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qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY I
mimoxilvac ki cxadyofs, Tu raoden mdidaria es masala informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT. maTSi umniSvnelovanesi cnobebia daculi aramarto javaxeTis, aramed mTeli qveynis istoriis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis calkeuli sakvanZo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. mravalricxovani cnobebia daculi saeklesio istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, am masalas saqarTvelos istoriis werilobiT wyaroebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs da mecnierul qarTvelologiaSi did interess iwvevs. javaxeTis warwerebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari VI
saukunea. am periodidan moyolebuli mTeli Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois manZilze regioni qarTuli kulturis, maT Soris werilobiTi kulturis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo. regionis epigrafikuli Zeglebi garegnuli niSnis mixedviT
SeiZleba sam ZiriTad jgufad daiyos: 1. lapidaruli, anu qvaze amokveTili warwerebi 2. freskuli, anu saRebaviT Sesrulebuli warwerebi da 3. Weduri, anu liTonze Sesrulebuli warwerebi
l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
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mozaikuri warwerebi aq gamovlenili ar aris. javaxeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis korpusze muSaobis procesSi
Zeglebis simravlem da mravalferovnebam gansazRvra lapidaruli warwerebis calke Seswavlisa da gamocemis aucilebloba. es nawilobriv, ganapiroba epigrafikuli Zeglebis kvlevis msoflio gamocdilebam da qarTvelologiaSi damkvidrebulma lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebis korpusebis cal-calke gamocemis tradiciam (larfeldi 1914; SoSiaSvili 1980; silogava 1980; abramiSvili… 1989). qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis Sinaarsobrivi
klasifikaciis erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba javaxeTis epigrafikis magaliTze v. ciskariSvilma mogvca. `epigrafikuli Zeglebi xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba 2 ZiriTad jgufad daiyos: iuridiuli da saamSeneblo-memorialuri. zogjer ki saamSeneblo da memorialuri xasiaTis warwerebi erTgvarad iuridiul saxesac atareben. ase rom Tu SeiZleba iTqvas gardamavalni arian saamSeneblo memorialuridan iuridiuli xasiaTis warwerebSi” (ciskariSvili 1959:4; vaxuSti 1973:292; axalaZe 2005:8-10; axalaZe 2008:9-14). dRes miRebulia epigrafikuli Zeglebis Sinaarsobrivi
klasifikaciis Semdegi saxe: saamSeneblo, iuridiuli, memorialuri, piligrimuli. albaT, calke unda gamoiyos saflavis qvis epitafiebi, romlebsac pirobiTad memorialur warwerebsac miakuTvneben, magram memorialur warwerebSi sxva Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis (magaliTad gandidebis, locvis, Sendobis, Sewyalebis) mqone mravalricxovani warwerebic erTiandebian da am tipis epigrafikuli masala imdenad mravalricxovani da mravalferovania, rom maTTan erTad saflavis qvis epitafiebis gaerTianeba swori ar unda iyos, radgan epitafiebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ama Tu im regionis mosaxleobis eTnosocialuri Semadgenlobis Seswavlis procesSi. javaxeTis warwerebis maRal wyaroTmcodneobiT Rirebulebaze
metyvelebs is faqti, rom maT Soris gvxvdeba qarTuli warwerebis Sinaarsobrivi klasifikaciis yvela nimuSi:
negebobebze: qvajvrebze, eklesiebze, TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobebze da a. S. maT Soris uZvelesia qvajvrebi/ stela jvrebi. qvajvrebi adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelosaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. maT iuridiuli Sinaarsi hqondaT politikuri daqucmacebulobis xanaSi, rodesac arsebobdnen calkeuli sauflo-samamfloebi da roca es ufali-mamflebi TavianT politikur damoukideblobas stela jvrebiT gamoxatavdnen. erTiani feodaluri monarqiis warmoqmnis Semdeg stela-jvrebi kargaven aRniSnul Sinaarss. maT adgils ikavebs samefo stela-
`Ãeli”, samijne stela da samlocvelo qvajvari (SoSiaSvili 1980:19).
