Libraries: technology as artifact and technology in practice

Libraries: from technology artifacts to technology in practice

2015 AJCU-CITM / Library Deans Conference at Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, 18 May 15

Lorcan Dempsey

@LorcanD

https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelfoleyphotography/8673516232

P Pix https://www.flickr.com/photos/27851954@N08/3888840197/

http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/images/Hopkins/HopkinsRegis/statuesetting.jpg

http://rudr.coalliance.org/fedora/repository/codr:2850

211. The network reshapes

society and society reshapes the network

2. Cell phones and mobility as a service

3 library examples3. Citation management4. Institutional repositories

and research workflow5. Discovery and

discoverability

3

The social and the technical 1. Organization

2. Rightscaling3. The library in the

life of the user

3 issues

Overview

Preamble:the AJCU collective collection(thanks to Constance Malpas for the analysis here)

0

160,

000

320,

000

480,

000

640,

000

800,

000

960,

000

1,12

0,00

0

1,28

0,00

0

1,44

0,00

0

1,60

0,00

0

AJCU Library* Holdings in WorldCatMarch 2015

Collection size/scope varies widely

*Lacking St Joseph’s and St Peter’s

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

WorldCat Duplication of Titles Held in AJCU Libraries

<5 libraries 5 to 9 10 to 24 25 to 99 >99 libraries

Systemwide duplication of holdings is high

> 99 libraries median: 81%

<5 libraries median : 1%

15 most comprehensive collections related to:

SAINT LOUIS UNIV

BOSTON COL

WOODSTOCK THEOL CTR (GEORGETOWN UNIV)

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

YALE UNIV

HARVARD UNIV

LOYOLA UNIV OF CHICAGO

MARQUETTE UNIV

FORDHAM UNIV

UNIV OF NOTRE DAME

DALTON MCCAUGHEY LIBR

UNIV OF TORONTO REGIS COL

UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

COLUMBIA UNIV

PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Saint Ignatius of Loyola, 1491-1556Total related works in WorldCat = 1,681

6 of the top 15 collections are held by AJCU members

BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE

BIBLIOTHEQUE NAT & UNIV STRASBOURG

BIBLIOTHEQUE SAINTE-GENEVIEVE

BM LYON

ECOLE NATIONALE DE CHARTES

STATE RES LIBR, OLOMOUC

MADRID-CASA DE VELÁZQUEZ

PARIS-ENS-ULM LSH

RENNES2-BU CENTRALE

BOSTON COL

CLERMONT FD-BCIU-PATRIMOINE

UNIV OF MICHIGAN

COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS

UNIV OF NOTRE DAME

UNIV OF SAN FRANCISCO

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Carlos Sommervogel, 1834-1902Total related works in WorldCat =74


AJCU libraries hold the largest collections

outside of Europe


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

HARVARD UNIV

GRADUATE THEOL UNION

YALE UNIV

SAINT LOUIS UNIV

GEORGETOWN UNIV

COLUMBIA UNIV

DUKE UNIV LIBR

NEW YORK PUB LIBR

UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, SRLF

STANFORD UNIV

UCLA

UNIV OF NOTRE DAME

CORNELL UNIV

PRINCETON UNIV

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 1881-1955Total related works in WorldCat = 1,294

AJCU collections rival those of much larger research institutions

GONZAGA UNIV

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

UNC, CHAPEL HILL

NEW YORK PUB LIBR

BOSTON COL

UNIV OF OXFORD

HARVARD UNIV

CORNELL UNIV

COLUMBIA UNIV

YALE UNIV LIBR

UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

BAKER & TAYLOR

PRINCETON UNIV

STANFORD UNIV

CAMBRIDGE UNIV

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Gerard Manley Hopkins, 1844-1889Total related works in WorldCat = 1,411


Gonzaga University library provides unparalleled coverage

Note: Georgetown University has the mostcomprehensive collections about GrahamGreene.

Gonzaga collections built around interestsof Fr Anthony Bischoff, S.J.

The social and the technical

NetworkedAutomatedInternet of Things

Pervasive

SensorsMobile/CloudLocationAnalytics

Industrial internetSocio-technicalInformationalizationSocio-digitization

?

