Bacteria - Escherichia coli Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes From CellBiology Life - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Movie - Neutrophil chasing Bacterium Introduction This current page is the science lecture Medicine Foundations 2014 Lecture Link This lecture introduces the cell as the unit of life. Firstly, by the methods we use to see cells and biological structures and what we consider to be "alive". Then by looking at major differences between cell types and their organisation as unicellular or multicellular organisms. Finally, the presence or absence of a nucleus which is the definition of the major 2 classes of cells. (Greek, Karyose = kernel, as in a kernel of grain) Archive 2014 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=50796) | 2013 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=47684) | 2012 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=32141) | 2012 iLecture (http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=90&id=128663) | 2009 iLecture (http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=90&id=38293) | 2009 Cell Types | 2008 Cell Types (http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/lecture0802.htm) Objectives Introduction to biological molecules Understand the dimensions cells Understand differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Understand differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms Brief understanding of viruses and prions About Human Body Human Cells 210+ cell types in body total number of estimated cells in the body - 10 13 (American Ten trillion/British Ten billion) Flora
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Bacteria - Escherichia coli
Cells Eukaryotes and ProkaryotesFrom CellBiology
Life - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Movie - Neutrophil chasing Bacterium
IntroductionThis current page is the science lecture Medicine Foundations 2014 Lecture Link
This lecture introduces the cell as the unit of life. Firstly, by the methods we use to see cells and biological structures and what weconsider to be "alive". Then by looking at major differences between cell types and their organisation as unicellular or multicellularorganisms. Finally, the presence or absence of a nucleus which is the definition of the major 2 classes of cells.
(Greek, Karyose = kernel, as in a kernel of grain)
ObjectivesIntroduction to biological moleculesUnderstand the dimensions cellsUnderstand differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotesUnderstand differences between unicellular and multicellular organismsBrief understanding of viruses and prions
About Human Body
Human Cells
210+ cell types in bodytotal number of estimated cells in the body - 1013 (American Ten trillion/British Ten billion)
bacteria, fungi and archaeafound on all surfaces exposed to the environment
skin and eyes, in the mouth, nose, small intestinemost bacteria live in the large intestine
500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human guttotal number of estimated flora ten times as many bacteria 1014 (American One hundred trillion/British One hundred billion)
Cell Sizesfrog or fish egg are the largest individual cells easily visible, approx 1+ mmdiameterhuman or sea urchin egg, approx 100 micron (µm) diametertypical somatic cell, approx 20 micron diameterplant cells are larger, approx 30 x 20 micronbacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron
Divisions of Life
Prokaryotic
bacteria and archaea (single-celled microorganisms previously calledarchaebacteria)
no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cellsorganisms that can live in extreme habitatshttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html
Eukaryotic
plantsanimalsfungiprotists
MBoC -Divisions of Life (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A2&rendertype=figure&id=A41)
Unicellular and Multicellular
UnicellularAll prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
Yeast + budding, non-buddingProtozoa + classified by means oflocomotion: flagellates, amoeboids,sporozoans, ciliates + often "feed" onbacteria
Amoeba feeding on abacteria (Legionellapneumophila)
MulticellularEukaryotesPlants and AnimalsAllowed development of specialized cellsfunctions and tissues
evolutionarily arose first (3.5 billion years ago) Evolution of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cooper&part=A90&rendertype=figure&id=A103)bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron (1x10-6 m)not all bacteria are dangerous or disease causing
(MH - the adult human in addition bacteria to the skin surface and lining of the respiratory/digestive tract, also has intestines containstrillions of bacteria made up from hundreds of species and thousands of subspecies)
biochemically diversesimple structure, classified by shape (rod-shaped, spherical or spiral-shaped)some prokaryotic cells have also been shown to have a "cytoskeleton", which is different from eukaryotic cells.
Some bacteria are highly motile and there are differing mechanisms of motility.
