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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
and Green Purchasingand Green Purchasing
Ms Linda W. P. Ho
Chief Executive Officer
Green Council
25 March 2011
Contents
About Green Council Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
History of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
What is LCA?
Why LCA?
The ISO 14040 framework
Synergy of Green Purchasing and LCA
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ABOUT GREEN COUNCIL
3Executive Diploma in Green
Management for Corporate
Green Council
Established in 2000
Non-Government Organization (NGO)
Non-Profit-Making Organization
Non-Partisan Environmental Organization
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1. To enhance the environmental awareness ofthe generalpublic
2. To assist local and international enterprises inimprovingtheir environmentalperformance
3. To helpHong Kongestabl isha greenerimageworldwide
Major Objectives
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Key Green Council Initiatives
Hong Kong Green Label Scheme (HKGLS)
China Environmental Label
Cyber Green Centre
Hong Kong Green Purchasing Charter (HKGPC)
Hong Kong Green Awards (HKGA)
Eco-product Certification Scheme (ECS)
List of Green Councils Activities
1. Hong Kong Green Label Scheme (HKGLS)
2. Hong Kong Green Purchasing Charter (HKGPC)
3. Hong Kong Green Awards (HKGA)
4. Cyber Green Center (CGC)
5. Representative of China Environmental Labelling
6. Environmental related congress, symposium, forum, seminars andExhibitions
7. Training of EMS and specific on Green Purchasing
8. Environmental, product and CSR Audits
9. Green Carniva l
10. International Coastal Cleanup
11. Community Educations
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INTRODUCTION LIFE CYCLEASSESSMENT (LCA)
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History of LCA (1)
Early 1960s Concerns about the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, which sparked
interest in finding ways to account energy use and to project future
resource supplies and use
1963 Harold Smith published the one of the first LCA report on energy
requirements for the production of chemical intermediates at
World Energy Conference
Late 1960s The studies i n The Limits to Growth andA Blueprint for Survival
initiated the trend on predicting finite resources in the world
1969 TheCoca-Cola Company conducted LCA study on different beverage
containers
1970-1975 USEPA refinedThe Coca-Cola LCA methodology and created the
Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis .
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EnvironmentalProtection Agency. 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. EPA/600/R-06/060. Office of ResearchandDevelopment. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
History of LCA (2)
Late
1970s
1980s
Environmental concerns shifted to issues of hazardous waste
management and solid waste. The life cycle logic was incorporated into
emerging method of risk assessment and analyzing the environmental
problems.
Late
1980s
A broad base of consultants and researchers across the globe has been
further refining and expanding the LCA methodology
1991 11State Attorneys General in the USA denouncing the use of LCA results
to promote products until uniform methodology and consensus reached
on how environmental comparison can be advertised non-deceptively
1992 ISO 14000 family grew out of ISO's commitment to support the objective
of sustainable development discussed at the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro
1993 ISO launched the new technical committee, ISO/TC 207, Environmental
management
1997-2006 ISOdeveloped the LCA standards
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EnvironmentalProtection Agency. 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. EPA/600/R-06/060. Office of ResearchandDevelopment. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
What is LCA? (1)
Life Cycle refers to the major ac tiv it ies in the course of the products life-span from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, toits final disposal, including the raw material acquisition required tomanufacture the product. (USEPA, 2006)
Life Cycle Assessment (also known as Life Cycle Analysis) is amethodology for assessing each and every environmental impactsassociated with the products, processes,or services by:
Defining the goals and scope
Compilingan inventory of inputs and outputs
Evaluatingenvironmental impacts
Reportingoutcomes
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What is LCA? (2)
Raw Materials material
processing
Product
manufactureDistributionand storage
UseDisposal/
Recycling
Raw Materials Energy resources
Emissions to Air Emissions to Water Solid Wastes
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Recycling
Cradle to Cradle
includes recycling
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Life Cycle
http://www.scienceinthebox.com/en_UK/programs/compactdetergents_en.html 14
Life Cycle Stages
Why LCA? (1)
Why a product-oriented information tool?
