Life-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Methanol Pathways from the GREET Model Michael Wang and Uisung Lee Argonne National Laboratory Workshop on Opportunities and Challenges for Methanol as a Liquid Energy Carrier Stanford University, July 31-Aug. 1, 2017 1
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Life-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Methanol Pathways from the GREET Model
Michael Wang and Uisung LeeArgonne National Laboratory
Workshop on Opportunities and Challenges for Methanol as a Liquid Energy Carrier
Stanford University, July 31-Aug. 1, 2017
1
2
The GREET® (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model
GREET 1 model:
Fuel-cycle (or well-to-wheels, WTW) modeling of
vehicle/fuel systems
Stochastic
Simulation Tool
Carbon Calculator for Land
Use Change from Biofuels
(CCLUB)
GR
EE
T 2
mo
de
l:
Ve
hic
le c
ycle
mo
de
ling fo
r ve
hic
les
(Available at www.greet.es.anl.gov)
GREET outputs for LCA of vehicles and energy systems
Energy use (Total energy / Fossil energy / Renewable energy)
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
Air pollutants
– VOC, CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SOx, Black Carbon and Organic Carbon
Water consumption
GREET LCA functional units
– Per mile driven
– Per unit of energy (million Btu, MJ, gasoline gallon equivalent)
– Other units (such as per ton of biomass)
3
GREET Includes All Transportation Subsectors
4
• Desire to control air pollution in ports globally
• Interest by EPA, local governments, IMO
• GREET includes
Ocean and inland water transportation
Baseline diesel and alternative marine fuels
• Globally, a fast growing sector with GHG
reduction pressure
• Interest by DOD, ICAO, FAA, and commercial
airlines
• GREET includes
Passenger and freight transportation
Various alternative fuels blended with
petroleum jet fuels
• Light-duty vehicles
• Medium-duty vehicles
• Heavy-duty vehicles
• Various powertrains:
Internal Combustion
Engines
Electrics
Fuel cells
• Interest by FRA,
railroad companies
• Potential for CNG/LNG
to displace diesel
Road
transportation
Air
transportation
Rail
transportation
Marine
transportation
GREET1 examines more than 80 on-road vehicle/fuel systems for both
LDVs and HDVs
Conventional Spark-Ignition Engine Vehicles
4 Gasoline
4 Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas,
and liquefied petroleum gas
4 Gaseous and liquid hydrogen
4 Methanol and ethanol
Spark-Ignition, Direct-Injection Engine
Vehicles
4 Gasoline
4 Methanol and ethanol
Compression-Ignition, Direct-Injection
Engine Vehicles
4 Diesel
4 Fischer-Tropsch diesel
4 Dimethyl ether
4 Biodiesel
Fuel Cell Vehicles
4 On-board hydrogen storage
– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen from
various sources
4 On-board hydrocarbon reforming to hydrogen
Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles
4 Various electricity generation sources
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
4 Spark-ignition engines:
– Gasoline
– Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural
gas, and liquefied petroleum gas
– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen
– Methanol and ethanol
4 Compression-ignition engines
– Diesel
– Fischer-Tropsch diesel
– Dimethyl ether
– Biodiesel
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
4 Spark-ignition engines:
– Gasoline
– Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural
gas, and liquefied petroleum gas
– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen
– Methanol and ethanol
4 Compression-ignition engines
– Diesel
– Fischer-Tropsch diesel
– Dimethyl ether
– Biodiesel
5
GREET1 includes more than 100 fuel production
pathways from various energy feedstock sources
PetroleumConventional crude
Shale oil
Oil Sands
Compressed Natural Gas
Liquefied Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Methanol
Dimethyl Ether
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuel
Fischer-Tropsch Naphtha
Hydrogen
Natural GasNorth American
Non-North American
Shale gas
Coal
Surface mining
Underground mining
Soybeans
Palm
Rapeseed
Jatropha
Camelina
Algae
Gasoline
Diesel
Jet Fuel
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Naphtha
Residual Oil
Hydrogen
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuel
Methanol
Dimethyl Ether
Biodiesel
Renewable Diesel
Renewable Gasoline
Renewable Jet Fuel
Sugarcane
Corn
Cellulosic BiomassSwitchgrass
Willow/Poplar
Crop Residues
Forest Residues
Miscanthus
Residual Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Biomass
Other Renewables
Ethanol
Butanol
Jet fuel
Ethanol
Jet Fuel
Ethanol
Hydrogen
Methanol
Dimethyl Ether
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Jet
Fuel
Pyro Gasoline/Diesel/Jet
Electricity
Renewable Natural GasLandfill Gas
Animal Waste
Waste water treatment
6
Coke Oven Gas
Petroleum Coke
Nuclear Energy
Electricity from different
sources
Hydrogen
There are nearly 30,000 registered GREET users globally
7
Geographically, 71% in North America, 14% in
Europe, 9% in Asia
57% in academia and research, 33 % in industries,
8% in governments
Methanol can be produced from renewable feedstocks as well as fossil energy sources
Fossil-based methanol:
– Abundant natural gas globally could continue to offer methanol production
opportunity.
– China produces a large amount of methanol from its abundant coal resource.
Potential renewable feedstocks in the U.S. for methanol production:
– Biogas from waste feedstocks (landfilled solid waste, manure, wastewater
treatment plant sludge, etc.)
• Can replace up to 3% of US gasoline consumption (211–370 PJ, 2015)
– Biomass (forest biomass, crop residues, cropland biomass, and energy crops)
• 602 million dry tons of potential resource at $60 per dry ton by 2022 (U.S.
2016 Billion-Ton Study)
8
Examined methanol from NG, RNG, coal, and biomass for FFVs and FCVs
9
Natural gas
Coal
LFG
AD Gas
(Manure)
Biomass
Natural Gas
(conventional and shale)
Landfill
Gas
Biogas
Bio
ga
s
Up
gra
din
gLFG Flaring
Current Manure
Treatment
† Counterfactual Scenarios: practices in absence of