l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
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javaxeTis magaliTze kargad Cans qvajvrebisa da `Ãeli”-is rogorc mamulis mflobelobis damadasturebeli iuridiuli aqtis monacvleoba. regionSi mravalricxovani qvajvrebia SemorCenili da rogorc d. berZeniSvili ityoda, utyeo zeganTa SedarebiT swori zedapiris erTgvarovan garemoSi, es maRali siluetebi Soridanve SeimCneva da mnaxvels mianiSnebda gza-gadasasvlels, sazRvars sxvis samflobelos
miwaze (berZeniSvili 1975:101). n. berZeniSvilis azriT, am Zeglebs sakulto-memorialur daniSnulebasTan erTad (Zveli veSap-menhirebis ganviTareba), sxva funqciac hqondaT: aRniSnon
miwis nakveTze kerZo ufleba (berZeniSvili 1966:156). am debulebis safuZvelze d. berZeniSvilma daaskvna, rom maSin amaTi simravlec miwismflobelobis niSnad SeiZleboda migveRo (unda vifiqroT, aseve iqneboda es qarTlis samefos barSiac, magram aq umetesi maTgani moispoboda miwismflobelobis
miwismflobelobis daniSnulebisa, hqonda sxva mizanic. qvajvris, stela - jvris aRmarTva zogjer dakavSirebuli iyo taZris mSeneblobis dawyebasTan. es tradicia dadasturebulia rogorc samxreT, aseve aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos epigrafikul masalaSi. eklesiis mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg qvajvrebi eklesiis ezos, an zogjer mis interiersac amSvenebdnen. aseTive daniSnuleba unda hqonoda `qvis dasmis” faqtsac. alastanis eklesiis kedlis X s. warwera mogviTrobs: `ese me no/Selman/ davde/ qva”. filaze jvaria gamosaxuli, rac miuTiTebs, rom noSelis mier warweraSi miTiTebuli `qvis dadeba” jvris aRmarTvis tolfasia da es aqti taZris agebamde unda ganxorcielebuliyo. taZris mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg noSelis, rogorc ktitoris mier dadebuli qva eklesiis kedelSi iqna CaSenebuli. qvis Sewirvis faqti dasturdeba sxva warwerebSic. magaliTad, zvelis wmida giorgis eklesiisadmi:
`ese ek(lesia)Á w(midis)a g(iorgis)i, ese qvaÉ e(k)l(esi)as (Se)v(w)i(ren) g(i)r(S)el(is) Zeman” da. a. S. eklesiisadmi jvris Sewirvis cnobili faqti gvaqvs areSis
(doliZe 1970:245; Jordania 1897:53). sofel xaveTis Tavze, dasavleTiT or kilometrze, mdgari qvajvari daumTavrebeli warweriT Cveni azriT kumurdoelis samwysos sazRvari unda yofiliyo. aqve dgas meore qvajvaric, sadac mTavrdeboda wyarosTavis samwyso. xom ar mianiSnebs es im faqtze, rom es qvajvari iyo wyarosTavis samwysos sazRvari, xolo daumTavrebelwarweriani qvajvari kumurdoelis samwysos dasawyisi? vfiqrobT, xaveTis ori qvajvari am ori samwysos sazRvars aRniSnavda, rac kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSia qvajvarTa erTi nawilis, rogorc epigrafikuli sabuTisa. epigrafikul aqtebs miekuTvnebian Ãelis gamosaxulebiani
stelebi da maTi warwerebi. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde javaxeTidan Ãelis gamosaxulebiani ori warweriani stela iyo cnobili, magram 1997 wels javaxeTis eqspediciam devi berZeniSvilis, nika vaCeiSvilis, irine elizbaraSvilisa da cicino CaCxunaSvilis SemadgenlobiT, kumurdodan samxreTiT 4-5 km-ze, kumurdo-axalqalaqis gzaze, zreskis tbis sanapiroze 1996 wels agebul patara somxur samlocveloSi aRmoaCina qva, romlis wina pirze, TaRovan CaRrmavebaze gamoqandakebulia xelis gamosaxuleba da amokveTilia warwera : T(a)m(a)r/is Zis/a g(iorgi)s Ã/el[i]. bunebrivia, aq saqarTvelos mefe laSa-giorgi (1210-1223 ww) unda vigulisxmoT. samecniero literaturaSi cnobili iyo laSa-giorgis ori Ãeli, guniayalas
da prtenas (Tamarisa da laSas Ãeli) (oTxmezuri 1981:21, 72-74.) da ai, aRmoCnda laSa-giorgis kidev erTi mesame Ãeli, isic javaxeTSi. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, radgan cnobilia, rom javaxeTis nawili da TrialeTi laSa-giorgi saufliswulo domens warmoadgenda da mas qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi `javaxTuflis” saxeliTac moixsenieben. TrialeTi da javaxeTis nawili XII saukunis bolodan,
vidre XIV saukunemde samefo domenia (laSa-giorgis erTmefobamde ki saufliswulo domenad Cans), am teritoriaze
l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
