LI-FI BASED INTELLIGENT VOICE COMMUNICATION AND DEVICE ... · vlc technology over the existing wifi technology and the challenges of new Li-Fi technology. I. Introduction Li-Fi comprises

LI-FI BASED INTELLIGENT VOICE COMMUNICATION AND

DEVICE SWITCHING 1Mrs. Harsha Karamchandani, 2Mr. Dan Singh, 3Mr. Sumit Kumar Ishrawal, 4Mr. Sunit Kumar

Ishrawal, 5Mr. Utpal Karan

Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering, Nagawara, Bangalore – 560045, Karnataka, India

Abstract-Wi-Fi technology becomes more

popular today. Every public spots and

private offices have wifi because of this

wireless spectrum is blocked very

frequently. Due to maximum utility RF

interferences are getting more common to

overcome this problem light fidelity (Li-Fi)

technology was introduced in the year 2011.

Li-Fi is similar to other wireless

communication which uses the

communication medium as light. Visible

light is use to transfer data between the

system instead of radio signals. Li-Fi uses

LED light source to transmit the data

wirelessly this method is widely called as

VLC (visible light communication). A

stream of data transmitted in the way of

pulses of light that cannot be detected by the

naked eye. This paper speaks about the new

vlc technology over the existing wifi

technology and the challenges of new Li-Fi

technology.

I. Introduction

Li-Fi comprises a wide range of frequencies

and wavelengths, from the infrared through

visible and down to the ultraviolet spectrum.

It includes sub-gigabit and gigabit-class

communication speeds for short, medium

and long ranges, and unidirectional and

bidirectional dat transfer using line-of-sight

or diffuse links, reflections and much more.

It is not limited to LED or laser technologies

or to a particular receiving technique. Li-Fi

is a framework for all of these providing

new capabilities to current and future

services, applications and end users. This

brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald

Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in

his TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,

very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit

digital 1;if it’s off you transmit a 0. In

simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a

light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light

instead of radio waves to transmit

information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems,

Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED

lamps that can light a room as well as

transmit and receive information. Since

simple light bulbs are used, there can

technically be any number of access points.

It is possible to encode data in the light by

varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker

on and off to give different strings of 1s and

0s. The LED intensity is modulated so

rapidly that human eyes cannot notice, so

the output appears constant.

II. Principle of Li-Fi technology

The important segment of the Li-Fi

technology is the high power Led lights, led

can be turned on & off quickly because the

reaction time of the led is lesser than 1

microsecond which cannot be detected by

the human eye this will appear to be

continues beam of light. This change from

on state to off state in high frequencies

enables the data transmission. On states ‘1’

and off states ‘0’the data can be encoded

and modulation techniques can be done

faster than the human eye can detect it. A

photo detector can be used to receive the

transmitted data from the light source and

generates the original data. This method

continuously receives the pulses of light and

decode into the stream of data is referred as

VLC (visible light communication).

III. Working and Construction of Li-Fi

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white

LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter.

These devices are normally used for

illumination only by applying a constant

current. However, by fast and subtle

variations of the current, the optical output

can be made to vary at extremely high

speeds. This very property of optical current

is used in Li-Fi setup. The operational

procedure is very simple-, if the LED is on,

you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you

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Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBKCE

transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on

and off very quickly, which gives nice

opportunities for transmitting data.

Li-Fi, or "light fidelity", is a technology,

that can be a complement of RF

communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network),

or a replacement in contexts of data

broadcasting. Li-Fi, like Wi-Fi, is the high

speed, bidirectional and fully networked

subset of visible light communications

(VLC). It is wireless and uses visible light

communication (instead of radio frequency

waves), which carries much more

information, and has been proposed as a

solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations.

Fig.1 Block diagram of Transmitter Section

LIGHT TRANSMITTER: As shown in Fig.1 simple module of Li-Fi Tx

which have two stages pre-amplifier and

power amplifier .At the pre- amplifier circuit

in U1 picks the transducer output ,which

catches the very low pitch sound waves .In

pre-amplifier amplifies voltage sufficiently

The condenser microphone which is biased

through R1 changes its internal-resistance with

respect to the picked sound waves. This

varying signal drives the U1 ic LM 741

through coupling capacitor C1. Hence the

corresponding amplified output signals are

observed at terminal 6 of IC U1& Through P1

we are controlling the gain . The input signals

from condenser microphone and output signals

at 6 terminal are coupled by capacitors C2 to

power amplifier input terminal 3 of IC U2 . In

power amplifier stage. Amplifies both current

and voltage sufficiently then transmitted

through light Tx.

Fig.2 Block diagram of Receiver Section

LIGHT RECEIVER: As shown in Fig.2 simple module of Li-Fi Rx

which have two stages pre-amplifier and

power amplifier .At the pre- amplifier stage

U1 picks the transmitted signal through LDR

RX , which catches the very low pitch sound

waves .In pre-amplifier amplifies the voltage

sufficiently The light Rx Transistor (LDR )

which is biased through R7 & voltage divider

circuit is formed using R1 & R8 resistors. The

varying signal drives the U1 IC LM 358

through coupling capacitor C2. Hence the

corresponding amplified output signals are

observed at terminal 7 of IC U1. In power

amplifier stage.

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Fig.3 Overall Working of Li-Fi

Hardware Used:

1. Transformer 2. Microcontroller 8051

3. Microphone

4. Amplifier

5. LED

6. Photo Diode

7. LCD Display

8. Decoder section

9. Buffer and driver section

10. Audio output

11. Contrast setting section

12. Relays

13. Switching device (ac 230v output)

Software Used:

1. Kiel version3

2. Flash Magic

3. Embedded C

Fig. 3 Shows a Flash Magic window

IV. Theoretical Analysis

In an ordinary inverting amplifier the input

voltage is applied to a resistor, and the

amplifier generates an output voltage in

response to the current that flows through the

input resistor to the virtual ground at the

negative op-amp input. A current-to-voltage

amplifier is an inverting amplifier with the

input current I in applied directly to the

negative op-amp input. Since no current

flows into the op-amp input, the output

voltage must be Vout = Itin X –Rf. This gain

has the units of impedance, and it is often

called a trans-impedance. The current-to

voltage amplifier is called a trans-impedance

amplifier.

Fig.4 shows photo diode & led driving ckt

Fig.5 shows Audio Transmission ckt

The variation in the intensity of the light

source carries the high speed data working of

Li-Fi shown in fig.4. The Led light which has

been placed above the system is connected to

the driver module which drives the led light

source based on the data transmitted through

it. The data has been transmitted in form of

light beam. The receiver segment that has

been placed in the table detects the changes in

the light beam and separates the data from the

light source and generates the electrical signal

based on the intensity of the light fall on it.

The converted signal was transmitted to the

computer or other electronic devices.

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Fig.6 shows lcd interfacing with 8051

A microcontroller is often small and low

cost. The components are chosen to minimize

size and to be as inexpensive as possible. A

microcontroller is often, but not always,

ruggedized in some way. The microcontroller

controlling a car's engine, for example, has to

work in temperature extremes that a normal

computer generally cannot handle. A car's

microcontroller in Kashmir regions has to

work fine in -30 degree F (-34ᵒC) weather,

while the same microcontroller in Gujarat

region might be operating at 120 degrees F

(49ᵒC). When you add the heat naturally

generated by the engine, the temperature can

go as high as 150 or 180 degrees F (65-80ᵒC)

in the engine compartment. On the other

hand, a microcontroller embedded inside a

VCR hasn't been ruggedized at all.

V. Advantages

a) Green information technology: - Green

information technology means that unlike

radio waves and other communication waves

affects on the birds, human bodies etc. Li-Fi

never gives such side effects on any living

thing.

b) Free From Frequency Bandwidth Problem:-

Li-fi is an communication media in the form of

light ,so no matter about the frequency

bandwidth problem . It does not require the

any bandwidth spectrum i.e. we don’t need to

pay any amount for communication and

license

e) Lightings Points Used as Hotspot:- Any

lightings device is performed as a hotspot it

means that the light device like car lights,

ceiling lights, street lamps etc.

VI. Applications:

The remote control devices under the ocean:

radio wave doesn’t work there.

Petrochemical plants: radio wave data

transmission is not secured there.

Street lights, traffic signals: for traffic

update.

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VII. Issues on communication:

Other than the advantages of the Li-Fi

technology it faces more challenges. Li-Fi

needs line of sight transmission limit. It

cannot penetrate any obstacles so even a

person stand between the receiver and the

light source can stop the function of Li-Fi

system which results in failure of system. An

important challenge is how to transmit the

data from reception side to transition side or

vice-versa. When the Li-Fi system is placed

outdoor then the system should face the

changes in climatic conditions and in indoor

the receiving device cannot be shifted around

the places. when we compare in the terms

of power consumption the Li-Fi requires

only the 1 watt of power supply we can

power the led all around the room. Using a

single power led bulb we can connect four

computers to the online with transfer rate of

150mb/s. The speed of the data transitions

getting higher to Gbs by several research

works. While comparing the efficiency,

speed and power consumption the Li-Fi

technology is more effective than that of Wi-

Fi that used widely now a days.

VIII. Experimental Results:

We done this experiment in lab and we

have been got the result as we expect in our

theoretical analysis. In this experiment we

done transferring of data as text and audio

signal and also controlling the switches

through light. Here we have two module

transmitter and receiver and it is unidirectional.

Fig.7 Shows Hardware module of Li-Fi

IX. Conclusion:

The possibilities are numerous and can be

explored further. If his technology can be put

into practical use, every bulb can be used

something like a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit

wireless data and we will proceed toward the

cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The

concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great

deal of interest, not least because it may offer a

genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-

based wireless. As a growing number of

people and their many devices access wireless

internet, the airwaves are becoming

increasingly clogged, making it more and

more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed

signal. This may solve issues such as the

shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and

also allow internet where traditional radio

based wireless isn’t allowed such as aircraft or

hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is

that it only work in direct line of sight.

References:

[1].A. Haas, L. Yin, Y. Wang and C. Chen,

"What is LiFi?," in Journal of

LightwaveTechnology,vol.34,no.6,pp.1533-

1544,March15,2016.

[2].R. Scopigno, A. Autolitano, T. Acarman, Ç

Yaman and S. Topsu, "The potential benefits

of on-board Li-Fi for the cooperation among

vehicles," 2015 17th International Conference

on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON),

Budapest, 2015.

[3].H. Haas and C. Chen, "What is LiFi?,"

Optical Communication (ECOC), 2015

European Conference on, Valencia, 2015, pp.

