Life cycle assessment of MD 110 - IERE - · PDF fileLife cycle assessment of MD 110 3 Anders Andrae • Items predicted using EPS indices: • Materials - the MD110 BC10 system has

Life cycle assessment of MD 110

Anders Andrae1

Project participants: Anders Andræ , Lars Lenell EricssonCarina Thyselius, Henrik Koch EricssonHenrik Isaksson Ericsson Kersti Henriksson EricssonKaj Dorch Flextronics InternationalUlf Östermark, Gunilla Öhlund Chalmers IndustriteknikHenrik Wenzel Institutet for Produktutv.,

Danmark

MD-Organisation

Hardware-Production

MD-Production

UseEnd of Life


Anders Andrae2

• Purpose at project start:– The BC10 50% reduction of the total environmental impact

compared with the BC8 release.

– This should be quantified and verified with LCA

• The project should practically use LCA within the productdevelopment of the MD110 system.

• Expected outcome at project start:- 50% environmental impact reduction for BC10


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• Items predicted using EPS indices:• Materials

- the MD110 BC10 system has to be fully materialdeclared- establish a ”collecting-take-back-system” for used MD-goods- Not use banned and restricted materials from theEricsson lists

- Power consumption– Digital telephones: reduce with an average factor of 50% using

power down at night.


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Changed project goals

– The project goal “Factor-2”, (wherethe environmental impact between BC8 and BC10 shouldbe halved), was cancelled for the project.

Why?

None of the nececcary measures were adopted.


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• New project goal and purpose

Goal: compare the potential environmental impactsassociated with an old (BC 8) and a new model (BC 10) ofMD110

Purpose: to learn, test and evaluate the LCA-methodology as a tool for environmental improvement inthe product design process andto collect data from suppliers and other sources in order tobuild up a database for this and future LCA activities


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Project quality goal• The study should meet the requirements of the standards

ISO 14040, ISO14041 and the draft standard ISO/DIS14042 from the International Organization forStandardization, ISO

• A 3:rd party reviewer, according to the ISO14040standards, should be an integrated part of the project


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• Questions and discussions, examples:• The usefulness of the study for Enterprise Systems

and LME ?– The use within Enterprise Systems, examples:

• Give the actual environmental aspects in theimplementation of the Environmental ManagementSystem, ISO 14001, at Enterprise Systems

• Guidelines for the Design

– The use for Ericsson, example:

• A large, quality reviewed and useful LCA inventorydatabase (material declarations and LCI models forcomponents)


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SPINE documented LCI models for electronics


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Compared with all other activites ina company,

what makes environmentalactivities special?


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Nothing.


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As usual, it is all about adapting to changing requirements and

making better business.


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In this process, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool to quantify environmental impacts.


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• Internally: quantify what is important and what isnot within your product and organisationsystems

• Externally: business relations, marketcommunication

How can LCA be used?


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Main conclusions of the project:

• The environmental impacts for BC10 isapproximately 10-15% lower than for BC8.

• The electricity consumption during usedominates, thereafter the total production of thehardware.

• The environmental impacts reliably assessed(acidification, global warming and nutrification)primarily refer to energy consumption.


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• For similar MD systems platforms:

focus electricity consumption

For future systems:Take environmental aspects into account early indesign process (largest potential for improvement)

Preliminary main design conclusions:


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Preliminary main conclusions of the project

• The quality goals were fulfilled (ISO standards,including critical review of comparativeassessment and data quality).

• A large database has been built up.• Future work much faster and cheaper.


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• The product design process at EnterpriseSystems:

– Requirement Collection & Analysis

– Solution Definition

– Product Management & Development

– Solution Validation

– Solution Introduction


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Life cycleRaw material extraction

Production

Use

Waste treatment

Energy,materials

Emissions,waste

Resources:


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Life cycle assessment (ISO 14040)

Framework

Goal & scope

Inventory anal.

Impact assessment

Interpret.