Bacteria MotilityPage | Play
flagella motility spiral bacteria
Prokaryotes Cell WallBacterial Shape - Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structuresBacterial Membranes - A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium
Gram-negative bacteria surrounded by a thin cell wall beneath the outer membraneGram-positive bacteria lack outer membranes and have thick cell walls
(MH - note that some unicellular eukaryotes can also have a cell wall)
Antibiotics (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198) - inhibit either bacterial proteinsynthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis Antibiotic targets Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Molecular Biology of the CellFigure 25-4. Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4620)Figure 11-17. A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.2023)
Figure 2-6. Comparison of the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria with the comparatively thin cell wall ofGram-negative bacteria(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.294)
Prokaryote DivisionBacterial Replication - DNA replication and cell division in aprokaryote MCB - DNA replication and cell division in aprokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A3163&rendertype=figure&id=A3176)
Bacteria DivisionPage | Play
Bacteria DivisionPage | Play
Prokaryote Mycoplasmassmallest self-replicating organismssmallest genomes (approx 500 to 1000 genes)spherical to filamentous cellsno cell wallssurface parasites of the human respiratory and urogenital tracts
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infect the upper and lower respiratory tractMycoplasma genitalium a prevalent sexually transmitted infectionMycoplasma hominis associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvicinflammatory diseaseMycoplasma hyorhinis found in patients with AIDS
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsThe following links describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the way they divide and the way in whichantibiotics have their action on prokaryotic cells.
The Cell- A Molecular ApproachTable 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91)Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198)
Molecular Cell BiologyFigure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176)
BiochemistryFigure 28.15. Transcription and Translation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980) two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially andtemporally separate in eukaryotes.
Plant Cellplant cells are larger than mammalian cells approx 30 x 20 micronAdditional OrganellesCentral Vacuole
tonoplast maintains cell's turgorstorage (water, ions, and nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids, andwaste products)
Plastidsorganelles found in plants and algaechloroplasts for photosynthesisAmyloplasts for starch storageChromoplasts for pigment synthesis and storageLeucoplasts - can differentiate into more specialized plastids(Amyloplasts - starch storage, Elaioplasts - storing fat, Proteinoplasts -storing and modifying protein)(MH - plastids and mitochondria and have own DNA)
Specialized Adhesion Junctionsplasmodesmatacell-cell communication pathwaysallow cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells arecontinuous Plasmodesmata(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.figgrp.2069)
Chloroplasts
disk-shaped and about 5-8 µm in diameter and 2-4 µm thick. A typical plantcell has 20-40 of them.
not a cell Latin, virus = toxin or poisonnot aliveinfects living cellsunable to grow or reproduce outside a host cellInfect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial)Classified
RNA or DNA virusesdouble or single stranded
Virion
contains the genetic material, DNA or RNAwithin a protective protein coat (capsid)
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Molecular Cell Biology6.3. Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1408)Figure 6-22. Retroviral life cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.1437)
Prionnot alivean infectious prion proteinmisfolded normal protein (three-dimensional structure)can form aggregatesTypes
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and Kuru a human neural prion diseaseBovine spongiform encephalopathyvery (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease"Scrapie in sheep
Molecular Biology of the Cell Figure 6-89. Protein aggregates that cause human disease(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A972&rendertype=figure&id=A1115) | Prions Are InfectiousProteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.4612#4635)Gene Reviews Prions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=prion#prion)Neuroscience Prion Disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=neurosci.box.1305)
Eukaryotic Cell OrganellesFundamental concept - all cells
Specialized exceptionsOrganellespecialized part of a cell that has its own particular functionMembrane bound (enclosed)forms "compartments" within the cell
Next LectureCell Compartments and Membranes
Metabolic and biochemical “specialization”Localization of functionImport and exportRegulation of transportDetection of signalsCell-cell communicationCell IdentityCell membrane - plasma membrane, plasmalemmaOrganelle membranes - basic structure similar
ReferencesTextbooks
Molecular Biology of the CellSome Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.table.576)The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83)From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60)From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82)Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79)
Molecular Cell BiologyThe Dynamic Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.chapter.145)The Architecture of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=&rid=mcb.section.203)Microscopy and Cell Architecture (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1084)
The Cell- A Molecular ApproachAn Overview of Cells and Cell Research (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.chapter.89)Tools of Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.128)
Search Online Textbooks
"prokaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)"eukaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)"plant cell" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)
Books
Cells (http://books.google.com/books?id=2VEGC8j9g9wC)Benjamin Lewin, Lynne Cassimeris, Vishwanath R. Lingappa, M.D.,George Plopper Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007Plant Cell Vacuoles (http://books.google.com/books?id=KIbyPQIHG50C) By Deepesh Narayan De, CSIRO (Australia)
External LinksAmerican Society Cell Biology (http://www.ascb.org/)
American Society Cell Biology - Booklet Exploring the Cell (http://www.ascb.org/files/exploring.pdf)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Laureates (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/)
Berkeley HistoryRobert Hooke (1635-1703) (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html)Antony van Leeuwenhoek (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html)
Theodor Schwann (http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm)Museum of Microscopy (http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/museum/)