Technology as artifact

Technology in practice

Emergent workflow/behaviors

The technical reshapes the social – the social reshapes the technical

I borrow artifact/practice terms from Wanda Orlikowski, 2000. Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations

Technology in practice: an exampleCell phone and mobility

Micro-coordinatio

n

Ad hoc rendezvou

s

Situational

Tying place and

network.Maps

Visual

Tying place,

network and image

Cell Phone

Vesco, the politician responsible for sustainable transport in Lyon, played a leading role in introducing the city’s Vélo’v bike-sharing scheme a decade ago.

“Digital information is the fuel of mobility,” he says. “Some transport sociologists say that information about mobility is 50% of mobility. The car will become an accessory to the smartphone.”

End of the car age: how cities are outgrowing the automobilehttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/end-of-the-car-age-how-cities-outgrew-the-automobile

http://peterblade.blogspot.com/2012/05/inauguration-du-showroom-peter-blade.html

22

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-07/uber-is-winning-over-americans-expense-accounts

Mobility as a service

http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/end-of-the-car-age-how-cities-outgrew-the-automobile

“Uber – has effectively become the vascular system for business … or think of it this way: it is the broadband pipe for atoms.”

“Uber looks like a taxi business but really it's all about routing - it's trying to unbundle both car ownership and public transport and shift roads from circuit-switching to packet-switching.” B Evans. http://us6.campaign-archive2.com/?u=b98e2de85f03865f1d38de74f&id=ac5933501b

“More and more, Uber is positioning itself as a logistics company. The goal is to deliver people and things within cities as quickly as possible — relying heavily on Google’s Maps in the process..” NYT May 7 2015

Uber drivers— and other “on-demand” workers— have become increasingly vocal as the question the rights of these enterprises to operate outside of minimum wage laws, anti-discrimination statutes, workers’ compensation laws, and union-organizing rights. …

In a Wall Street Journal article about on-demand employment, One worker tells the WSJ, ‘We are not robots; we are not a remote control; we are individuals…”

http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshana-zuboff-on-the-sharing-economy-13500770-p4.html

Shoshana Zuboff on the sharing economy.

http://www.log.com.tr/google-akilli-ev-urunleri-firmasi-nesti-satin-aldi/

Health, Education, TransportSystemwide, policy, ….

Behaviors, firms

Running on data: Activity trackers and the Internet of Things http://dupress.com/articles/internet-of-things-wearable-technology/

A communication device.

Connecting identity, place and workflowsto reshape industries and behaviors.

This:

And this:

3 library examplesCitation management

Institutional repository > workflow is the new content

Discovery and discoverability

Technology as practice

Emergent behaviors/workflows

Citation management

So in a relatively short time, a solitary and manual function has evolved into a workflow enacted in a social and digital environment. In addition to functional value, this change has added network value, as individual users benefit from the community of use. People can make connections and find new work, and the network generates analytics which may be used for recommendations or scholarly metrics. In this way, for some people, citation management has evolved from being a single function in a broader workflow into a workflow manager, discovery engine, and social network.

Dempsey & Walter, 2014

Provide and promote reference manager products.

Support – and help shape - emerging practices around citation management, research networking and profiles.

This:

And this:



Institutional repository > workflow is the new content

In a well-known article, Salo (2008) offers a variety of reasons as to why they have not been as heavily used as anticipated. These include a lack of attention to faculty incentives (‘prestige’) and to campus workflows. She concludes that IRs will not be successful unless developed as a part of “systematic, broad-based, well-supported data-stewardship, scholarly-communication, or digital-preservation program”.

Providing technology as artifact >Supporting emerging practices

http://www.slideshare.net/repofringe/e-prints42y

EPrints Update, Les Carr, University of Southampton, Repository Fringe, 2014

Framing the Scholarly Record …

In practice …

Her view is that publishers are here to make the scientific research process more effective by helping them keep up to date, find colleagues, plan experiments, and then share their results. After they have published, the processes continues with gaining a reputation, obtaining funds, finding collaborators, and even finding a new job. What can we as publishers do to address some of scientists’ pain points?

Annette Thomas, (then) CEO of Macmillan Publishers

A publisher’s new job description

http://www.against-the-grain.com/2012/11/a-publishers-new-job-description/

Support - and help shape - emerging practices around the complete research life cycle.

Provide system to manage research outputs.