mniSvnelovani jgufi aris saamSeneblo warwerebi, romlebsac vxvdebiT am regionis sakulto daniSnulebis Zeglebis umravlebaze. saamSeneblo warwerebis umravlesoba amokveTilia taZrebze, maTi qtitorebis, xuroTmoZRvrebisa da xelosnebis mier, romelTa saxelebi samudamod Semoinaxa qvaSi amokveTila qarTulma damwerlobam. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia istoriuli pirebi da maTi saqmianobis amsaxvel mravalricxovan masalas zogjer sxva saxis istoriul wyaroebSic vxvdebiT, rac gvexmareba ama Tu im Zeglis mSeneblobis qronologiis zust gansazRvraSi. zogjer lapidaruli warwera TariRiania da igi azustebs ama Tu im istoriuli piris moRvaweobis epoqas da a. S. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
mefeTa da adgilobriv msxvil feodalTa, saqveynod gamrige moxeleTa - erisTavT erisTavTa dasaxelebis faqtebi, rac am regionSi maT ktitorul-saaRmSeneblo saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. warwerebSi Cans, rogorc `afxazTa mefeebi”, aseve tao-klarjeTisa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa saxelebi: maT Soris qronologiurad yvelaze adrindeli unda iyos leon III `afxazTa mefis” moxsenieba kumurdos warweraSi, rac miuTiTebs, rom javaxeTs am dros dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe, XI saukunis Semdegdroindel saistorio wyaroebSi `afxazTa mefed” wodebuli leon III flobda. tao-klarjeTis
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mefeebidan yala-boinas warweraSi vxvdebiT bagrat II-isa (`qarTvelTa mefe”) da daviT kurapalatis saxelebs. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebidan bagrat III (978-1014 ww) dasaxelebulia maWatias warweraSi, zeda Tmogvis (`giorgi afxazi”) da yaurmis warwerebSi dasaxelebulia giorgi I (1014-1027) da `Svilni misni”, kumurdos da zeda Tmogvis warwerebSi bagrat IV (1027-1072) da deda misi mariam dedofali, Rulalisis warweraSi bagrat IV (1027-1072) da giorgi kurapalati (giorgi II ufliswulobaSi), fokas warweraSi mxolod bagrat IV, daviT IV (1089-1125) dasaxelebulia axalqalaqis warweraSi, demetre I (1125-1156 ww) saros cixis saamSeneblo warweraSi, Tamar mefe prtenas, vanis qvabebis (iCqiT gurgenis Zis da anton Wyondidelis), daviT VIII (1293-1311 ww) Tmogvis (saminamis) warweraSi, giorgi V (1318-1346 ww) ganZanis warweraSi, daviT IX (1346-1360 ww) Tmogvis murvan kATxas Zis 1350 wlis warweraSi da a. S. saqarTvelos samefo karis centraluri mmarTvelobis
aparatis moxeleTa da erisTavT - erisTavTa, anu saqveynod gamrige moxeleTa saqmianobis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi informacia daculia javaxeTis araerT epigrafikul ZeglSi. am mxriv sayuradReboa axalqalaqis, wundis, vanis qvabebis, miraSxnis, varneTis, zeda varZiis, zeda Tmogvis, kvarSas, kumurdos, wundis, meredisis da a. S. warwerebi. bagrat IV-is epoqis moRvawe farsman erisTavT-erisTavi igive
farsman Tmogveli, javaxeTis garkveul nawils flobda. igi dasaxelebulia javaxeTis sam epigrafikul ZeglSi - miraSxnis, saTxisa da zeda Tmogvis lapidarul warwerebSi. farsmanis Sesaxeb cnobebi mogvepoveba sxva saistorio wyaroebSic. rogorc Cans, igi Tavisi epoqis erT-erTi aqtiuri politikuri moRvawea da aseve aqtiur ktitorul saqmianobasac eweoda Tavis mamulSi. zeda Tmogvis warweraSi igi mefe bagrat IV-sTan da mariam dedofalTan erTad zeda Tmogvis eklesiis ktitorad gvevlineba, saTxis eklesia ki farsmanis sadideblad da misi mSoblebis salocvelad aris agebuli. miraSxnis warwera mogviTxrobs farsman erisTavT erisTavis gmirobisa da tragikuli daRupvis ambavs sulTan alf-arslanis Semosevis dros. XII saukunis bolos da XIII saukunis damdegs, Tamaris
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saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili istoriuli piri ivane aTabagi aris dasaxelebuli. iv. aTabagi 1391-1444 ww. moRvaweobda da warweris teqtis mixedviT man varZiis monastrisaTvis satrapezo aago. k. meliTauris azriT, ivane aTabags dazianebuli stoas