1-3.

[4].N. A. Abdulsalam, R. A. Hajri, Z. A. Abri,

Z. A. Lawati and M. M. Bait-Suwailam,

"Design and implementation of a vehicle to

vehicle communication system using Li-Fi

technology," Information and Communication

Technology Research (ICTRC), 2015

International Conference

[5].Y. Wang, X. Wu and H. Haas, "Distributed

load balancing for Internet of Things by using

Li-Fi and RF hybrid network," Personal,

Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications

(PIMRC), 2015 IEEE 26th Annual

International Symposium on, Hong Kong,

2015, pp. 1289-1294.

[6].H. Haas, "Visible light communication,"

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Optical Fiber Communications Conference

and Exhibition (OFC),2015,LossAngeles,

CA,2015,pp.1-72.

[7].T. Cogalan, H. Haas and E. Panayirci,

"Power Control-Based Multi-User Li-Fi Using

a Compound Eye Transmitter," 2015 IEEE

Global Communications Conference

(GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, 2015, pp.1-6.

[8].Y. Wang, S. Videv and H. Haas, "Dynamic

load balancing with handover in hybrid Li-Fi

and Wi-Fi networks," 2014 IEEE 25th Annual

International Symposium on Personal, Indoor,

and Mobile Radio Communication

(PIMRC),Washington DC,2014, pp.575-579.

[9] Analytical study of Wi-Fi. Prof. Y.P.Singh

– Pradeep mIttal 2013

[10] prof. (Dr.) Y.P. Singh “A Comparative

and critical technical study of Li-Fi (A Future

communication) V/S Wi-Fi,” International

Journal of IT, Engineering and applied

sciences research (IJIEASR) ISSN: 2319-

4413, Vol 2, No. 4, April 2013

[11] ”Visible-light communication: Tripping

the light fantastic: A fast and cheap optical

version of Wi-Fi is coming”, Economist, dated

28Jan 2012

[12] “Will Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New

Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe”, dated 28 July

2011

[13].H. Park, J. Friedman, P. Gutierrez, V.

Samanta, J. Burke and M. B. Srivastava,

"Illumimote: Multimodal and High-Fidelity

Light Sensor Module for Wireless Sensor

Networks," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 7,

no. 7, pp. 996-1003, July 2007.

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Greenhouse Monitoring Using GSM

Samuel K Justus1, Humeera Siddiqua2, Shahbaaz Khan3, Sanjay M4

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Final year B.E students,Department of ECE, HKBKCollege of Engineering,

Bangalore-45, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Greenhouse monitoring is an essential one for

variableclimate changes. GSM technologies have been

rapidly developing wireless technology during recent

years. Starting from telecommunication and industrial

controls, it is now being applied in environmental

monitoring and agriculture. The old wired greenhouse

network wouldmake the measurement system expensive

and vulnerable. Moreover, the cabled measurement

points are difficult to relocate once they are installed.

This paper propose modern greenhouse measurement

system using ambient intelligence, the GSM-SMS and

sensors are used to sense climate parameters and

transmit data through wireless communication.

Keywords: Greenhouse, GSM, Wireless Sensor Network,

Environmental, Ambient Intelligence, CO2 Emission.

I. INTRODUCTION

A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic

roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; the

incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants,

soil, and other things inside the building [1].

Moreover, a greenhouse protects and a controls

environment for rising plants indoors. As we know,

most of the gar-dener uses manual system of

watering to their plant in the garden and also in the

greenhouse. This system is inefficient since when we

manually do this, the possibility to get some plant can

drown. In order to overcome this problem, automatic

greenhouse used.

The greenhouse automatic control system will fully

automate the management of a greenhouse using the

latest pervasive systems and technology. The

proposed system controls and monitors light

intensity, soil and air humidity using an Arduino and

GSM modules.

A temperature sensor, humidity sensor, soil moisture

and light sensor which are automatically controlled

are used in our project. The concern with a lot of

consumer needs and demand for the agriculture

products has stimulated awareness among the farmer

that increases their products in the market by

implementing advance technologies in this industry.

This project uses sensors and Global System for

Mobile Communication (GSM) and short message

service (SMS) to carry out data from the green house

with sensors directly alert the farmers to their mobile

phone. Therefore, this makes controlling plants easier

by directly sending alert notification messages to

farmers using GSM and SMS technology. So, this

project aims to design a smart greenhouse model

controlled automatically by a keypad. Parameters like

humidity, temperature and lightning will be

controlled by ARDUINO UNO microcontroller. Each

of these parameters is measured by a sensor that is set

at a specific range, if this sensor signals any change

in that range, the system will take the appropriate

action required, and the system sends a daily report to

the user by SMS.

When the main system identified the hazardous

condition then GSM modem activated and send the

message to another modem which is connected to

computer system and Computer system store the log

of SMS received and send and New SMS send to first

GSM and after receiving SMS, main unit can starting

the operation on greenhouse system.

Greenhouses allow you to control the temperature

and humidity, a manipulation that allows you to grow

vegetables year round. In these closed microcosm,

you can mimic the climate of any section of the

world. You also have more control of the climate,

leading to better crops.

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The system shown (figure 1) measures the values of

temperature, humidity, light in the greenhouse by

sensors and sends the data that was measured to the

Arduino. The Arduino processes the data and

controls the fan, dc motor, sprinkler and light to

maintain suitable conditions in the greenhouse.

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This project consists of Arudino, temperature sensor

(LM 35), LDR (light dependant resistor) and a

humidity sensor (DHT 11). All these sensors are

connected to controller which is main processing unit

of the system.

Figure 1 Block Diagram

The sensors sense different conditions and provide

data to controller for processing. From the data

obtained from the sensors the program controls the

actuator components heater, two cooler fans and

pump to achieve the system requirements. The

Greenhouse Automation for monitoring and

controlling of temperature, light, and humidity, etc is

shown in figure 1.

The temperature sensor which is LM35 acts as an

analog input to the controller and is connected to the

A0 pin of the Arduino, similarly the humidity sensor

also serves as the analog input to the controller and is

connected to the A1 pin of the Arduino.

The LDR and Water level sensor serves as the digital

input and is connected to the 9th and 8th pin of

Arduino. The relay switches are connected to the 4th

5th 6th and 7th pin.

III. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

A. ARDUINO

Arduino (figure1) is an open-source electronics

prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. It's intended for artists,

designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in

creating interactive objects or environments

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving

input from a variety of sensors and can affect its

surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other

actuators. The microcontroller on the board is

programmed using the c++language .Arduino

projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate

with software running on a computer (e.g. Flash,

Processing, MaxMSP)

Memory

The ATmega328 has 256 KB of flash memory for

storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the boot

loader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM

(which can be read and written with the EEPROM)

and that is enough of our system.

Figure 2 Arduino

B. DC Motor

A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric

motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator

is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is

its current. The current in the rotor is switched by the

commutator to also be stationary in space. This is

how the relative angle between the stator and rotor

magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which

generates the maximum torque.

DC motors have a rotating armature winding but non-

rotating armature magnetic field and a static field

winding or permanent magnet. Different connections

of the field and armature winding provide different

inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The

speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing

the voltage applied to the armature or by changing

the field current. The introduction of variable

resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit

allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often

controlled by power electronics systems called DC

drives.

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Figure 3 DC Motor

C. Temperature Sensor

An analog temperature sensor is pretty easy to

explain, it's a chip that tells you what the ambient

temperature is. These sensors use a solid-state

technique to determine the temperature. That is to

say, they don't use mercury (like old thermometers),

bimetallic strips (like in some home thermometers or

stoves), nor do they use thermistors (temperature

sensitive resistors). Instead, they use the fact as

temperature increases, the voltage across a diode

increases at a known rate. (Technically, this is

actually the voltage drop between the base and

emitter - the Vbe - of a transistor. By precisely

amplifying the voltage change, it is easy to generate

an analog signal that is directly proportional to

temperature. There have been some improvements on

the technique but, essentially that is how temperature

is measured.

Because these sensors have no moving parts, they are

precise, never wear out, don't need calibration, work

under many environmental conditions, and are

consistent between sensors and readings. Moreover

they are very inexpensive and quite easy to use.

Figure 4 LM-35

D. Float Level Sensor

In these level sensors, a float moves with the liquid

surface. The float is connected to a core via a spring.

A magnetic reed switch is mounted in the

hermetically sealed core and the core moves inside a

stem with the float movement. The stem is encircles

by powerful magnets. As the float rises or lowers

with liquid level, the reed switch gets operated due to

the magnetic field generated by the magnets.

E. Humidity sensor

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount

of water vapor in air can affect human comfort as

well as many manufacturing processes in industries.

The presence of water vapor also influences various

physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Humidity measurement in industries is critical

because it may affect the business cost of the product

and the health and safety of the personnel. Hence,

humidity sensing is very important, especially in the

control systems for industrial processes and human

comfort.

Figure 6 Humidity sensor

F. GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem

which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a

subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile

phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM

modem looks just like a mobile phone.

GSM Modem comes in various interfaces, such as

PCMCIA Type II, USB, and Serial. GSM Modem is

However the main difference is that GSM Modem is

wireless, while dial-up modem is wired.

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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications,

originally Group Spécial Mobile), is a standard

developed by the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for

second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used

by mobile phones. It became the de facto global

standard for mobile communications with over 80%

market share.

G. LDR

Figure 7 LDR

Light Dependent Resistors (LDR sensor) used to

measure amount of light, LDR are very useful in

light/dark sensor circuits, felled on it and send at

output analog value to be convert to digital by ADC

device. LDR device has a resistance which varies

according to the amount of light falling on its surface.

Since LDR is extremely sensitive in visible light

range.

IV. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

A. Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment

(IDE) is a cross-platform app. written in Java, and is

derived from the IDE for the Processing

programming language and the Wiring projects.

• A program or code written for Arduino is

called a "sketch".

• The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain

and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses

avrdude to upload programs to the board.

V. ADVANTAGES

Greenhouses allow you to control the temperature

and humidity, a manipulation that allows you to grow

vegetables year round. In these closed microcosm,

you can mimic the climate of any section of the

world. You also have more control of the climate,

leading to better crops.

1. Saves money, time, and effort.

2. Provides a better environment to the plant to

prevent it from damage and to increase its

productivity.

3. Some plants require a longer period of

lighting than other plants; the smart greenhouse will

provide the right amount of lighting.

4. Automatically controls the amount of water

needed for each plant.