This:

And this:



Discovery and discoverability

arXiv, SSRN, RePEc, PubMed Central (disciplinary repositories that have become important discovery hubs);

Google Scholar, Google Books, Amazon (ubiquitous discovery and fulfillment hubs);

Mendeley, ResearchGate (services for social discovery and scholarly reputation management);

Goodreads, LibraryThing (social description/reading sites);

Wikipedia, Yahoo Answers, Khan Academy (hubs for open research, reference, and teaching materials).

GalaxyZoo, FigShare, OpenRefine (data storage and manipulation tools)

Github (software management)

“...Google doesn’t judge you.”

(UKF3, Male, Age 52)

Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cubmundo/6184306158/

“I just type it into Google and see what comes up.” (UKS2)

“It’s like a taboo I guess with all teachers, they just all say – you know,

when they explain the paper they always say, “Don’t use Wikipedia.” (USU7, Female,

Age 19)

Learning Black Market

Image: http://wp.me/pLtlj-fH

Discovery is not just … the discovery layer

Discovery often happens elsewhere.

Discovery is enacted in emerging behaviors/workflows.

Put library resources in the workflow

Make institutional resources more discoverable.

Resolver configuration.

How do you engage with researcher profiling, reputation management, research information management, ….?

ExpertiseSpecial collectionsResearch and learning materials

In few collections

In many collections

A

Licensed

Purchased

Outside, inOCLC Collections Grid

Distinctive

Library as brokerMaximise efficiency

Low Stewardship

High Stewardship

Available

Inside, out

Library as providerMaximise discoverability

Reputation management

• Expertise and profiling

• Identity

• Make the institution, expertise, research outputs, discoverable, …

• New Knowledge work ( Kenning Arlitsch)

Are library resources visible where people are doing their work, in the search engines, in citation management tools, and so on?

Is library expertise visible when people are searching for things? Can a library user discover a personal contact easily? Are there photographs of librarians on the website? The University of Michigan has a nice feature where it returns relevant subject librarians in top level searches.

Are there blogs about special collections or distinctive services or expertise, which can be indexed and found on search engines? Are links to relevant special collections or archives created in Wikipedia. Can researchers configure a resolver in Scholar, Mendeley or other services?

As attention shifts from collections to services, are library services described in such a way that they are discoverable? On the website? In search engines? Is SEO a routine part of development? Schema?

Is metadata for resources shared with all relevant services? DPLA? WorldCat?

Do faculty have Orcids?Discovery is more than the discovery layer.

Discovery often happens elsewhere.Make institutional resources discoverable (inside-out).

Provide a discovery product to facilitateaccess to library collections.

Support – and help shape - emerging practices around discoverability of institutional, faculty and other resources.

This:

And this:

Make links to library collections availablein emerging user workflows.

3 interesting issuesOrganization

Rightscaling

Users

Convergence, boundaries, cooperation

IT and Library

‘Digital’

NetworkComputeStorageSecurity

WorkflowData

Learning management,

Library, research support, Press, ….

Older model of integration: Integration

around artifact: IT and Library

organization. Common in the UK and some

other sectors in 90s.

A new model of integration:

Integrate around practices?

Shared support for data

management, research and

learning workflows, ..

RightscalingCollections, systems, services

Local

Shared

Third party

Every institution cannot do

everything. At what level should things be done?

Consortial? Network level

third party services?

Institutional?

Institutions have to make decisions about where they

can make a distinctive

impact, and where they

should share or outsource.

Our traditional model was one in which we thought of the user in the life of the library

… but we are now increasingly

thinking about the library in the life of the user as they enact new research and learning practices.

• Investigate & describe user-owned digital literacies – what people really do.

• Visitors and residents. • Position the library to support emerging

research and learning practices.http://www.oclc.org/research/themes/user-studies/vandr.html?urlm=168948

And …

66

Manage systems and services to support research and learning.

Support – and help shape - emerging research and learning behaviors enacted in data-rich network environments.

This:

And this:

Libraries: from technology artifacts to technology in practice

2015 AJCU-CITM / Library Deans Conference at Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, 18 May 15

Lorcan Dempsey

@LorcanD

https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelfoleyphotography/8673516232

Libraries: technology as artifact and technology in practice

Education

research workflow

ajcu libraries

workflow manager

social network

broader workflow

network value

thousands ajcu library

technology artifacts