Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century Section 1: Science and Urban Life Section 2: Expanding Public Education Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture
Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
Section 1: Science and Urban Life
Section 2: Expanding Public Education
Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination
Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture
Science and Urban Life Skyscraper – America’s greatest contribution to
architecture (Symbol of a Rich and Optimistic Society) Invention of Elevators Development of Internal Steel Skeletons
Architects – Louis Sullivan – 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Daniel Burnham – Flatiron Building in New York City (285 feet)
see pg. 277 Solved Problem of Limited and Expensive Space in Cities
Wainwright Building in St. Louis by Louis Sullivan
Science and Urban Life Electric Transit - Innovations in
transportation allows for cities to expand outward. Electric Streetcars (1st in Richmond, VA, in
1888) New Railroad Lines
Elevated Trains or “El Trains” Subway Trains
Electric streetcars, Elevated Trains, and Subways enabled cities to annex suburban developments
Electric Street Car
Elevated Trains and Subways
The Interborough Rapid Transit Subway, or IRT, was the first subway company in New York City. Even with elevated train lines springing up around the city, the need for an underground rapid transit railroad was obvious as a solution to street congestion and to assist development in outlying areas. On October 27, 1904, the first IRT subway line opened, and the city would never be the same. City Hall station, pictured to the left, was the showpiece of the new subway. Photo by Peter Dougherty. (Picture to left)
Science and Urban Life Steel-Cable Suspension Bridges-
Brooklyn Bridge – Connects Brooklyn to Manhattan Island in New York City Architect – John Augustus Roebling (German
Immigrant) died before completion Recreational Opportunities - elevated promenade to
allow for leisure walking Took 14 years to complete / difficult conditions Carried 37,000 commuters daily 4 years later, trains ran 24 hours a day and carried
more than 30 million a year See page 276 for “One American’s Story”
Brooklyn Bridge
Science and Urban Life Urban Planning - Urban planners looked for
ways to restore a measure of serenity to the urban environment by designing parks and recreation.
Frederick Law Olmsted- spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks Central Park Washington D.C. and St. Louis Landscaping Fenway Park in Boston
Daniel Burnham Chicago (overall plan for the city) see pg. 278
Central Park & Fredrick Law Olmstead
Daniel Burnham and the Chicago Plan
Masonic Temple Building in Chicago
New Technologies transform Communications
Revolution in Printing Literacy Rate in U.S. close to 90% by 1890
because of better public education. Technological Advances increase reading
material Wood pulp used for less expensive paper Better Printing Press Invented
New Technologies transform Communications
Web-Perfecting Press – invented by William Bullock Electric, printed on both sides of a continuous roll of
paper, cut, folded, and counted the pages Linotype Machine – invented by Ottmar
Mergenthaler Streamlined typesetting process
Allowed for more affordable printed materials and made them more available to the masses
William Bullock / Web Perfecting Press
Rotary Web-Perfecting Press 1863 The beginnings of the modern, web-fed newspaper press
This patent model rotary perfecting press was made by Philadelphia's William Bullock in 1863. Two years later, he constructed his first model for his local paper, the Philadelphia Inquirer. Bullock's invention represents the beginning of the modern, web-fed newspaper press, which works from curved, stereotype plates and prints on both sides of the paper in one pass through the machine. It achieved the speed of rotary printing, and by feeding from a continuous roll of paper, it eliminated the laborious hand-feeding required by presses like Hoe's rotary press. Bullock's press was capable of delivering, per hour, about 10,000 flat sheets printed on both sides. Unfortunately, William Bullock did not enjoy the profits from his innovative invention. In 1867, he died as a result of injuries sustained when he got caught in the gears of his press. http://historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=401
Mergenthaler & Linotype Machine
New Technologies transform Communications
Invention of Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright Kitty Hawk, NC 1st flight, 120 feet, 12 seconds Very little public attention – few photographers
or newsmen present First real use of the airplane was by the
government to transport mail across the country, excluding use for warfare.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Wright Brothers Plane
First flight of the Wright Flyer I, 17 December 1903, Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip. Photo by John T. Daniels of the Kill Devil Hills Life Saving Station, using Orville's tripod-mounted camera
Photography for Everyone George Eastman invented paper based film that
could be processed later Introduced Kodak Camera in 1888 Camera helped created Photojournalism 1st camera for the masses
$25 for camera plus 100-picture roll of film Send camera to company for development of film for
$10 and company sends camera and pictures back and reload the camera
“YOU PRESS THE BUTTON, WE DO THE REST”
Handheld Kodak 1904 ($5.00) to Left
1st Kodak Below Left, Early Advertisement Below