5. 10-12% increase in yield depending upon

the type of greenhouse, type of crop, environmental

control facilities

6. Reliability of crop increases in green house

cultivation

7. Expands your growing season

8. Expanding the variety among your produce

9. Minimize external threats to your crop

VI. DISADVANTAGES

The disadvantages of this project are

1. There should be good network coverage else

there will be delay in sending or receiving SMS.

2. The cost of the project is little on the

expensive side and is ideal for top level farming.

3. High upfront and operating expenses

4. Lack of pollination

5. Careful precautions must be taken to

eliminate any pest or diseases to make sure your next

crop won’t be affected

VII. RESULTS

Once the intensity of the light falling on the sensor

decreases the sensor generates a signal to the

controller which is the Arduino board and the

controller sends a signal to the GSM module which

sends a message over the network to the user, thus

enabling the user to have constant monitoring over

the system (figure 8).

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Figure 8

The above figure shows the screenshot of the users

mobile when the system detects low light (figure 8).

Figure 9

The above figure shows the screenshot of the users

mobile when the system detects high temperature

(figure 9).

The below figure shows the screenshot of the users

mobile when the system detects high temperature

(figure 10).

Figure 10

VIII. CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE

A greenhouse environment monitoring system was

developed. The system could monitor temperature

and humidity, soil water content and CO2

concentration in greenhouse. The obtained data by

using the system will be able to provide the data

support for vegetable planting in greenhouse. The

system is reliable and runs stably. The man-machine

interface of the software system is friendly. This

system provides a good solution for centralized

management of the greenhouse group.

Automated greenhouse monitoring system consists of

various sensors, namely soil moisture, temperature

and light. These sensors sense various parameters

temperature, soil moisture and light intensity and are

then sent to the controller and control action taken by

the controller to compare with preset values. This

eliminates risk of greenhouse not being maintained at

specific environmental conditions due to human error

and labour cost can be reduced and it is eco-friendly.

Pests are eliminated by this system and also the

quality of yield can be increased.

The circuit as it is can be improved in many ways and

can be used in wide applications. It can be placed and

operated in any of the environmental conditions.

Non-conventional energy sources such as solar

panels, wind mills are used to supply power to the

automatic greenhouse equipment’s. AGMS has a

bright scope of future in agriculture field and it will

create a revolution in it.

The system could be developed by different ways

such as sending emails when an alarm happens, or

using different devices such as PLCs , in addition to

measure the conditions that have been mentioned ,

other conditions may be included like shade and fire

detection .

During the hot summer day , the bright sun may

cause the temperature inside the greenhouse rises to

an extreme heat. With the Arduino , the authorized

user can open up the vents to allow the fresh air enter

the greenhouse by simply calling the Arduino unit.

Or we could use Air Conditioner if it is possible.

REFERENCES

[1] PRAKASH.H.PATIL, CHAITALI BORSE, SNEHAL

GAIKWAD, SHILPA PATIL, 2013, GREENHOUSE

MONITORING SYSTEM USING GSM, international journal of

scientific & engineering research, volume 4, issue 6, issn 2229-

5518.4

[2] SUMIT A. KHANDELWAL ET AL, 2012, AUTOMATED

GREEN HOUSE MANAGEMENT USING GMS MODEM,

(IJCSIT) international journal of computer science and information

technologies , vol. 3 (1) , 3099 – 3102.

[3] DR. LONGMONT .(2008). GSM/GPRS MODULE

linkspritetechnolgies, co 80503, 13

[4] ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GREENHOUSE

retrieved from the ehow online website: http://www.ehow.com

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[5] GSM CHARACTERISTICS. RETRIEVED FROM THE GSM

SERVER ONLINE WEBSITE:

http://gsmserver.com/articles/gsm_charact.php

[6] ARDUINO MEGA retrieved from the online website

http://arduino.cc/en/main/arduinoboardmega

[7] V. RYAN . LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS.( 2002 - 04) ,

from http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/ldr1.htm

[8] HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR. retrieved from

the online website: https://www.sparkfun.com

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Protection of Crops and Proper Usage of Rain

Water Using GSM Rohan Sherikar1, Rakshith Kumar HP2, Santosh3

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Final year B.E students, Under the Guidance of Mr. Mohamed Jebran P. Asst.Prof Department of ECE,

HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore-45, Karnataka, India

Abstract- The Embedded Technology is now in its prime

and the wealth of Knowledge available is mind-blowing.

Embedded technology plays a major role in integrating

the various functions associated with it. This needs to tie

up the various sources of the Department in a closed loop

system. This proposal greatly reduces the manpower,

saves time and operates efficiently without human

interference. This project puts forth the first step in

achieving the desired target. With the advent in

technology, the existing systems are developed to have in

built intelligence.

I. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is a backbone of our country.

About 70% of India’s revenue comes from

agriculture. This objective is achieved with

Embedded System design using GSM technology.

The actual concept of this project is protecting the

crops from heavy rainfall by covering the field

automatically and also to save the collected rain

water. The saved water can be used for other

purposes such as feeding animals, washing, drinking,

cooking etc.In this project we are proposing the

model which prevents spoilage of crops due to heavy

and uneven rainfall. The actual concept of this project

is protecting the crops from heavy rainfall by

covering the field automatically and also to save the

collected rain water. The saved water can be used for

other purposes such as feeding animals, washing,

drinking, cooking etc. To achieve this we are

interfacing bidirectional dc motor and GSM module

with a 8051 family microcontroller called AT89C51

.This proposal greatly reduces the manpower, saves

time and operates efficiently without human

interference. This project puts forth the first step in

achieving the desired target. With the advent in

technology, the existing systems are developed to

have in built intelligence.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

With continuous increase in population the

demand of food is shooting up. However we are not

able to pace up according to our requirement. The

problem arises due to lack of government support,

conventional methods, and lack of proper knowledge.

There is a need for a regular up gradation in the

farming techniques and process. To develop

sophisticated ways, appropriate information is

required not only of the complex circuits but also of

the nature of soil, type, nature of crops planted and

weather conditions.

A. Existing System:

In the Current system there is no protection

for crops against natural disasters such as Floods,

Rains and as well as from over Sun heat. Which are

in turn Reduces the plant growth in turn reduces

yield. The farmers commit suicides after their crops

got destroyed due to natural weather Calamities.

Only Weather updates or alert are given to formers

through Media. But there is no exact time alert or

there is no system which can protect former Crops.

B. Proposed System: An Intelligent System is

designed to protect former crops from

natural disasters such as over rains ,floods

and even from Over Sun heat. A movable

Panel is designed to protect agriculture

field. During rains and other sudden

weather changes the sensor connected in the

land detects and intimation will be sent to

Former Using GSM techogy. Former can

move panel According to his crop

requirement. If the Former Doesn’t reply the

system Works in automatic Mode Such that

the moisture Sensor Connected in Land

Detects the Moisture Levels in Land and

Initiates the appropriate action required to

increase the yield. The water falling on

panel will be falling on other side of the land

due to the mechanism and by using the

water pump the water can be stored (Rain

water Harvesting) and former can use it

when there is requirement.

C. Difference between our system and existing

systems

Our system mainly concentrates on protecting crops

from heavy rain as well as excessive sunlight at a

lesser cost. In our system we have made use of

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AT89S52 compared to MSP430 which is costlier. A

movable Panel is designed to protect agriculture

field. We have added the application of protection

of crops from excessive sunlight and also rain water

harvesting which were not present in the earlier

systems.

III. DESIGN PRINCIPLE

A. Basic block diagram

The main objective of this project is to protect

the crops from heavy rainfall and excessive

sunlight.In case of heavy rainfall or high

temperature the farmer will send a signal or a

message to start the operations. As soon as the

GSM module receives the signal using IC

MAX232 the microcontroller AT89C51 is

enabled.

Fig 3.1 Basic block diagram

The first operation of microcontroller is to

activate the dc motor in such a way that it starts

rotating in clockwise direction to cover the sheet over

the crops. Hence the crop is covered by the sheet over

the agriculture land & crop is protected. The required

protection is fabricated by adjustable pole which

enables the adjustment of height. The microcontroller

is used to control this operation using GSM

technology which enables the farmer to control the

operation from the remote place. Even System works

in automated mode i.e. when former doesn’t respond

to the request from GSM, it checks the moisture

content of the soil using moisture sensor and initiates

appropriate action required to protect crop.To make

the system more effective drip lines can be laid down

so that water directly reaches the roots or else a

sprinkler can be used which involves the use of a

simple rotor. This system can not only improve the

work efficiency, net yield but also can save human

and material resources.

B. Hardware Requirements

1. Microcontroller

2. GSM.

3. DC Motor

4. Moisture Sensor

5. Rain Detection Sensor

6. Temperature Sensor

7. Power Supply

8. LCD Display

C. Software Requirements

1. Embedded C

2. Keil Compiler

3. µVISION 3

4. Flash Magic

IV. IMPLEMENTATION.

A. Microcontroller

The pin 10, 31 is connected to the +5V

supply which is used to power the

microcontroller. Pins 1 to 8 are used as LCD data

and command lines. Pin 9 is used as reset. Pins

38 and 39 are connected to DC Motor Driver

L293D which is used for controlling forward and

reverse rotation of motor automatically. Pin 20

is used as ground. Pin 16 is connected to

moisture sensor which gives logical 1 when the

waste is wet and 0 when waste is dry. Pin 17 is

connected to Rain detection sensor which gives

logical 1 when theit is raining and 0 when it is

not raining. Pin 11 is connected to GSM

module. Pins 21 to 28 are connected to ADC which in

turn is connected to temperature sensor. Pins 32-34 are

connected to ADC which are connected to INTR,

READ and WRITE signals.

B. Steps of Implementation

Initially when the system is turned on the

moisture and the rain detection sensors are

set to high values, temperature sensor is set

to normal value, the water pump is off,

GSM module is turned on and the sheet

covering the crops is in open position.

Now the values are read from the three

sensors and given to the microcontroller and

the output is shown on the 2*16 LCD

display.

We are using AT89S52 microcontroller

which is a low-power, high performance

CMOS 8bit microcontroller with 8k bytes

of in-system programmable flash memory.

If the output of the moisture sensor is low

then a message is sent to the farmer through

the GSM module and the water pump is

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Techno Buzz


turned on so that the field can be irrigated

with the water collected through rain water

harvesting. If the output of the moisture

sensor is high then no changes are done and

it keeps on sensing.