Increased attention for product policy
several national policy plans
EUs Integrated Product Policy
UNEPs International Declaration on Cleaner Production
etc.
Influence consumption and production patterns
clean(er) production
ecolabel
product stewardship etc.
Why LCA? (2)
Why an integrated information tool?
Prevent problem shifting
to other life cycle stages
to other substances
to other environmental problems
to other countries
to the future
Why LCA? (3)
Why a method?
To structure the large amount of complex data
To facilitate comparisons across product alternatives
To enable benchmarking
LCA Standards
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management --Life cycle assessment Principles and
framework
ISO
Standard
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management --Life cycle assessment Requirements and
guidelines
ISO/TR 14047:2003 Environmental management --Life cycle impact assessment Examples of
application of ISO 14042
ISO/TS 14048:2000 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment Data
documentation format
ISO/TR 14049:2000 Environmental management --Life cycle assessment Examples of
application of ISO 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory
analysis
PAS 2050 Life Cycle GHG Emission of goods and services BSI
Standard
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USEPA LCA Resources: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/resources.html
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ISO 14040 framework (1)
- Product development
and improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other
Goal
and scope
definition
Inventoryanalysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
Direct applications:
Life cycle assessment frameworkSource: ISO 14040
ISO 14040 framework (2)
ISO: Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and thepotential environmental impacts of a product system throughout itslife cycle
International Standard ISO 14040
complementary International Standards ISO 14041, 14042,14043
no Technical Report to 14040, but Technical Reports to 14041and 14042
14044 merges the revised 14040-14043 (2006)
SYNERGY OF GREEN PURCHASING ANDLCA
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Definition of Green Purchasing
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Green Purchasing is the purchase of goods and
services that minimize environmental impacts . It
includes the purchase of product that have a lesser or
reduced effect on human health and the environment
when compared with competing products that serve
the same purpose.
From the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
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What is Green Purchasing?
Purchasing
Quality Cost Delivery +
=
+ + Environment
Source: The Green Purchasing & Green Public Procurement Starter Kit
Green
Purchasing
=
Target Fields of Green Purchasing
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Office Supply
Motorcar
PC
Paper
Furniture
Work wear
Distribution
Food
Hotel & Meeting
Banking
Lighting
Electric Appliance Canteen
Catering
ServicesProducts
Parts and Materials Cleaning
Printing
Printer
Construction
ElectricityEnergy
Electronic Parts
Source: The Green Purchasing & Green Public Procurement Starter Kit
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Synergy of LCA and GreenPurchasing
It is estimated that as much as 75% of the environmental impacts(as well as the costs) that a product throws off throughout its lifetimeis determined at the design stage. (IDSA, Design: Green 2004,www.designgreen.org)
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The product life cycle is the basis ofgreen supply chain management
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ConceptConcept DesignDesignRaw
materialsRaw
materialsManufactu
reManufactu
reDistribution / retail
Distribution / retail
Consumeruse
Consumeruse
Disposal /recycling
Disposal /recycling
Typical Supplier Chain
Consider the life cycle of the
supply chain to minimize the
environmental impacts
GreenPurchasing
Env.impacts
GreenPurchasing
GreenPurchasing
GreenPurchasing
GreenPurchasing
GreenPurchasing
GreenPurchasing
Env.impacts
Env.impacts
Env.impacts
Env.impacts
Reduce Env.
Release
LCA is a tool for making greenpurchasing decision
1. Develop a systematic evaluationof the environmental consequencesassociated with a given product.
2. Analyze the environmental trade-offsassociated with one or more specificproducts/processes to help gain stakeholder acceptance for a planned action.
3. Quantify environmental releasesto air, water, and land in relation to each life
cycle stage and/or major contributing process.
4. Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impactsbetween life
cycle stages and environmental media. (e.g., eliminating air emissions bycreating a wastewater effluent instead)
5. Assess the human and ecological effectsof material consumption and
environmental releases to the local community, region, and world.6. Compare the health and ecological impactsbetween two or more rival
products/processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or process.
7. Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern.
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Synergy of LCA and GreenPurchasing
LCA identify the environmental i mpacts of every single stage of the product lif e cycle
from raw materials extraction, production process, packaging, transportation,usage and disposal/recycle.
Green Purchasing Minimize the environmental impacts of every single stage of the product li fe
cycle.
Raw material biodegradable, recyclable, durable, low embody energy (low
carbon emission)
Production water treatment for reuse, high energy efficiency machineries Packaging recycled content, biodegradable.
Transportation use hybrid vehicles, route planning
Usage eco-design
Disposal/recycle take back services, parts reuse
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GP:1. Organic fiber2. Recycled fiber3. Energy efficiency
machineries
GP:1. Solution /Yarn Dye
(save dye and water)2. Low/no hazardous
chemicals (e.g. shrink-resist substances
3. Energy efficiencymachineries
GP:1. Energy efficiency
machineries2. Water treatment
GP:1. Recyclable2. Biodegradable
GP:1. Hybrid vehicles
GP:1. Durable design2. Clear instruction
GP:1. Take-back
services
Synergy of LCA and Green Purchasing
(Example) Worldwatch Institute,Worldwatch Paper 166:
Purchasing Power:Harnessing InstitutionalProcurement for People
and the Planet, July 2003,www.worldwatch.org
Green/Ecolabelling
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ISO14021(Type II)- self declaredclaims
ISO14024(Type I)- life cycle,selective, third-party verified
ISO14025(Type III)- life cycleinformation
Other Typesand Variationssingle-attributewith vertification
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LCA in Type III Ecolabelling
1. Disclose LCA information of the product2. Different product base on different product category rules to prepare
the LCA data sheet (e.g. greenhouse gases emission, acidification,eutrohpication, etc.)
3. ISO 14025 Type III ecolabel
4. Base on the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 LCA methodology
5. Verify the LCA information from the applicant and grant the logo tothe products
6. LCA information display adjacent to the logo
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Environmental Product Declaration ofBeer
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http://www.environdec.com/
Carbon Label
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Some LCA Tools
BEES 3.0d
Eco-B at 2 .1
EcoScan 3 .1
EIME V3.0
EPD Tools Suit 2007
GaBi 4.3
JEMAI-LCA Pro ver.2
KCL-E CO 4.0
LEGEP 1.2
LTE OGIP; Version 5.0; Build-Number 2092; 2005/12/12 Si maPro 7
T EAM 4.5
The Boustead Model 5.0.12
USES-LCA
Etc.
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Information from:http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/toolList.vm
How to choose LCA software Depending on resource
the data and data quality can have an effect on the price of a software tool
Depending on application and purpose
Some LCA tools are more suitable for particular appl ications
Depending on the level of transparency and flexibility required
Design own database? Envi ronmental indicators? Able to trace back each resultin order to find mistakes?
User-friendliness
Design similar to MS office? W ith drag-and-drop feature?
Database
Data quality, compatible with well-known database, size of database
Methodology
CML 96, CML 2002 (updated 2007), Ecoindicator 95, Ecoindicator 99, Ecologicalscarcity, EDIP 97, EDIP 2003, Impact 2002+, TRACI
Uncertainty and variability analyses
Service and Support
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N. Unger, P. Beigl and G. Wassermann. General requirements for LCA software
tools. Institute of Waste Management, BOKU University of Natural Resources andApplied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. 36
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) training course
Date: 13-15 April 2011 25 people per class
Target: environmental consultant,
purchasers, environmental manager,
environmental officer, academic,
engineers, certification bodies,
laboratory technicians, etc.
Detail please visitwww.greencouncil.org
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Thank you
Green Council Contact Details:
Website www.greencouncil.org
Email [email protected]
Telephone (852) 2810 1122
Facsimile (852) 2810 1998