnancy has been associated with negative effects on the fetus FDA recommends no alcohol consumption during pregnancy 13. Hazards to Prenatal DevelopmentNicotine: 13 Maternal smoking can negatively influence prenatal development, birth, and postnatal development Associated with: Preterm births and low birth weight Fetal and neonatal death Respiratory problems SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 14. Prenatal CarePrenatal care typically includes: 14 Screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases Medical care Educational, social, and nutritional servicesCentering Pregnancy: relationship-centered programImportance of prenatal care 15. The Birth ProcessThree stages of birth:15 Stage 1: uterine contractions begin at 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute, becoming closer and more intense with time Causes the cervix to stretch and open to about 10 cm This stage lasts an average of 12 to 14 hours Stage 2: babys head begins to move through dilated cervix opening and eventually emerges from the mothers body This stage lasts approximately 45 minutes Stage3: umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth) 16. The Birth ProcessAt the time of birth, the baby is covered with a16 protective skin grease called vernix caseosaChildbirth Setting and Attendants: 99%of deliveries take place in hospitals Home delivery or freestanding birth center Compared to doctors, midwives: Typically spend more time than doctors counseling and educatingpatients Provide more emotional support Are typically present during the entire labor and delivery process 17. Methods of Childbirth 17Key choices involve use of medication and when to have a cesarean deliveryTypical pain medication: Analgesia:pain relief Anesthesia: blocks sensation in an area of the body (can also block consciousness) Epidural block Oxytocics: synthetic hormones used to stimulate contractions 18. Methods of Childbirth Natural childbirth: aims to reduce pain by decreasing fear and 18using breathing/relaxation techniques Prepared childbirth (Lamaze): special breathing techniques;education about anatomy and physiology Basic belief is that, when information and support areprovided, women know how to give birth Cesarean Delivery: the baby is removed from the mothersuterus through an incision made in the abdomen Often used if baby is in breech position or other complicationsarise Cesareans involve a higher infection rate, longer hospital stays,and a longer recovery time 19. Methods of Childbirth 19Other natural techniques used to reduce pain: Waterbirth: giving birth in a tub of warm water Massage Acupuncture: insertion of very fine needles into specific locations in the body Hypnosis: the induction of a psychological state of altered attention and awareness Music therapy: utilizes music to reduce stress and manage pain 20. Transition from Fetus to NewbornBirth process is stressful for baby 20 Anoxia: a condition in which the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen Baby secretes adrenaline and noradrenalin, hormones that are secreted in stressful circumstancesMeasuring neonatal health and responsiveness: ApgarScale: assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes afterbirth evaluates heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort,and reflex irritability 10 is highest, 3 or below indicates an emergency 21. Transition from Fetus to NewbornMeasuring neonatal health and responsiveness:21 Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS): Typically performed within 2436 hours after birth Assesses newborns neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects Low scores can indicate brain damage or other difficulties Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS): Provides a more comprehensive analysis of newborns behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities Assesses the at-risk infant 22. Preterm and Low Birth Weight InfantsPreterm and Small-for-Date Infants:22 Low birth weight infants weigh less than 5 lbs. at birth Preterm infants are those born three weeks or more before full term Small-for-date infants are those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is consideredRate of preterm births has increased Number of births to mothers 35 years and older Rates of multiple births Management of maternal and fetal conditions Substance abuse Stress 23. Preterm and Low Birth Weight InfantsCauses of low birth weight:23 Poor health and nutrition Cigarette smoking Adolescent births Use of drugs Multiple births/reproductive technology Improved technology and prenatal carePossible consequences: Language development delays / Lower IQ scores Lung or liver diseases / More behavioral problems Learning disabilities / ADHD Breathing problems (asthma) Approximately 50% are enrolled in special education programs 24. Preterm and Low Birth Weight InfantsSome effects can be improved with: 24 Early speech therapy Intensive enrichment programs Kangaroo care, massage therapy, and breast feeding Kangaroo Care: treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contact Massage: research conducted by Tiffany Field 25. The Postpartum PeriodPostpartum period lasts about six weeks or until the 25 mothers body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant statePhysical Adjustments: Fatigue Hormone changes Return to menstruation Involution: process by which the uterus returns to its pre- pregnant size 56 weeks after birth Weight loss/return to exercise 26. % of U.S. Women: Postpartum Blues and Postpartum DepressionPostpartum blues:Baby Blues experienced by 70% ofsymptoms appear 2 to 3 new mothers in the U.S.days after delivery andsubside within 1 to 2 weeksTypically resolves in 12 weeks, without treatment Postpartum Depression Excessive sadness, anxiety, and70%despair that lasts for two weeks or longer Experienced by 10% of new mothers 20%10%Hormonal changes after birth may play a role May affect motherchild interactionsNo symptoms Postpartum depression: symptoms linger for weeks or months and interfere with daily functioning26 27. The Postpartum Period27Signs of postpartum depression: crying spells, insomnia and loss of appetiteA Fathers Adjustment: Manyfathers feel that the baby gets all of the mothers attention Parents should set aside time to be together Fathers reaction is improved if he has taken childbirth classes and is an active participant in the babys care 28. Bonding 28Bonding: the formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth Isolationof premature babies and use of drugs in birth process may harm bonding process Bonding may be a critical component in the childs development However, close contact in the first few days may not be necessary Most hospitals offer a rooming-in arrangement while mother and child are in the hospital