If the Rain detection sensor output is high,

it is displayed on the LCD display, then a

message is send to the farmer through GSM

module and then a signal is sent from the

microcontroller to the DC motor to cover

the farm with the sheet and protect the crops

from heavy rainfall and the rain water is

collected and rain water harvesting is done.

If the temperature sensor output is high, it is

displayed on the LCD display, then a

message is send to the farmer through GSM

module and then a signal is sent from the

microcontroller to the DC motor to cover

the farm with the sheet and protect them

from excessive sunlight.

When the value of the Rain detection sensor

output is low i.e. there is no rain then the

microcontroller sends signal to the DC

motor and the DC motor this time rotates in

the reverse direction and the sheet covering

the crops comes back to open position.

When the value of the temperature sensor

output is low then the microcontroller sends

signal to the DC motor and the DC motor

this time rotates in the reverse direction and

the sheet covering the crops comes back to

open position. We have used 2*16 LCD to

display different types of messages.

V. ADVANTAGES,

DISADVANTAGES &

APPLICATIONS

A. ADVANTAGES:

Easy to implement

Safety against Rains and Excess Solar

Energy

Increase in Yield

It has been easier to raise crops that are

classified as genetically modified because

all of their examples have the stronger

ability to resist pests. This attribute helps

farmers with producing greater amounts of

crops or foods.

Environmental Protection

According to an Oklahoma State University

report, crops often requires less time, tools

and chemicals, and may help with reducing

greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion and

environmental pollution.

Decrease in Food Prices

Due to higher yield and lower costs, food

prices would go down. As people in poorer

countries spend over half of their income on

food alone, this means automatic reduction

of poverty.

Decrease in Global Warming

As more plants and crops can be grown and

at more areas, including those that were

previously unsuitable for farming, oxygen in

the environment is increased, decreasing the

proportion of carbon dioxide and, in turn,

reducing global warming.

Stronger Crops

Another benefit of this technology is

believed to bring about is that crops are

engineered to withstand weather extremes

and fluctuations, which means that there will

be good quality and sufficient yields even

under a poor or severe weather condition.

B. DISADVANTAGES:

Initial Setup cost is high

Regular Maintenance of the system is

required.

Widening Gap of Corporate Sizes

This disadvantage can possibly happen

between food-producing giants and their

smaller counterparts, causing a

consolidation in the market. There would

be fewer competitors, which could increase

the risk of oligopolies and food price

increases.

Lower Level of Biodiversity

One big potential drawback of this

technology is that some organisms in the

ecosystem could be harmed, which in turn

could lead to a lower level of biodiversity.

C. APPLICATIONS

The project is used for protecting the crops from

heavy rainfall by covering the field automatically

and also to save the collected rain water. The

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saved water can be used for other purposes such

as feeding animals, washing, drinking, cooking

etc.

VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

SCOPE

The following results are obtained

1. Protection of crops against rains and floods

2. Protection against excess Solar energy

3. Intelligent Sensor based switching

4. Automatic intimation to farmers

5. Rain water harvesting

Education and guidance for farmers, so that

they follow the guidelines, are an important way

of ensuring the protection of crops. Training

courses will increase farmers' knowledge, and

sometimes solve farmers' on-site problems.

By using solar roof tops instead of normal

panels we can generate energy from it and same

can be used for Agriculture activities.

REFERENCES

[1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispe Mazidi,

“The

8051microcontroller and embedded systems”,

Pearson

education ltd., India, 2013.

[2] Raj Kamal, “Embedded systems architecture, programming and design” Tata McGraw-Hill Ltd.

[3] National Semiconductor Corporation, ADC 0809 data

sheet,

8-bit Microprocessor compatible A/D converters with

8- channel multiplexer, national Semiconductor data

book,

October 2002.

[4] Clemens, A.J. 1990.Feedback Control for Surface

Irrigation Management in: Visions of the Future. ASAE

Publication

04-90. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 255-260.

[5] Venkata Naga, Rohit Gunturi, microcontroller based automatic plant irrigation system, IJART April 2013

16

Techno Buzz


INTERACTIVE DIGITAL SIGNAGE FOR SMART EDUCATION

CAMPUS 1Mr. Shaik Imam, 2Mr. Raushankumar, 3Mr. Ravi prajapati, 4Mr. Ram raksha G, 5Ms. Dhanalakshmi S

Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering, Nagawara, Bangalore – 560045, Karnataka, India

Abstract This project is about a remotely managed

digital signage system design considering

embedded system design rules and chara-

cteristics. Digital signage system design is

based on various methods of using comp uter

and television screens as well as other kinds of

display devices in ways that are as efficient as

possible to provide advertising and

information to people in public areas. In

modern digital signage systems, the screens

are divided into regions and layers, and the

content on the screens is made up of several

files. The goals of this study are broadcasting

information, advertisements at display

contents in public areas such as; subways,

buses, malls, city squares and control these

digital signs remotely.

INTRODUCTION

In this world everyone needs a comfort

living life. Man has researched different

technology for his

sakeoflife.Intoday’sworldofconnected,peo

plearebecomingaccustomedtoeasyaccessto

information.Whether it’s through the

internet or television, people want to be

informed and up-to-date with

thelatesteventshappeningaroundtheworld(J

.S.Lee2007).Wirednetworkconnectionsuch

asEthernethasmanylimitationsdependingo

ntheneedandtypeofconnection.Nowaday’s

peoplepreferwirelessconnectionbecausethe

ycaninteractwithpeopleeasilyanditrequirel

esstime.Themainobjectiveofthis project is

to develop a wireless notice board that

display message sent from the user and to

designasimple,easytoinstall,userfriendlysy

stem,whichcanreceiveanddisplaynoticeina

particularmannerwithrespecttodateandtime

whichwillhelptheusertoeasilykeepthetrack

ofnoticeboardeverydayandeachtimeheuses

thesystem.GSMandWi-

Fiarethewirelesstechnologyused.Temperat

ureandhumidity monitoring using sensor is

also included in our system, and we are

using camera fordisplayingthe surrounding

events so it is a multipurpose notification

system for public and utility places.

Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:Infirstsecti

onwediscusstheliteraturesurveyofvariouss

ystems.Inthenextsectionwediscusstheprop

osedsystemandthenprocessflowandthenap

plication.Inthelastsectionwe draw a

conclusion out of all the discussion

followed by a list ofreferences.

Fig.1 shows interfacing with Raspberry pi

II. Principle of Digital Signage

The Internet of Things (IoT) is not only

aboutimproving business processes, but has

also the potential to profoundly impact the life

of many citizens. Likewise the IoT can provide

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Techno Buzz


an useful tool for the longitudinal observation

of humanbehavior and the understanding of

behavioral patterns that can inform further IoT

technology design. Today experimentationwith

IoT technologies is predominately carried out

in lab basedtest beds. There is however an

emerging need for increased realismof the

experimentation environment, as well as

involvement ofreal end users into the

experimentation lifecycle. In this paper we

present Smart Campus, a user centric

experimental researchfacility for IoT

technologies. The current test bed

deploymentis focused on Smart Buildings, a

key building block for citiesof the future.

III. Working and Construction of Digital

Signage Unlike current lab based test beds, Smart

Campusdeeply embeds heterogeneous IoT

devices as a programmableexperimentation

substrate in a real life office environment

andmakes flexible experimentation with real

end users possible. Wepresent the architecture

realization of the current facility

andunderlying considerations that motivated

its design. Using severalrecent experimental

use cases, we demonstrate the usefulness

ofsuch experimental facilities for user-centric

IoTresearch.The recent rise of Smarter Cities

is fueled by the emer-gence of Internet of

Things (IoT) technologies, which

whenstrategically deployed throughout a city

can act as enablers forSmartness in a variety of

problem domains. The IoT facilitatesthe

effective integration of the real world with the

digital worldby providing machines and

information systems with increasedreal world

awareness and greater ability to influence real

worldprocesses. It will allow a better

understanding of the nature ofcomplex

interdependent eco-systems of dense urban life

andimproved (autonomous) decision making

capabilities providingthe means to optimize

and manage urban services in moreefficient

and effective ways.An important structural

element of Smart Cities are buildings - be it

residential or commercial - in which people

spenda significant amount of time in their

daily lives. Making thesebuildings smart with

IoT technologies will not only improvethe

quality of life and convenience of citizens in

indoor spaces,but also contribute towards more

sustainable cities throughmore efficient

utilization of scarce resources such as

energy,gas and water.

Fig.2 Block diagram of proposed system

An important structural element of Smart

Cities are buildings - be it residential or

commercial - in which people spenda

significant amount of time in their daily lives.

Making thesebuildings smart with IoT

technologies will not only improvethe quality

of life and convenience of citizens in indoor

spaces,but also contribute towards more

sustainable cities throughmore efficient

utilization of scarce resources such as

energy,gas and water. However building

reliable IoT based technology solutionsand

services that can be deployed at scale requires

adequateexperimentation environments, in

which these technologies can be matured and

their effectiveness understood before

commercial roll-out. A recent survey on

IoTtestbeds highlightsgaps in existing facilities

and identified various desired properties for

suitable facilities for IoT experimentation.

Amongthese properties, the realism of

experimentation environment,IoT device

heterogeneity and real end user involvement in

the experimentation life cycle are important

dimensions to improveupon existing lab based

IoTtestbeds, which we tackle in ourSmart

Campus testbed. Increased realism implies

matching theexperimentation conditions as

close as possible to the typicallyoperating

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conditions that the final solutions are expected

tobe deployed. This way design flaws or

imperfections canbe earlier detected and

evened out, thus reducing the costof roll out

and maturation time. Increased heterogeneity

ofIoT devices offers experimenters with more

experimentationoptions and resembles more

closely how IoT environmentsare expected to

be at more mature deployment stages.

Theinvolvement of real end users in the

experimentation life-cycle has a particular

importance, as the effectiveness of

IoTsolutions cannot be fully understood

without considering thehuman dimension in

experimentation. Despite good technicalmerits

of an IoT solution, it may not be easily

acceptedby technology users, e.g. due to its

intrusiveness. LikewiseIoT solutions, although

efficient in design, may not havethe desired

effect in cases where systems cannot rely

onautonomous decision making alone and

human behavior playsstill an important role.

Involving users into IoT experimentation

allows scientist also to gain a deeper

understanding ofhuman behavior, due to the

observation capabilities pervasivelydeployed

IoT technologies offer. Some of existing

testbeds have already overcome the boundaries

of the lab, spanning entire buildings with

heterogeneous devices.Theinvolvement of real

end users in the experimentation life-cycle has

a particular importance, as the effectiveness of

IoTsolutions cannot be fully understood

without considering thehuman dimension in

experimentation. Thesetestbeds however

mainly support communication level

orientedexperiments. Others are focused on

specific applications suchas energy

monitoring, thus becoming very specific

andclosed to easy reconfiguration and

effective inclusion of users.