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1. Goal and scope definition

• Overall goal: BC10 compared to BC8?• Definition of systems to study…• Functional unit: calculate per extension line (15

years)• System modelling


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F ig u re 5 .2 . S ch e m a tic s tru c tu re o f th e m o d e llin g o f P B X sys tem M D 1 1 0 . T ra n sp o r ts a re in c lu d edin th e m o d e l, b u t n o t in th e fig u re . E le c tro n ic co m p o n en ts a re d iv id ed in 1 6 g ro u p s: 1 .D isp la yu n its a n d in d ica to rs , 2 .D io d es , 3 .M icro c ircu its , o sc illa to rs , q u a r tz c ry sta l u n its a n d d e la y lin e s ,4 . T ra n s is to rs a n d o p to co u p lers, 5 . C o n n ec to rs a n d h o ld ers , 6 . C a b les , 7 . R e la ys , 8 .T ra n s fo rm e rs a n d in d u c to rs , 9 . P o te n tio m eters , 1 0 . R e sis to rs , va r is to rs a n d th e rm isto rs ; H o le

M D 1 1 0

O rga n isa tio nH ard w are

M a rk e t& s In s ta lla tio n

S erv ice

S u sta in in g

D ev e lo p m

M e ch a n ic sE le c tro n ic s

M e ta ls M a in p las tics O th er p la stic s

G r.1 2 G r.1 4 G r.1 5 G r.1 6

G r.4G r.2G r.1

G r.9

G r.3

G r.1 0

G r.5

G r.1 1

G r.6

G r.1 3

G r.7 G r.8

U se

E n d o f life

S u p p ly o rg


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BC8 and BC10 Low end systems (320extensions)

Analogous terminals Connection(not included in the study) External network

Digital Phone Sets

1 LIM configuration

Figure 5.2. A typical configuration both for BC8L and BC10L, called system no.1 and system no.2 in the study. Analogous terminals are not delivered by Ericsson and therefore not included inthe study.


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BC8 High end system (1510 extensions)

DECT terminals

RadioExchange

Radio base stations

LIM 3 LIM 2 LIM 1 GSConnection toExternal network

Figure 5.3. Typical BC8H configuration, called system no.3 in the study. Analogous terminalsare not delivered by Ericsson and therefore not included in the study.


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BC10 High end system (1510 extensions)

Connection toExternal network

Figure 5.4. Typical BC10H configuration, called system no.4 in the study. Analogous terminalsare not delivered by Ericsson and therefore not included in the study.


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2. Inventory

• Collect data on resources used and emissionsfor each activity in the life cycle (each ”box” inthe large process tree)

• add the resurces and the emissions for thewhole life cycle…(900 parameters!)


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• How gather significant data?• Data collection is very time

consuming• Sources• Production, Use, EoL (waste

treatment) and Organization

Data collection - The inventory


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• Literature studies• Databases• Reports• On-site measurements• Records• Personnel estimates

Data collection - Sources

Calculations

Storage in LCA software tool Ecolab


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• Assembly in Karlskrona– on-site measurements and Flextronics environmental

report combined with calculations.• Component production

– Preferred high volume suppliers (classed as 1 inELIZA!) were asked to fill in a life cycle inventoryquestionnaire. Personal contacts helped to collectdata.

• Raw material production– CIT database

Data collection - Production of MD110


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• Organization– Ericsson environmental report and data

from Nacka Strands Real EstateManagement

– personal estimates and calculations– personal contacts with different

business segments within Ericsson

Data collection - Organization


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• Together with MD110 system expertsenergy consuming parts identified

• Technical specifications --> powerconsumption figures

• The total figure was checked forreasonableness with experts

Data collection - Use


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• Energy: CIT database• Transports: detailed analyze

(atlases, estimations and CIT db)• Smelter process: specific data• Raw materials: CIT db

Data collection - End Of Life


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• Thesis about MD110, BC8, 320 ext.contributed to the material declarationwork

• Many components stored in ECOLAB• Reproduced thesis method• Component engineers part of the process• Each component material declared - a

strength!

Material inventory


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• 2455 different ABC-products (componentson the lowest PRIM-level) constitute theparts lists for the four MD110-versions

• Condensed to 1200 different materialdeclarations ---> type declarations

• Type declarations mostly applicable toelectronics (e.g. capsules)

Material inventory


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s u b s t a n c e c a t e g o r y i m p a c t m e d i a u n i t 8 L 8 H 1 0 L 1 0 H

1 - M e t o x y - 2 - p r o p a n o l a c e t a t E m i s s i o n A i r g 5 , 1 4 E - 0 1 6 , 8 2 E - 0 1 5 , 0 6 E - 0 1 6 , 0 5 E - 0 12 ' - d e o x y i n o s i n e - 5 ' - d i p h o s p h a t e( D I D P )

E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 6 6 E - 0 3 1 , 9 2 E - 0 3 1 , 6 5 E - 0 3 1 , 3 6 E - 0 3