kedlis gasamagreblad es burji augia (k. meliTauri…1955:80), magram warweraSi saubaria trapezis mSeneblobaze da ara gasamagrebeli samuSaoebis Catarebaze. miT ufro rom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom jer kidev broses dros, romelmac es warwera ver ipova, qva iq ar ido sadac axla devs da adre sadRac unda yofiliyo migdebuli. amdenad mTavari taZris samxreTiT miSenebuli stoas Sesavlelis zemoT warwera XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Catarebuli aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis dros meored gamoyenebis dros unda
iyos CaSenebuli (v. ciskariSvili 1959:116; v. silogava 1983:278). v. ciskariSvilis azriT, warweraSi mefis mouxseniebloba imis maCvenebeli unda iyos, rom samcxe-saaTabago gamoyofili iyo saqarTvelodan da aTabagi ar cnobda mefis uzenaesobas, mefes
varZiaze, erT dros samefo monasterze xeli ar miuwvdeba (v. ciskariSvili 1959:116). miuxedavad imisa, rom ivane aTabagi separatistulad ganwyobili feodali iyo da cdilobda aramarto politikuri damoukidebloba moepovebina, aramed
mimoxilva da maTi saerTo istoriul konteqstSi gaazreba am mxaris politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sarwmunoebrivi istoriis mraval sakiTxs hfens naTels da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs javaxeTis gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi. darwmunebulni varT, momavali kvlevebi javaxeTSi met
siaxlesa da sainteresos gamoavlens.
damowmebuli literatura:
i. abulaZe 1991 - sulxan saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem, Tb. 1991; g. abramiSvili… 1989 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi III, freskuli warwerebi I. atenis sioni. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes guram abramiSvilma da zaza aleqsiZem. Tb. 1989; l. axalaZe 2004 - l. axalaZe, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa mefeTa” titulaturis Sesaxeb. weliwdeuli `saistorio Ziabani”, VII, Tb. 2004; l. axalaZe, 2005 - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi. Tb. 2005;
l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
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l. axalaZe, 2008 - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis, krebuli qarTveluri memkvidreoba. t. XII. Tb. 2008; baqraZe 1885 - vaxuSti, saqarTvelos istoria, tf. 1885; v. beriZe 1956 - v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli xuroTmoZRvrebi, Tb. 1956; d. berZeniSvili 1975 - d. berZeniSvili, javaxeTis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, krebuli: saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, t. V. Tb. 1975; n. berZeniSvili 1966 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1966; n. berZeniSvili 1964 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1964; S. gloveli 2004 - S. gloveli, afxazTa samefo, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati. Tb. 2004; i. gagoSiZe… 1992 - i. gagoSiZe, g. gagoSiZe, qarTlis xuroTmoZRvarTuxucesi, literatura da xelovneba, #2-3, 1992; i. doliZe 1970 - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III. tyeqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb. 1970; T. enuqiZe… 1984 - T. enuqiZe, v. silogava, n. SoSiaSvili, 1984, gv. 58:123-126) qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, t. I. IX_XIII ss. Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb. 1984; vaxuSti 1973 - vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, wignSi; qarTlis cxovreba t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1973; k. meliTauri… 1955 - k. meliTauri, n. SoSiaSvili, S. xanTaZe, g. jamburia, varZia, Tb. 1955; m. lorTqifaniZe 1955 - m. lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis karis moxeleni, mski, nakv. 32, Tb. 1955; l. musxeliSvili 1941 - bolok basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matiane, `1233w. teqsti gamosca levan musxeliSvilma, Tb. 1941; el. metreveli 1962 - el. metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962; el. metreveli 1996 - el. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb. 1996; g. oTxmezuri, 1981 - g. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro. Tb. 1981;