Hardware Used:

1. Adapter 2. Raspberry pi1

3. Raspberry pi3

4. Camera

5. LAN

6. Micro SD Card

7. LCD Display

Software Used:

1. Advance IP Scanner

2. Putty

3. Yodec

4. Webiopi

Fig. 3 Shows a IP scanner window

Fig.4 shows Putty configuration

Fig.5 shows invoking raspberry pi

V. Advantages

It is a wireless system.

Text and images can be entered from

remote place.

Printing and photocopying cost is

eliminated.

Save money, energy and resource.

A lot of interaction and information

sharing occurs.

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Techno Buzz


http://raspberry-at-home.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/putty_advip_scanner.png

http://raspberry-at-home.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/putty_putty.png

http://raspberry-at-home.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/putty_connected.png

The Raspberry Pi is of low cost with a

bright future.

Can be easily managed by a single

person.

Time-sensitive information can be

passed in a faster manner.

Attention-grabbing way to pass the

information to the audience.

VI. Applications:

In Educational institutions and

organizations for displaying the

notices.

In crime preventions: Display

boards put up on the roads will

display tips on public security,

accident preventions.

Information on criminals on the

run.

In metropolitan cities for managing

traffic.

Advertisement: In shopping malls.

Railway stations: Instead of only

announcing the delay in arrival of

trains we can display the

information.

VIII. Experimental Results:

We done this experiment in lab and we

have been got the result as we expect in our

theoretical analysis. In this experiment we

done transferring of data as text and video

signal from a remote place through internet.

Here we have two module transmitter and

receiver and it is unidirectional.

Fig.6 Shows invoking raspberry pi through PUTTY

terminal

Fig.7 shows live video streaming

20

Techno Buzz


Fig.8 shows text transmission

Fig.9 shows text and image transmission

IX. Conclusion:

Now the world is moving towards automation,

so in this world if we wants to some changes

in previously used system we have to use the

new techniques. Wireless operation provides

fast transmission over long range

communication. It saves resource and time.

Data can be sent from remote locations. User

authentication is provided. Previously the

notice boards using GSM was used in that

there was the limit of messages but in our

system this limitation is eliminated. Text

messages and Multimedia data can be seen

whenever we want to see. We are using the

CCTV camera in the same system.In

conclusion, the digital signage has a huge

scope and certainly seems like the right step

towards the direction of understanding the

needs of the customer better, especially, for

the brick & mortar format of retail stores or

offices. It has found to be extremely effective

in increasing the footfall , generating

enquiries, improving brand awareness

,reducing perceived wait times, improving

operational efficiency and most importantly,

making stores and offices visit a fabulous

experience. Thus, delay in the adoption of the

digital signage will not be a wise move.

References:

[ii]. Adobe. Real-time messaging protocol

(rtmp) specification.

http://www.adobe.com/devnet/rtmp.html,

2015. Last accessed May 9, 2015.

[iii]. R. Arutyunyan. Nginx-based media

streaming server.

https://github.com/arut/nginx-rtmp-module,


[iv]. [10] A. Dan and D. Sitaram. Load

balancing in video-on-demand servers by

allocating buffer to streams with successively

larger buffer requirements until the buffer

requirements of a stream can not be satisfied,

Aug. 6 1996. US Patent 5,544,327.

[v]. de Volkskrant. Nederland op vijfdeplek

met bijnamiljoennetflix-abonnees.

http://www.volkskrant.nl/media/nederland-

opvijfde-plek-met-bijna-miljoen-

netflixabonnees a3851031/, 2015. Last

accessed May 29, 2015.

[vi]. R. P. FOUNDATION. Raspberry pi 2

model b.

https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/

raspberry-pi-2-model-b/, 2015. Last accessed

May 29, 2015.

[vii]. K. W. R. James F. Kurose. Computer

Networking A Top-Down Approach. Pearson,

sixth edition edition, 2012. ISBN 978-0-13-

285620-1.

[viii]. D. Knight. Dietpi for raspberry pi’s.

http:

//fuzon.co.uk/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=6,


[ix]. W. media systems. The world’s leading

streaming technology.

http://www.wowza.com/, 2015. Last accessed

May 29, 2015

[x]. D. Meisner, B. T. Gold, and T. F.

Wenisch. Powernap: eliminating server idle

power. ACM SIGARCH Computer

Architecture News, 37(1): 205–216, 2009. doi:

10.1145/1508244.1508269.

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[xi]. J. Player. Jw player.

http://www.jwplayer.com/, 2015. Last

accessed May 29, 2015.

[xii]. R. W. Server. Comparing the

performance of nginx and apache web servers.

http://raspberrywebserver.com/raspberrypiclus

ter/ comparing-the-performance-of-nginx-and-

apacheweb-servers.html, 2014. Last accessed

June 5, 2015.

[xiii]. techrepublic. 10 things you should know

about microservers.

http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/

10-things-you-should-know-about-

microservers/, 8 2013. Last accessed May 9,

2015.

22

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E-MAT SYSTEM FOR JEWELLRY SECURITY SHOP

Ismail zabiulla.s1, Malashree2, Asfiya siddiqa3 , Sumitha.J4, Shireen fathima5,

1,2,3,4Students, H.K.B.K COLLEGE of engineering , S No,22/1,Nagawara Bangalore-45

5Assistant Professor, HKBK College of Engineering.

Abstract

GSM based security system are much more stout then an

ordinary security system . The ordinary systems are simply

based on the concept of sensors. They sound an alarm on

detecting movement. This system of technology has now lost its

appeal as it has become a common sighting that these alarms go

off unnecessarily. This project deals with the design &

development of a theft control system for jewellery shop,

providing a handshaking surveillance with CCTV footages

which is already a security system itself, which is being used to

prevent/control any theft attempt. The developed system makes

use of an embedded system (comprises an open hardware

microcontroller and a GSM modem) based on Global System

for Mobile communication (GSM) technology, motion sensors,

a floor mat consisting of series of push buttons, RF transmitter

& receiver and high beam lights. The DC power for the GSM is

given by 12VDC/2A power supply and 5v for microcontroller

unit/battery.

Keywords – microcontroller, GSM, SENSORS,CCTV.

1. INTRODUCTION

Most of jewellery shop owners has CCTV cameras , burglar alarms & security guards for the security of their shop but the

challenge is alarming. especially in the history of robbery

committed during night times at the jewellery showrooms in different parts of India recently during night times. Another

major challenge to prevent robbery in jewellery shops is the

lackluster attitude of the shop management in making adequate security arrangements. They deal with such valuables but do not

put burglar alarm. At several stores, the CCTV cameras are

installed but they lack recording facility and energy backup. If there is no real time check or power cut takes place, the CCTVs

are of no use. First the shop owners should cooperate with law

enforcing authorities by making it mandatory to install surveillance systems on their premises and be more vigilant

while conducting their business. In recent days we have seen

robbery is done during nights by making tunnel in the jewellery shop, the robber easily enter the shop through the tunnel dug by

him, he robs all the jewels in shop and destroy the CCTV

CAMERA or footage by taking the recorded data along with jewels. Therefore due to lack of evidence our law enforcing

authorities could not catch the real culprit. Therefore the shop

owner will have no information about it until the shop is open next morning, to overcome this issues we have work on project

which deals with the design & development of a theft control

system for jewellery shop, providing a handshaking surveillance with CCTV cameras security system , which can be used to

prevent/control any theft attempt during night times. We have

come up with some innovative idea by developing the floor mat sensors using push buttons ,this system is design for night time

surveillance when ever person step into shop and as soon as he

keeps his leg inside the shop sensors get activated a CALL &

SMS will be made to two different mobile phone numbers which will be stored in security system based on the owner

priority which will intern generate the alarm about the intruder

to the owner who is trying to enter the shop without the owner knowledge. A high beam Halogen lamp system is also

introduced in this project, as soon as pushbuttons of the mat is

pressed a Halogen bulb is turned on which prohibits the robber

to rob anything from the shop. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1. Fully Home Control System Fully Home Control

System,Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 2013 IEEE

Conference on :13-15 Dec. 2013, Conference Location :Kuala -

Lumpur [1]

This research work investigates the potential of `Full Home Control', which is the aim of the Home

Automation Systems in near future. The analysis and

implementation of the home automation technology using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem to

control home appliances such as light, conditional system, and

security system via Short Message Service (SMS) text messages is presented in this paper. The proposed research work is

focused on functionality of the GSM protocol, which allows the

user to control the target system away from residential using the frequency bandwidths. The concept of serial communication and

AT-commands has been applied towards development of the

smart GSM-based home automation system. 2.2. An Embedded Interface for GSM Based Car Security

System Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems

and Networks (CICSyN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on ,Conference:24-26 July 2012 , Publisher:IEEE[2]

GSM based security system are much more stout then an

ordinary security system. The ordinary systems are simply based on the concept of sensors. They sound an alarm on detecting

movement. This system of technology has now lost its appeal as

it has become a common sighting in metros where these alarms go off unnecessarily. We proposed with GSM techniques and a

better decision making process is built to make our vehicle more

secure. It is a unique wireless home/car security device that gives instant alerts on your mobile phone the moment a security

breach is detected. It is designed to alert you wirelessly through

a call burglar alarm system intercepts an intrusion. proposed an 8 bit embedded controller inter model. The control mechanism

is based on DTMF tones generated by mobile phone when the

number keys are pressed.

3. PROPOSED METHOD In this project we have designed a E-Mat security system for

jewellery shop. This project revolves around 5 major

components GSM module, motion detector, microcontroller,

Halogen lamp & Mat with push buttons fixed in it. Whenever

the motion detectors detect a motion or a person step on to the

mat the GSM module & Halogen lamp are activated, the GSM

module sends a SMS and call to prestored phone numbers, the

block diagram of the proposed method is shown below

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6720515









Fig. 1 : block diagram

WORKING:

The security system comprises of an Arduino Uno

microcontroller, mat sensors, motion sensors, Halogen lamp and

a standard SIM900A based GSM/GPRS modem. The GSM is

powered from any 12VDC/2A power supply unit/battery& the

whole system is powered by 5volts.