A c e t a l d e h y d e E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 3 6 E - 0 5 4 , 6 8 E - 0 5 4 , 0 9 E - 0 5 4 , 4 2 E - 0 5A c e t i c A c i d ( 6 4 - 1 9 - 7 ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 9 6 E - 0 3 2 , 2 6 E - 0 3 2 , 2 1 E - 0 3 2 , 5 1 E - 0 3A c e t o n e E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 9 7 E + 0

04 , 7 9 E + 0 0 2 , 0 5 E + 0

04 , 7 4 E + 0 0

A c e t y l e n e E m i s s i o n A i r g 9 , 2 6 E - 0 3 9 , 2 3 E - 0 3 8 , 7 8 E - 0 3 8 , 8 0 E - 0 3A c i d a s H + E m i s s i o n A i r g 3 , 4 5 E - 0 3 6 , 3 6 E - 0 3 3 , 3 5 E - 0 3 7 , 1 0 E - 0 3A c i d s E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 4 4 E - 0 1 1 , 1 4 E + 0 0 4 , 6 0 E - 0 1 1 , 1 0 E + 0 0A g E m i s s i o n A i r g 8 , 3 7 E - 0 5 1 , 1 6 E - 0 4 6 , 9 6 E - 0 5 1 , 1 5 E - 0 4A l E m i s s i o n A i r g 7 , 8 0 E - 0 7 6 , 5 8 E - 0 7 3 , 1 0 E - 0 7 3 , 4 7 E - 0 7A l d e h y d e s E m i s s i o n A i r k g 1 , 0 0 E - 0 5 8 , 9 3 E - 0 6 9 , 4 5 E - 0 6 8 , 6 2 E - 0 6A l k a n e s E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 2 6 E - 0 2 4 , 6 5 E - 0 2 4 , 0 0 E - 0 2 4 , 1 9 E - 0 2A l k e n e s E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 0 7 E - 0 2 1 , 0 9 E - 0 2 1 , 0 2 E - 0 2 1 , 0 3 E - 0 2a l p h a - C h l o r o a c e t o p h e n o n e ( 5 3 2 - 2 7 -4 )

E m i s s i o n A i r g 0 , 0 0 E + 00

0 , 0 0 E + 0 0 0 , 0 0 E + 00

0 , 0 0 E + 0 0

A r ( g ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 6 2 E + 01

4 , 1 0 E + 0 1 1 , 6 7 E + 01

3 , 9 7 E + 0 1

A r o m a t e s ( C 9 - C 1 0 ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 4 3 E - 0 2 2 , 6 9 E - 0 2 2 , 1 4 E - 0 2 2 , 5 8 E - 0 2A r o m a t i c V O C E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 5 0 E - 0 1 2 , 6 3 E - 0 1 2 , 4 7 E - 0 1 2 , 4 9 E - 0 1A s E m i s s i o n A i r g 3 , 1 4 E - 0 2 2 , 5 6 E - 0 2 3 , 0 4 E - 0 2 2 , 5 7 E - 0 2A s h e s E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 9 0 E - 0 1 2 , 4 8 E - 0 1 1 , 9 0 E - 0 1 2 , 7 3 E - 0 1B E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 1 8 E + 0