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T. Jordania 1897 - qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli Tedo Jordanias mier.. w. II. Tf. 1897; m. rexviaSvili 1992 - m. rexviaSvili, samcxis samTavro Tb. 1992; m. sabinini 1882 - saqarTvelos samoTxe, m. sabininis gamocema, 1882; v. silogava 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I. (IX_XIII ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silogavam. Tb. 1980; v. silogava 1983 - v. silogava, samxreT saqarTvelos warwerebis Seswavla xelnawerTa eqspediciis mier. mravalTavi, X. 1983; v. silogava 2004 - v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, Tb. 2004; s. yauxCiSvili 1955 - leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, wignSi: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1955; s. yauxCiSvili 1951 - T. yauxCiSvili, berZnuli warwerebi saqaTveloSi, Tb. 1951; s. yauxCiSvili 2004 - T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, meore Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb. 2004; n. SoSiaSvili 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I. lapidaruli warwerebi. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V_X ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma. Tb. 1980; v. ciskariSvili, 1959 - v. ciskariSvili, javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. Tb. 1959. gv. 4; iv. javaxiSvili 1982 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni pirveli. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. T. VI. Tb. 1982; iv. javaxiSvili 1983 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebani Tormet tomad. tomi. II. Tb. 1983; javaxeTi, 2000 - javaxeTi. istoriul-xuroTmoZRvruli gzamkvlevi. redaqtori: d. TumaniSvili. teqstis avtorebi: istoria, istoriuli geografia: d. berZeniSvili; nivTieri kulturis Zeglebi: ir. elizbaraSvili, n. vaCeiSvili, c. CaCxunaSvili. Tb. 2000;
Larfeld 1914 - Larfeld 1914, Grichische epigraphic von Wilchelm Larfeld.
Dritte volling neubearbeitete Auflage, mit 4 Teilen, Munchen, 1914;
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Lia Akhaladze
Inscriptions of Javakheti as a historical source
Inscriptionsof Javakheti has a distinguishedandprominentplaceamong the
numerous Georgian epigraphic monuments as in terms ofplurality as due to
the development history of Georgian alphabet and historical-Source
Studyvalues.
The VI th century is a lower chronological limit of Javakheti lapidary
inscriptions. Since that period, during the whole Middle Ages till modern time,
the region has been one of the most important centers of the development of
Georgian culture, among them the written Georgian culture.
The region’s epigraphic monuments can be divided into three main groups
according to their outer sign:
1. Lapidary or inscriptions carved on the stone;
2. Fresco or inscriptions done with paint;
3. Chasing or inscriptions done on metal.
Inscriptions of Javakheti have high values of source studies. It is proved with
the fact that we meet all samples of content classification of Georgian inscriptions,
such as:
Construction inscriptions,
Juridical inscriptions (epigraphic documents),
Memorial inscriptions,
Epigraphic monuments with different contents and mission,
Epitaphs on the grave stones.
Javakheti always had an exceptionally distinguished place in the history of
Georgian state and ecclesiastic constructions. Exactly it has conditioned various
l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro
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and numerous information in the written culture of the region which we meet in
the lapidary inscriptions.
In the inscriptions we meet different social class of the population of old
Georgia beginning with kings and noblemen finishing with simple prayers and
pilgrims. It’s natural that the majority of lapidary inscriptions have been created
by the local residents: handicraftsmen and calligraphists, builders and masters.
They are the very people mentioned in the inscriptions.
Bagrat IV Bagrationi, Davit IV the Builder, Giorgi III, King Tamar, Giorgi
IV Lasha- “ Javakhs’ Sovereign”, David Ulu VII, Gurgen Kurapalati, Avag
Amirspasalari, Shalva and Ivane Akhaltsikhelebi, Anton Chondideli, Catholicos
called Ioane Okropiri, Ivane Atabagi, Liparit Eristavt-Eristavi, Farsman