When input power is applied to the system, the

system goes into standby mode. However when the terminals of

connector is short circuited which happens when a person steps

on a mat or a motion sensors detects a motion the

preprogrammed warning message is automatically transmitted to

the concerned mobile number & the Halogen lamp turns on

effecting the eyes of a person so that he cannot rob anything

from the shop. We have connected 3 intrusion detection unit (1

electronic mat with 2 motion sensor) to the input connector .

Further, an optional “call – alert” facility is added to the security

system, which will initiate a telephone call .This option can be

used to make a “missed call” alert, in case of an intrusion

Attempt. The circuit is highly-flexible so that you can use any

SIM900A modem (and of course any Arduino Uno board). At

receiver end, owner of the shop gets the alert message to his

mobile phone through SMS & missed call alert is also provided

to him .Here mat sensors are designed by connecting push

buttons in the matrix format so that any button is pressed we get

the input to microcontroller, we have also provide some security

aspects which help the owner to enter the shop if required after

the shop is closed by providing the remote access to him

whenever the owner press the remote key a part of the mat will

deactivate and he can easily enter the shop through the

deactivated mat portion. The remote system is made of RF (TX)

of (434MHz) where RF will be connected in the module present

at the shop and TX will be connected to the remote given for the

owner. so that he could get into the shop and then deactivate the

whole system if necessary. But for deactivating the owner

should know the 1 correct key out of 7 which we have

connected in the module that deactivates the sensors other 6 key

are connected to microcontroller, a wrong key moved will

generate the alert to owner by alert message to his mobile phone

through SMS & call.

4. Conclusions

Currently ,there are different technologies available that can

assist in security based systems. In our project we have designed

& implemented an electronic mat(E-MAT) based security

system for jewellery shops and for many other applications. A

sound security system which alerts the owner by a call or SMS

if any motion is detected in the shop is developed. The owner is

provided with a ker system so that if he wishes to enter the shop

during which our proposed module is enable, he can disable the

module using the key system. The proposed project will result

in increasing the secure way to protect from thefts that happen

specially during night times.

4. RESULTS

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5. FUTURE SCOPE

The proposed project can be implemented on large scale in

various domain area, we can replace high beam LEDs with fog

cloud system, the mat push buttons can be replaced with piezo-

electric sensors which intern increases the efficiency by acting

as the charger during day time when costumers walk-in the

jewellary shops & banks, and same can be used for sensing

during night time. This sensors can reduces the noise of

pushbuttons and various changes can be done on basis of further

researches which intern improve the security aspects.

REFERENCES

[1] GSM based motorcycle security system ,Control and System

Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2011 IEEE

Conference: 27-28 June 2011, Publisher:IEEE

[2] A Remote Home Security System Based on Wireless Sensor

Network and GSM Technology Published in:Networks Security

Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing (NSWCTC),

2010 Second International Conference on (Volume:1 )

[3]WWW.GOOGLE.COM

[4] WWW.ATMEL.COM

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http://www.google.com/

Real-Time Skeleton Tracking Using Image

Processing and Embedded System

Mohammed Hussain Shariff, Mohammed

Reyan (Authors)

Students, HKBK College of Engineering

[email protected]

,[email protected]

Arfath Baig, Abhishek Singh Saini(Authors)

Students, HKBK College of Engineering

[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract— The security of information or data in

one’s computer is one of the major issues the

corporate world is facing presently. One of the most

common problems that the user’s face is they walk

away from their devices when they are logged in with

elevated privileges. This can lead to the misuse of the

devices and loss of critical and sensitive data which in

the wrong hands might prove dangerous. This project

presents the use of a web camera, an Arduino and an

ultrasonic sensor that helps the user log in to the

device when detected by the web camera and lock the

device automatically when they walk away. The user

is granted access to the device only when he matches

the database having the user’s accurate height, arm

length and leg length or is denied access to the

computer

Introduction Biometrics is the science and technology of

measuring and statistically analyzing biological

data. Biometric systems rely on specific data

about unique biological traits in order to work

effectively. These characteristics can uniquely

identify a person, replacing or supplementing

traditional security methods by providing two

major improvements personal biometrics

cannot be easily stolen and an individual does

not need to memorize passwords or codes.

A biometric system will involve running data

through algorithms for a particular result,

usually related to a positive identification of a

user or other individual. Biometric Person

Authentication has gained public attention in

recent years. It is well known that the

Fingerprint and the Iris achieve higher security

and they are already used in security systems.

On the other hand it was reported that

authentication systems using them were

circumvented by using Fake Fingers or Printed

Iris Images. The reason is that the Fingerprints

or the Iris appear on a body surface and so

become observable by using easily obtainable

sensors.

The Vein is contained within the body and

therefore it is expected to have tolerability to

the circumvention. However, it is also

reported that Authentication System using

the Vein Accepted Artifacts are used

extensively in enrollment and verification

PROPOSED METHOD A method of logging a first user in to an

computing device includes receiving an image

of the first user via a camera operable

coupled with the computing device and

determining an identity of the first user based

on the received image. If the determined

identity matches a predetermined identity,

then, based at least on the identity of the first

user matching the predetermined identity,

the first user is logged in to the computing

device.

To combine more than one security feature to

provide a better user authentication

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experience without sacrificing the security

accuracy.

To overcome problems faced in traditional

security authentication methods.

We make use of Skeletal Tracking input like

Microsoft Kinect devices to monitor physical

locations and actions of users and correlate

them to the software activities.

Users can be logged off of software

automatically if they walk away.

The computing device is equipped with a skeletal tracking device like Microsoft Kinect.

A process runs on that device which monitors for humans and performs skeletal tracking.

The process generates specific events whenever a user enters or leaves the scanning area of the device.

Whenever a user logs on using the software, he is verified to check if the profile exists. If the current user logon matches with the existing profile, he is granted access.

When the user leaves the scanning area, the process generates an event which triggers the logout.

The profile for authentication is created for the users by combining measurements of height, arm and leg lengths..

The fig 1 demonstrates the working of

Skeletal Tracking System in 4 easy steps as

shown.

1. Invisible Light source illuminates the path of the object.

2. FPGA Sensor Chip Measures distance of travelling light to each pixel in the image of the object.

3. Unique Matlab fn. Uses “depth Map” to perceive and identify the object in real time and Calculate the distance of various parameters.

4. End User Device reacts appropriately to the Measurements and Stores it in the database.

The Skelton Data as developed by Microsoft

Research for Windows Kinect is as shown in

the fig 2.

Height of the object is measured from the tip

of the Head to the tip of the Toe at the end of

the Image.

The various Arm Lengths are measured from

the Shoulder Center to the tip of the fingers

from both the left and the right arm.

The various Leg Lengths are measured from

the Hip Center to the tip of the toe at the end

of the Image.

Algorithm of skeletal tracking

system Step 1: Image Acquisition.

Step 2: Convert the image into different Color Models and select a suitable plain.

Step 3: Determine the maximum and minimum range of pixel density of the background.

Step 4: Perform Segmentation to separate the Object of Interest and the Background.

Step 5: Perform Filtering to remove the Noise component using Morphological Operations.

Step 6: Calculate the Height of the person and Length of Arms and Legs.

Description of Algorithm:

The Image of the person to be Authenticated is captured using the camera (Webcam)

The Captured Image is stored in a designated location for further processing.

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The captured image is subjected to Image Acquisition from the location where it is stored.

This image is converted into a suitable Color Model (RCB to HSV/YCbCr/GRAY MODEL/CMYK).

A suitable color model (YCbCr) is used for further procession, on the basis of the fact that the color model which is best suited to differentiate the object of interest (Body) and the Background.

The options avaliable are the S model and the Cb model. The most preferable model is the Cb model (YCbCR).

The Maximum and Minimum range of the pixel intensity is determined from image information.

Using this, Range the Background is Segmented from the Object of Interest by converting the Background into Black(0) and the Body into White(255)

The unwanted noise components are removed by Filtering the Image.

The further features are extracted by measuring the Lengths (i.e. Height, Arm Length, Leg Length)

CONCLUSION B The proposed system “Real-time Skeleton

Tracking Using Embedded System “has been

developed by integrating features of all the

hardware components used. Presence of

every module has been reasoned out and

placed carefully thus contributing to the best

working of the unit.

In this research, a system to give complete

solution for Tracking of Personal Identity for

Various Security Clearances. By using this

Real-time Skeleton Tracking we can easily

measure the Height ,Arm Length And Leg

Length. The wastage of time can be

eliminated as it is one of the important

criteria for one in life.

To implement a system which tracks one or

more people continuously within the scanning

area to ensure the secure operation of the

device.

To implement the feature of auto logout

when the user walks away from the device to

prevent the misuse of the device.

This system tracks one person continuously

within the scanning area to ensure the secure

operation of the device.

Auto login when the user walks in from the

device to prevent the unauthorised user to

access the device has been implemented.

References [1] Omek Interactive, Ltd., “Gesture

recognition and body tracking solutions.”

http://www.omekinteractive.com/solutions/.

[online; accessed on 03-Jan-2013].

[2] Softkinetic, “iisusdk.”

http://www.softkinetic.com/Solutions/iisuSDK

.aspx. [online; accessedon 03-Jan-2013].

[3] Microsoft Corporation, “Kinect for

windows.” http://www.microsoft.com/en-

us/kinectforwindows/.[online; accessed on

03-Jan-2013].

[4] Foxlin, E., [Handbook of Virtual

Environments: Design, Implementation, and

Applications ], ch. Motion tracking

requirements and technologies, 163–210,

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2002).

[5] Freeman, W., Tanaka, K., Ohta, J., and

Kyuma, K., “Computer vision for computer

games,” in [Automatic Face and Gesture

Recognition, 1996., Proceedings of the Second

International Conference on], 100 –105 (oct

1996).

[6] Shimada, N., Kimura, K., and Shirai, Y.,

“Real-time 3d hand posture estimation based

on 2d appearance retrieval using monocular

camera,” in [Recognition, Analysis, and

Tracking of Faces and Gestures in

RealTimeSystems, 2001. Proceedings. IEEE

ICCV Workshop on], 23 –30 (2001).

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[7] Bayazit, M., Couture-beil, A., and Mori, G.,

“Real-time motion-based gesture recognition

using the gpu,” in [in Proc. of the IAPR conf.

on Machine Vision Applications ], 9–12 (2009).

[8] Leap Motion, Inc, “Leap motion

controller.” https://leapmotion.com/product.

[online; accessed on 03-Jan-2013].

[9] Qualcomm Incorporated, “Gesture

recognition soccer game demo.”

http://www.qualcomm.com/media/videos/ge

sture-recognition-soccer-game-demo (aug

2012). [online; accessed on 03-Jan-2013].