01 , 2 7 E + 0 0 1 , 0 1 E + 0

01 , 2 5 E + 0 0

B a r i u m T i t a n a t e ( 1 2 0 4 7 - 2 7 - 7 ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 5 , 6 0 E - 0 4 1 , 1 2 E - 0 3 6 , 8 9 E - 0 4 1 , 6 1 E - 0 3B e E m i s s i o n A i r g 9 , 8 3 E - 0 5 9 , 7 9 E - 0 5 9 , 4 7 E - 0 5 9 , 5 0 E - 0 5B e n z e n e E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 2 5 E - 0 1 2 , 5 8 E - 0 1 2 , 0 1 E - 0 1 2 , 4 6 E - 0 1B e n z o ( a ) p y r e n e E m i s s i o n A i r g 9 , 3 7 E - 0 6 1 , 0 4 E - 0 5 8 , 4 7 E - 0 6 1 , 0 2 E - 0 5B i E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 7 1 E - 0 8 4 , 0 4 E - 0 8 1 , 4 1 E - 0 8 3 , 7 1 E - 0 8B O D E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 3 5 E - 0 3 7 , 3 7 E - 0 3 4 , 3 5 E - 0 3 1 , 0 3 E - 0 2B O D 5 E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 1 3 E - 0 7 9 , 5 3 E - 0 8 4 , 4 9 E - 0 8 5 , 0 3 E - 0 8B u t a n e E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 5 3 E - 0 2 2 , 5 5 E - 0 2 2 , 4 4 E - 0 2 2 , 4 4 E - 0 2B u t y l a c e t a t e ( 1 2 3 - 8 6 - 4 ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 8 5 E - 0 1 2 , 6 9 E - 0 1 2 , 1 5 E - 0 1 3 , 4 4 E - 0 1C 2 F 6 E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 0 0 E - 0 3 2 , 0 4 E - 0 3 1 , 3 9 E - 0 3 1 , 3 0 E - 0 3C a E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 7 0 E - 0 3 2 , 1 6 E - 0 3 1 , 6 6 E - 0 3 1 , 8 1 E - 0 3C a 2 + E m i s s i o n A i r g 6 , 3 2 E - 0 4 4 , 9 4 E - 0 4 6 , 2 1 E - 0 4 1 , 9 8 E - 0 4C a r b o n i c a c i d ( 4 6 3 - 7 9 - 6 ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 4 7 E - 0 2 7 , 1 9 E - 0 3 8 , 3 8 E - 0 3 5 , 7 0 E - 0 3C d E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 2 2 E - 0 3 4 , 6 0 E - 0 3 3 , 8 8 E - 0 3 4 , 2 7 E - 0 3C F 4 E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 8 0 E - 0 2 1 , 8 4 E - 0 2 1 , 2 5 E - 0 2 1 , 1 7 E - 0 2C F C / H C F C E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 1 7 E - 0 3 1 , 4 3 E - 0 3 1 , 1 2 E - 0 3 1 , 3 7 E - 0 3C H 4 E m i s s i o n A i r g 3 , 4 9 E + 0

23 , 8 1 E + 0 2 3 , 0 4 E + 0

23 , 7 1 E + 0 2

C h e m i c a l s , n o n - t o x i c E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 7 4 E - 0 2 2 , 3 0 E - 0 2 1 , 7 1 E - 0 2 2 , 0 5 E - 0 2C h e m i c l a s , t o x i c E m i s s i o n A i r g 7 , 8 9 E - 0 7 1 , 0 5 E - 0 6 7 , 7 7 E - 0 7 9 , 3 2 E - 0 7C h l o r i n a t e d o r g a n i c s E m i s s i o n A i r g 3 , 5 1 E - 0 4 8 , 6 3 E - 0 5 1 , 8 7 E - 0 4 7 , 8 4 E - 0 5C h l o r i n a t e d V O C E m i s s i o n A i r g 3 , 2 7 E - 0 2 2 , 4 5 E - 0 2 3 , 2 6 E - 0 2 2 , 1 5 E - 0 2C l - E m i s s i o n A i r g 4 , 5 5 E - 0 4 4 , 7 5 E - 0 4 5 , 1 7 E - 0 4 2 , 9 1 E - 0 4C l 2 E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 0 3 E - 0 3 1 , 2 9 E - 0 3 9 , 9 4 E - 0 4 1 , 2 2 E - 0 3C N - E m i s s i o n A i r g 2 , 1 9 E - 0 3 2 , 6 2 E - 0 3 1 , 9 3 E - 0 3 2 , 4 6 E - 0 3C o E m i s s i o n A i r g 7 , 6 7 E - 0 1 7 , 6 9 E - 0 1 6 , 6 6 E - 0 1 6 , 7 2 E - 0 1C O E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 7 1 E + 0

21 , 8 2 E + 0 2 1 , 5 2 E + 0

21 , 7 3 E + 0 2

C O 2 E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 4 4 E + 05

1 , 5 7 E + 0 5 1 , 2 6 E + 05

1 , 5 1 E + 0 5

C O 2 ( b i o ) E m i s s i o n A i r g 1 , 5 8 E + 01

3 , 1 0 E + 0 1 1 , 5 7 E + 01

3 , 3 8 E + 0 1


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3. Impact assessment

• Global warming• Acidification• Nutriphication

• Resource depletion• Smog formation• Human toxicity• Eco-toxicity Difficult!

CH4CO2

SO2NOx


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4. Interpretation:which preliminary conclusionscan be drawn?

Greenhouse Warming Potential (100)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

BC8L Total BC10L Total BC8H Total BC10H Total

All systems

(g CO2-eqv.)/F.u.

Life cycle assessment of MD 110 - IERE - · PDF fileLife cycle assessment of MD 110 3 Anders Andrae • Items predicted using EPS indices: • Materials - the MD110 BC10 system has

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