Life in New France Canadian History XI
Feb 25, 2016
Life in New France
Canadian History XI
Key Points in this Power I. Quebec and the fur trade (1608)
The Company of 100 Associates (Company of New France)
II. Louis XIV and the Creation of New France Government Military The Seigneurial System: Engagés and slaves Filles de Roi
III. Population growth
IV. Women in New France Gender roles Women and the Law Women Religious
Company of 100 Associates
Created in 1627 by Cardinal Richelieu Given control of fur trade In return had to populate New France
Cardinal Richelieu
Company of 100 Associates
Cancelled in 1663 by Louis XIV They had not fulfilled their part of the bargain Appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Government of New France
Hierarchical and rigidly structured 2 most powerful people:
Governor Intendant
Third most powerful was the Bishop
Louis XIV/Colbert▼
Governor (Military)Intendant (Justice/Finances)
▼
Bishop of the Catholic Church▼
Military officers, merchants, church leaders, seigneurs ▼
Habitants (Filles de Roi) (96.5-97% of population)
▼
Engagés/Domestic Servants/Slaves
Catholic Church
Bishop appointed by King Church disproved of sin Rules of the Church often reflected in secular
law as well Church and state therefore linked
Military
An important institution Officers were part of New France elite Non-officers were not Military also hierarchical
Seigneurial System
A system of land distribution Seigneurs – noblemen – owned the land and
“rented” it to habitants Seigneurs had to:
be loyal to the King bring settlers to NF from France to settle and farm
this land called a seigneurie
Seigneurial System
Seigneurial System
Responsibilities of Seigneurs
Build roads Build a mill and an oven for making bread Held a court where he was responsible for
settling any disputes that might arise Habitants could not be evicted from their land
nor could they be prevented from selling their lands.
Habitants
The habitant owed his seigneur three or four days free labour each year– this obligation was called a corvée. This was considerably less than peasants in France owed their lords.
The habitant was responsible for keeping the section of road (built by the seigneur) which crossed his land in good condition.
The habitant gave one bag of flour for every 14 in payment for the use of the seigneur's mill
The habitant had to pay rent – in money, if it was available, but more often in the form of farm produce or fish or some material good
The habitant also paid a tithe for the upkeep of a church and its priest.
Engage
Not habitant or soldier… Poor unmarried young men Worked as servants – 3 year contracts Could not marry Could not conduct trade Could be beaten or killed Many left, but many stayed in New France
Slaves
New France had slaves 300 in Montreal Some Africans, but most were Natives Not like slavery of US south
Filles du Roi
Most in New France were men 1663-1673 King brings over women to marry
men 770 in total Most young (under 25), most orphans
Population Growth
1660s: 3,000 1680s: 10,000 1750s: 75,000
Reasons for Population Growth High fertility Low mortality Social conditions Longer life spans
Gender in New France
Society was patriarchal But habitant life sometimes blurred the
boundaries between men’s and women’s work
Gender roles more sharply defined for nobles
Women and Law
Women had some protections under French law
Religious Women
3.7 % of women in New France joined religious orders
Were not cloistered The Ursuline Nuns ran a hospital
Ursuline Nuns