[10] Kolb, A., Barth, E., Koch, R., and Larsen,

R., “Time-of-Flight Cameras in Computer

Graphics,” Computer Graphics Forum 29(1),

141–159 (2010).

[11] Andersen, M., Jensen, T., Lisouski, P.,

Mortensen, A., Hansen, M., Gregersen, T., and

Ahrendt, P., “Kinectdepth sensor evaluation

for computer vision applications – technical

report ece-tr-6,” tech. rep., Department of

Engineering Electrical and Computer

Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark

(2012).

[12] Google inc., “Project glass google+ page.”

http://plus.google.com/+projectglass. [online;

accessed on 03-Jan-2013].

[13] MURTHY, A. V., KARAM, L. J. A MATLAB-

Based Framework for Image and Video Quality

Evaluation. QoMEX, 2013.

[14] ROGARD, E. Image Quality Assessment:

The implementation of metrics by analysis

with Matlab.CTU report, September 2012.

[15] ROGARD, E. User guide of the Image

Processing Toolbox. CTU report, June –

September 2014.

[16] JEANBLANC, E. User guide of MATLAB

Toolboxes. CTU report, June – September

2013.

[17] Shotton, J., Fitzgibbon, A., Cook, M.,

Sharp, T., Finocchio, M., Moore, R., Kipman,

A., and Blake, A., “Real-Time human pose

recognition in parts from single depth

images,” Computer Vision and Pattern

Recognition (June 2011).

[18] Bhuiyan, M. and Picking, R., “Controlled

user interfaces, what have we done and

what’s next?,”tech. rep., Centre for Applied

Internet Research (CAIR), Wrexham, UK

(2009).

Fig. 1 Skeletal Tracking System

Fig. 2 Skeleton Data

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http://www.qualcomm.com/media/

Bus Safety System for School Children Using RFID

Sarvath Afreen, Daraksha Mahapara, Mahabuba Bee, Nikhat Fathima.

Mrs Swarnamba S, Assistant Professor, HKBK College of Engineering,

Abstract Millions of children need to

commute between homes to school every day.

Safer transportation of school children has been a

critical issue as it is often observed that, kids find

themselves locked in the school bus at the bus stop

after going to school, they miss the bus, or ride the

wrong bus with no way to track them. This project

intends to find yet another solution to solve this

problem by developing a bus safety system that

will control the entry and exit of students from the

buses through an energy efficient methodology.

The proposed system will control the entry and exit

of students to and from the bus using RFID (Radio

Frequency Identification) and GSM technologies to

ensure the entering and exiting of all students to

and from the school bus in a safer manner. The

process, does not require any additional action by

the student and drivers. The system will do all the

process and allow the student to be tracked while

entering and leaving the bus. If the bus journey is

successful from the source to destination, it will

send an SMS to the management to inform its

departure and arrival.

1.Introduction

School buses transfers millions of children daily in

various countries around the world. While there

many issues that might disturb the parents

regarding the travel safety of school going children,

the paper intends to look into introducing access

safety in respect of school buses through bus

tracking system that will help the school children’s

transportation in a secure and safer way. The

supervision of the regularity of students during

their entry and exit from the bus is difficult to be

controlled by drivers, which led to endangering

child safety. The phenomenon of forgetting kids

on the bus is one of the problems suffered by the

children, which has increased significantly in

recent years. This has often led to the death of

many students on account of suffocation due to the

lack of attention of derivers. This project, through

entry and exit recordings, aims to create a suitable

environment by following certain set of criteria of

security and safety for school bus that will have a

positive impact on the student and their family.

2. Proposed Method

The system block diagram of the proposed system

is shown in the following figure. The major steps

involved in the system development are explained

thereunder.

RFID Reader: The function of the RFID reader is

integrated with RFID tags. It contains the reader

module, which works as both the transmitter and

receiver of radio frequency signals. The transmitter

consists of an oscillator to create a carrier

frequency, a modulator that impacts on data

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commands, and amplifier to enhance the signal

enough to awaken the signal. On the other side, the

receiver has a demodulator to extract the restored

data and it contains an amplifier to strengthen the

processed signal.

GSM Modem: SIM900 GSM modem is used in

this implementation as it allows sending SMS to

the management of the school via internet. This

modem is a type of modem that accepts SIM card,

and operates through a subscription to a mobile

operator. It works like a mobile phone for sending

and receiving SMS.

16x2 LCD: The experiment used 16x2 LCD as it

is economical, and easily programmable. 16x2

LCD means that it is able to display 16 characters

per line on two lines. This LCD has two resisters.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is an optical device

consisting crystals arranged on a thin surface. LCD

has certain features such as; its size is much less

than the regular screen, light and easy to transport,

does not need high voltage of electricity like in the

regular screens, comfortable for the eyes compared

to regular screen, their shape is much better than

normal screen, and its quality is higher than normal

screens in terms of colors.

RFID Tag(Card): RFID tag stores unique

digital identity codes that can be scanned from a

distance and as well as to capture the signals and

send them to the reader. RFID comes in different

forms such as a label card, which can have a

barcode printed on it. RFID tags are used in many

industries.

Crystal Oscillator: It is an electronic circuit

which produces vibrations with a very specific

frequency to provide a stable clock signal for the

integrated circuit. MHZ quartz crystal has been

used in the experiment for synchronization.

AT Commands: AT Commands are a specific

command language used to control modems to do

their specified functions. The command set consists

of a series of short text strings which are combined

together to produce complete commands for

operations such as dialing, hanging up, sending

messages and changing the parameters of the

connection.

3.Software Implementation

System circuit has designed by using the ISIS 7

Professional (Proteus) program with all required

components and the simulation has carried out.

Since the GSM modem and the RFID reader could

not be simulated by theProteus, anactual GSM

modem and RFID reader have physically connected

to the computer through a serial port to facilitate

the communication between the Proteus program

and the external devices to implement the

simulation. While the LCD has stimulated by the

program successfully to display the system

operation.

4.Hardware Implementation

Set up at transmitter

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Set up at receiver

The Parent notification messages

5.Working Principle

The working principle of this system is divided into

two parts that is each student carries a card which

contains an unique identification number, now

when the student enters the school bus, before that

he should scan his card, for that are two switches

one is for arrival and another is for safe departure,

so while living from home to school the student

will need to press the arrival switch and then enter

in the school bus, now as soon as he will scan the

card a message will be send through GSM to his

parents that their child has went to school.

6.Results

The RFID and GSM are connected with ARM

microcontroller and varying data is send to GSM

modem which is simultaneously displayed on LCD

and also message to parents. Through this

experiment and implementation we came to know

that the student can be monitored using RFID and

sent the status as SMS to the particular mobile

successfully.System can be controlled via short

message service from anywhere that covered by

GSM service.

7.Conclusion

This paper presents RFID based systems that

enhance the safety of child during the daily bus trip

to and from the school. The implementation of

project focuses on monitoring child’s position and

is send to its parent. The effectively utilization of

RFID with GSM technology is successfully

designed and implemented on laboratory scale. The

accuracy level or security level may be extended to

the public level. Development in RFID and GSM

technology continue to wider reading ranges yields

faster processing as real time system.

References

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[1] C. Kumar, “RFID based embedded system for

vehicle tracking and prevention of road accident”.

International Journal of Engineering Research-,

Vol.1, No. 6, pp3-5, 2012.

[2] h.ben, & abdullah, k., “smart tracking system

for school buses using passive rfid technology to

enhance child safety”. traffic and logistics

engineering-,.vol.1,no.2,pp.191-196,2013..

[3] S. Shafaat, UAE launches smart school buses

to improve students safety system to offer parents

[4] Anon., 2011. Smart school bus monitoring and

trackingsystem.

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UNMANNED PETROL BUNK USING SMART CARD WITH

ADVANCED SECURITY SYSTEM

Sandeep Sharma1, Shiva Shankar2, Anoop3, Noorbasha4, Tanveer Baig.Z5

1, 2, 3, 4: UG Students, Dept of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore-45.

5: Assistant Prof. Dept. of E&C Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore

Abstract

In current days’ fuel stations are operated

manually. These fuel pumps are time consuming

and require more manpower. To place fuel stations

in distant area it very costly to provide excellent

facility to the consumers. All these problems are

sorted out using unmanned petrol pump which

requires less time to operate and it is effective and

can be installed anywhere the customer self-going

to avail the services. The payment is done by smart

card system.

The simple and advancement in the ARM

7 and smart card technology provides a total

security and atomization in distribution of fuel. It is

interfaced with high speed fuel dispenser which is

convenient for consumer to operate. In our system,

the password will be provided to the user via smart

card technology by the petrol pump customer has to

tap the smart card which has account details

displayed on the LCD provided by the fuel station

which will help the petrol company to create

authentication for user. Also, the distribution of the

fuel is not possible until it gets verified by the

database. In short, we provide secure system for

fuel distribution. The advancement of this project

can help industry financially.

Keywords: – ARM – Advanced Risk

Machine, LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

1. Introduction

In current days the petrol stations are

operated manually. These petrol pumps are time-

consuming and require more manpower. To place

petrol stations in distant area it very costly to

provide excellent facility to the consumers all these

problem are sorted out by the use of unmanned

power pump which requires less time to operate

and it is effective and can be installed anywhere the

customer self-going to avail the services the

payment is done by electronic clearing system.

These petrol stations easily monitor with the video

capturing and alarming system over the time by a

central control unit.

Consumers want more choices, more

speed and more convenience. They’re less

forgiving of slow pumps and outdated features and

searching for petrol station all over the place. To

upgrade market, we need a dispenser that is

reliable, user-friendly and ready to increase our

profitability. We need unmanned petrol station.

Designed from the ground up, this flexible,

dependable and scalable fuel dispenser will meet

our needs, today and tomorrow.

2. Related Work

In starting days the petrol pumps were

distributing petrol using manpower to respective

customer vehicles and was totally depends on

man‘s loyalty who was doing this job. Nowadays

industries are becoming very careful about these

things and trying to centrally control all the

production and distribution of products. For the

secure distribution of products, industries trying to

develop the new advance security system to

achieve their goals. However today petrol

distribution system is has some disadvantages

regarding with stealing of petrol, unauthorized

petrol selling & wastage of manpower etc.

3. Proposed Work

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The purpose of this planning is to establish

the scope of the project in terms of the major

functions, performance issues and technical

constraints. The plan will provide an estimate of the

size of the product, the effort required and the

duration. This plan will also consider the risk

encountered during the project and the strategies

for dealing with them. The plan will also discuss

the detailed schedule of various subtasks within the

project and also the resources needed to accomplish

them.

