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1Energy Efficiency and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Jatropha Biodiesel Production & Use for Energy Generation in Nigeria: a “well-to-wheel” perspective
Tosin Onabanjo; Giuseppina Di Lorenzo School of Energy, Environmental and Agrifood (SEEA)
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2Outline
— Background
— Methodology
— System Boundaries
— Results
— Conclusion
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3Background
>1.3 billion people are without access to electricity
Courtesy: The Breakthrough Institute
95%
84%
50-75%
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4Background
NIGERIA• >93 million people are
without access to electricity
• >40% of the population are connected to the grid & about 18% rural population
• Working capacity is ~50% of the installed capacity
— 2400MW vs 10GW (2012)
— 1700MW vs 12.8GW (MAY 2015)
• Only 20% of the peak demand is met
© 2014 IEA Africa Energy Outlook
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5Background
Exposed to indoor and outdoor pollution
Fuel is a scarce commodity
Self-generated electricity
Power plants often lack the required fuel
Fuel crisis situation in Nigeria
Electricity Generation by Fuel
Electricity Consumption by Fuel
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6Background
Renewable Potential in Nigeria
Hydropower
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Municipal Solid Waste
Agricultural Residues
Energy Crops
• Decentralized Power Generation
• Local biodiesel production for Rural Electrification
• Existing structures
• Emergency Solutions
• Renewable power generation
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7Background
Olorunsogo Power Plant
South West, Nigeria
Jatropha Biodiesel C17.69H33.11O2
38.73 MJ/kg
Power: 126 MW
PR: 12.6
Mass Flow: 418 kg/s
EGT: 543oC
Efficiency: 34%
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8Methodology
• Engine Performance & Emissions
Jatropha Biodiesel
Conventional Diesel
≈
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9Methodology
• Economic Viability
Jatropha Biodiesel
Conventional Diesel
≠
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10
Methodology
• Environmental Performance
Jatropha Biodiesel
Conventional Diesel
?
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Methodology
• Environmental Performance of
production and use of Jatropha
Biodiesel Fuel
Energy Savings
Energy Balance Model
Environmental Impact
Simapro
?
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System Boundary
Production/Cultivation
Extraction
Conversion
Use
System Boundary for Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel
Emissions/Product to Technosphere
Materials/ Fuels/Electricity to the Technosphere
1MJ of Fuel Utilized
Input from Technosphere
Output/Emissions to Technosphere
Transportation
Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas
turbine power plant
Jatropha Farming
Crude Oil Extraction
Oil Conversion
Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,
Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals
Electricity, Fuel, Water
Electricity, Fuel, Water,
Chemicals
Emissions
Emissions
Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting
Glycerine, Biodiesel
Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration
Emissions
Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary
Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary
Input from Technosphere
Output/Emissions to Technosphere
Transportation
Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas
turbine power plant
Jatropha Farming
Crude Oil Extraction
Oil Conversion
Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,
Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals
Electricity, Fuel, Water
Electricity, Fuel, Water,
Chemicals
Emissions
Emissions
Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting
Glycerine, Biodiesel
Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration
Emissions
Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary
Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary
Input from Technosphere
Output/Emissions to Technosphere
Transportation
Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas
turbine power plant
Jatropha Farming
Crude Oil Extraction
Oil Conversion
Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,
Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals
Electricity, Fuel, Water
Electricity, Fuel, Water,
Chemicals
Emissions
Emissions
Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting
Glycerine, Biodiesel
Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration
Emissions
Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary
Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary
Farming System
• Base-case (rainfed)
• Base-case (irrigated)
• Large Scale Farming
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System Boundary
Oil Production
Oil Extraction
Oil Refining
Use
System Boundary for the Reference Diesel Fuel
Emissions/Product to Technosphere
Materials/ Fuels/Electricity to the Technosphere
1MJ of Fuel Utilized
Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas
turbine power plant
Oil Exploration
Crude Oil Extraction
Crude Oil Refining
DieselCo-productsEmissions
Electricity; Steam,
Water, Fuel
EmissionsWastewaterGas, Crude Oil
Emissions
Lifting, Water Re-injection, Gas Re-injection; Water Treatment; Gas Treatment; Gas Venting, Gas Flaring; Miscellaneous Energy
Fuel, Steam, Water, Electricity, Gas
Emissions
Transportation
Input from Technosphere
Output/Emissions to TechnosphereWell-to-wheel
System Boundary
Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary
Input from Technosphere
Output/Emissions to Technosphere
Transportation
Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas
turbine power plant
Jatropha Farming
Crude Oil Extraction
Oil Conversion
Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,
Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals
Electricity, Fuel, Water
Electricity, Fuel, Water,
Chemicals
Emissions
Emissions
Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting
Glycerine, Biodiesel
Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration
Emissions
Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary
Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary
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System Boundary
Pathway for Production & Use for Nigerian Bonny Crude Oil
Chicago Refinery
Local Refinery
Depot
Oil Tanker: (1,048km) Pipeline: (5,420km)
Pipeline (1447km)
Barge (12,434km)
Saudi -Arabia Refinery
Pipeline (100km)
Barge (1,048km) Pipeline (100km)
Oil Tanker: (15,662km) Pipeline: (5420km)
Oil Tanker: (12,434km) Pipeline: (6447km)
Pipeline (5,000 km)
Local Filling Station
Truck (10,000 km)
Site
Pipeline (920km)
Truck 50 km
0.36 kg/MJ Refined Diesel
0.12kg/MJ Refined Diesel
0.22 kg/MJ Refined Diesel
0.30 kg/MJ Refined Diesel
Crude Extraction (Nigeria Oil Wells)
1kg/MJ Arab-Medium Crude
Crude Extraction (Saudi Arabia Oil Wells)
1kg/MJ Bonny Light Crude
SIR Refinery
• Multiple transportation
• Gas Flaring during Production
• Truck Transportation for Diesel Fuels
Courtesy: ThisDayLive
System Boundary for the Reference Diesel Fuel
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Results
Parameters Units Reference Diesel Fuel
Base-case [rain-fed]
Base-case [Irrigated]
Large Scale Farming
Total Energy Input MJ/MJ 2.71 0.42 0.65 0.76 Energy Density MJ/MJ 1 1 1 1 NER 0.37 2.37 1.54 1.32 NEV MJ -1.71 0.58 0.35 0.24 NREV MJ 0 0.98 0.88 0.88 % Diesel Fuel Replacement
% - 58 35 24
Energy Balance for the production and use of 1 MJ Jatropha Biodiesel
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Results
Jatropha Farming Oil Extraction Oil Conversion Transportation Total0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8Base-case (Rain-fed) Base-case (Irrigated) Large scale farming scenario
Sub-processes in Jatropha Biodiesel Production
En
erg
y In
pu
t (M
J/M
J) f
uel
co
nsu
med
Contributions of Energy Input from the sub-processes of Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel Production & Use
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Results
Impact category
Unit Reference Diesel Fuel
Base-case
[rain-fed]
Base-case
[Irrigated]
Large Scale Farming
Climate change
kg CO2 eq. per MJ fuel
1260.37 1025.95 1025.96 1025.97
% -18.61 -18.60 -18.60
Net GHG Emissions and % Reduction in Total Emissions
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Results
Figure 7.10: Percentage contributions to environmental burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha biodiesel production and use.
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1: Percentage contributions to environmental
burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha biodiesel production and use.
Percentage contributions to Environmental Burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel Production & Use
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Conclusion
— Jatropha biodiesel is a worthwhile substitute for conventional diesel fuel
— There is significant energy savings with reduced GHG effects.
— The magnitude of the energy savings is dependent on the farming approach: the rain-fed scenario is recommended.
— The magnitude of the GHG savings depends on use and other co-products.