Block Diagram

Fig 1 Unmanned petrol bunk

4. Conclusions

In the world of electronics it is important

to develop the new technology to make secure the

distribution of fuel and keeping record of the same

fuel with authorization of user. Our project is one

idea which can change the face of today‘s manual

system of distribution and data keeping. The total

central access of all these activities provide the

correct approach toward security and economical

need of the industries since industry itself can

control distribution as well as keep the record of the

same fuel from thousands of miles seated in office.

In short, this project probably can be implemented

for the use of other tasks other than petrol

distribution, on large scale to achieve various goals

of industries.

REFERENCES

[1] Yan WANG, Ze ZHANG and Xuqing QIN

, "Modeling and control for hydraulic transmission

of unmanned ground vehicle[J]" , Journal of

Central South University , vol. 21 , no. 1 , pp.124 -

129 , 2014 .

[2] Yan , "Modeling and control for variable-pump

controlling variable-motor [J]" , Control Theory &

Application , vol. 29 , no. 1 , pp.41 -46 , 2012

[3] Dong Wenjie, J.A Farrell, M M Polycarpou, D

Vladimir and S. Manu , "Command filtered

adaptive backstepping [J]" , IEEE Transactions on

Control Systems Technology , vol. 20 , no. 3

, pp.566 -580 , 2012

[4] A R Ioannis, P V Kimon and A M. Wilfrido

, "A novel nonlinear backstepping controller design

for helicopters using the rotation matrix[J]" , IEEE

Transactions on Control Systems Technology , vol.

19 , no. 2 , pp.465 -473 , 2011

[5] Yaote Chang , "Block backstepping control of

MIMO systems [J]" , IEEE Transactions on

Automatic Control , vol. 56 , no. 5 , pp.1191 -1197

, 2011

[6] Lei YANG, Ma Biao and Li Heyan , "Steering

control strategy of high-speed hydrostatic drive

tracked vehicle [J]" , Transactions of the Chinese

Society for Agricultural Machinery , vol. 41 , no. 6

, pp.14 -19 , 2010

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36

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AMBIENT RF ENERGY HARVESTING AND BATTERY

MANAGEMENT

Samrudhi Sunil1

,ChikkuAchamma Cherian2

,Leema.M3

, Kadija Kamarudheen4

Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering, H.K.B.K College of Engineering, Banglore, India 1




Abstract- Radio Frequency(RF) energy harvesting

is an idea whose time has come. RF energy is

everywhere. We are presenting a prototype for

wireless charging system for mobile. This wireless

battery charger is expected to eliminate all the

hassles with today’s battery technology. It would

be convenient not having to worry about charging

or changing the batteries and still have a working

device. The advantage of this device is that it can

wirelessly charge up the batteries which can

save time and money in a long run for the general

public.

I. INTRODUCTION

We are being surrounded with Radio Frequency

energy which is emitted by sources that generate

high electromagnetic fields such as TV signals,

wireless radio networks and cell phone towers.

Today there are over billion cell phones, thousands

radio stations and TV stations, and countless home

Wi-Fi system radiating RF energy into the

atmosphere.

Using the available Radio Frequency waves we are

going to charge up the cell phone batteries without

any external power source but with RF energy. The

Fig1 Block diagram shows how we have

implemented the battery management and wireless

charging circuit process.

Fig1 Block diagram of Wireless mobile charger

II. DESCRIPTION

A. METHODOLOGY

In our project we are going to harvest RF energy

resource that is available in the environment free of

cost. We are going to use antenna that can take

maximum energy from the source and then pass it

to impedance matching network so that maximum

power is transferred from antenna to the charge

pump and ensure minimal power loss due to

impedance mismatch. Charge pump used in the

circuit will convert RF signal to DC and intern

boost DC to the higher voltage. We are using

voltage regulator to provide constant trickle charge

to lead acid battery via switching circuit.

Microcontroller used in the circuit will

continuously sense the voltage level of lithium

polymer battery. Microcontroller will not allow

current to drain from battery until voltage reaches

the required safe level to protect it from deep

discharge. It will also check for the higher voltage

level of battery and stop charge to flow from

voltage regulator once voltage level reached

maximum voltage Rating of the battery used, thus

protecting it from over charge.

B. DICKSONCHARGEPUMP

Charge pumps are the circuit that generates a

voltage larger than the supply voltage from which

they operate. To see how this is possible, consider

the simple circuit consisting of a single capacitor

and three switches in Fig2.

Fig2SimpleVoltageMultiplier

During clock phase Φ, switches S1 and S3 are

closed and capacitor is charged to a supply

voltage, VDD. Next switch S2 is closed and the

bottom plate of the capacitor assumes a potential

VDD, while capacitor maintains its charge of

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Techno Buzz


VDD*C from the previous phase. This means that

during phase Φ,

(Vout-VDD).C= VDD.C Vout= 2.VDD

Thus, in the absence of dc load, an output voltage

has been generated that is twice the supply

voltage.

C. VOLAGEREGULA

TOR

TheMC34063isamonolithicswitching regulator

sub system intended for use as dc-dc converters.

This device represents as significant advancement

in the ease of implementing highly efficient and

yet simple switching power supplies. The use of

switching regulators is becoming more

pronounced over that of linear regulators because

of size reduction in new equipment design require

greater conversion efficiency. Another major

advantage is that it has increased application

flexibility of output voltage. The output can be

less than, greater than, or of opposite polarity to

that of the input voltage.

D. ATMELMICROCONTROL

LER

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance

CMOS8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-

System Programmable Flash memory. The device

is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-

volatile memory technology and is compatible

with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set

and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional non-volatile memory programmer.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-

System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,

the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller

which provides a highly-flexible and cost-

effective solution to many embedded control

applications.

E. A

D

C

The ADC0804 is CMOS8-bit successive

approximation A/D converter that uses a

differential potentiometric ladder—similar to the

256R products. These converters are designed to

allow operation with the NSC800 and INS8080A

derivative control bus with TRI-STATE output

latches directly driving the data bus. These A/Ds

appear like memory locations or I/O ports to the

microprocessor and no interfacing logic is needed.

Differential analog voltage inputs allow increasing

the common-mode rejection and offsetting the

analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the

voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow

encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the

full 8 bits of resolution.

F. BATT

ERY

Batteries are classified into two broad categories,

each type with advantages and disadvantages.

Primary batteries irreversible (within limits of

practically) transform chemical energy to

electrical energy. When the initial supply of

reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily

restored to the battery by electrical means.

Secondary batteries can be recharged: they can have

their chemical reactions reversed by supplying

electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original

composition. Some types of primary batteries used

for example for telegraph circuits, were restored to

operation by replacing the components of the

battery consumed by the chemical reaction.

Secondary batteries are not indefinitely

rechargeable due to dissipation of the active

materials, loss of electrolyte and internal

corrosion.

G. SCHOTTKYBARRIERRECTIFIERS

This series employs the Schottky Barrier principle

in a large area metal-to-silicon power diode. State

of-the-art geometry features chrome barrier metal,

epitaxial construction with oxide passivation and

metal overlap contact. Ideally suited for use as

rectifier sin low-voltage, high-frequency inverters,

freewheeling diodes, and polarity protection

diodes.

H. VOLTAGESENSINGCIRCUIT

A voltage sensor circuit is a circuit that can sense

the voltage input into it. If the voltage reaches a

certain threshold, then an indicator, such as an

LED, will turn on. This is a voltage sensor circuit,

where if in voltage reaches threshold point, then

the output will turn on. And we can build a voltage

sensor circuit, simply with a voltage comparator

chip or an op amp that can function as a voltage

comparator. A voltage comparator chip is a chip

that contains one or more op amps. Using a single

op-amp, we can determine a threshold level for

voltage. An op-amp has two inputs and one output.

The two inputs are the non-inverting input and the

inverting input. In to the inverting input, we place

the reference voltage or the threshold voltage. If

the voltage at the non-inverting terminal reaches or

goes above this level, the output will turn on.

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Techno Buzz


Therefore, once we feed a certain level of voltage

into the inverting terminal, if the voltage at the

non- inverting terminal goes above, an output,

such as an LED, will light up. This is how we can

know that the voltage is above the threshold point.

III. ADVANTAGES

Utilizing energy (RF) that is free of cost

and abundant in nature.

RF energy is available 24*7, unlike solar

energy that is available only during

daylight and dependent much on cloud

and shade.

Use of separate chargers is eliminated.

Electricity is saved.

The phone can be charged anywhere

anytime.

Lower risk of electrical shock because

there are no exposed conductors.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, this paper effectively shows the idea

of charging the mobile phones in on the go manner

without the use of wired chargers. This idea of

wireless charging will create a great comfort for the

mobile telephone users as it does not require

special external power source other than the radio

frequency waves which is available in the

atmosphere in abundant.

The future scope of this paper is that whole idea

can be implemented inside mobile phones by

designing all required circuit inside a single IC.

V. REFERENCES

Roundy, S. J., “Energy scavenging for

wireless sensor nodes with a focus on

vibration to electricity conversion,” PhD

Thesis, University of California, Berkeley,

USA, 2003.

Hart, H., K. Lanham, and M. Sass, “S-

band radio frequency energy harvesting,”

Science Applications International

Corporation, May2009.

Arrawatia, M., M. S. Baghini, and G.

Kumar, “RF energy Progress in

Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 132,

2012 69 harvesting system from cell

towers in 900 MHz band,” National

Conference on Communications, (NCC)

2011,1–5, Jan. 28–30, 2011.

Jabbar, H., Y. S. Song, and T. T. Jeong,

“RF energy harvesting system and circuits

for charging of mobile devices consumer

electrons,” IEEE Transactions on

Consumer Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 1,

247–253,Feb.2010.

Devi, K.K. A., S. Sadasivam, N. M. Din,

C. K.Chakrabarthy, and S. K. Rajib,

“Design of a wideband 377Ω E-shaped

patch antenna for RF energy harvesting,”

Microwave and Optical Technology

Letters, Vol. 54, No. 3, 569–573,Mar.

2012.

Harris, D. W., “Wireless battery charging

system using radio frequency energy

harvesting,” Thesis, BS, University of

Pittsburgh, Jul. 13–15, 2004.

Ungan, T. and L. M. Reindl, “Concept for

harvesting low ambient RF-sources for

microsystems”, Accessed on April 9, 2009.

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