LG 12 Emergency Lighting

Lighting Guide 12: Emergency lighting design guide

I

The Society of Light and Lighting

Lighting Guide 12: Emergency lighting design guide

The Society of Light and Lighting 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS, UK Tel: 020 8675 521 1. Fax: 020 8673 3302. e-mail: [email protected]. www. cibse.org

The Society of Light and Lighting is part of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

This document is based on the best knowledge available at the time of publication. However, no responsibility of any kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however caused resulting from the use of these recommendations can be accepted by the Chartered Institution of Building Serv- ices Engineers, the Society of Light and Lighting, the authors or others involved in its publication. In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full responsibility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in connection with their use by or on behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or reason therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Chartered Insti- tution of Building Services Engineers, the Society of Light and Lighting, the authors and others involved in their publication from any and all liability arising out of or in connection with such use as aforesaid and irrespective of any negligence on the part of those indemnified.

Note from the publisher This publication is primarily intended to give guidance. It is not intended to be exhaustive or definitive, and it will be necessary for users of the guidance given to exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by or depart from it.

The rights of publication or translation are reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher.

0 2004 The Society of Light and Lighting

The Society is part of CIBSE which is a registered charity, number 278 104.

ISBN 1 903287 51 0

Typeset by the Society of Light and Lighting.

Printed in England by Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, Norwich NR6 6SA

Foreword

This Lighting Guide gives advice on the design of emergency escape lighting schemes and installations for all users of buildings and associated areas. I t covers the relevant regulations, standards and requirements. It outlines available equipment and materials and gives guidance on their selection, installation, operation and maintenance.

The Guide is aimed at, and will be useful to, specifiers, designers, equipment providers, installers, users, maintainers and enforcing authorities. The most pertinent sections to particular readers are:

Sections 2, 3 and 4, to specifiers, designers, users, maintainers and enforcing

Section 5 to designers and luminaire providers;

Sections 6, 7 and 8 to specifiers and designers;

Sections 8, 9 and 10 to installers, users and maintainers;

Sections 9 and 10 to users, maintainers and enforcing authorities.

This Guide makes use of several relevant international, European and British Standards and is a companion to BS 5266 Emergency lighting.

This Lighting Guide replaces the CIBSE Technical Memoranda 12 Emergency lighting and its 1999 addendum.

Standby lighting systems are not discussed, as these can fulfil the requirements of normal lighting and should therefore be designed accordingly. Guidance on these should be sought from the ClBSE/Society of Light and Lighting Code for Lighting.

authorities;

L Bedocs Task Group Chairman

Task Group

This Lighting Guide was prepared by members of the Society of Light and Lighting Emergency Lighting Task Group whose membership was:

L Bedocs, Chairman (Thorn Lighting) D Burton (Ashfield Consultancy Services) A Davies (Amp Lighting) B Pratley (The Lighting Industry Federation) P Raynham (University College London) P R Ruffles (Lighting Design & Technology) P Thorns, Secretary (Thorn Lighting) C Watts (Cooper Lighting & Security)

The members provided the information in their personal capacities.

Editor

J David (CIBSE)

4 Lighting Guide 12: Emergency lighting design guide

Contents

Foreword

1 Introduction

2 Legislation and standards 2.1 Building Regulations 2.2 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations: 1997 2.3 The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals)

Regulations 1996:Sl 341 2.4 Regulations covering other areas

2.4.1 Safety lighting for Participants of sports events 2.4.2 Places of entertainment 2.4.3 Premises used as sleeping accommodation 2.4.4 Construction sites 2.4.5 Buildings with temporary occupation 2.4.6 Railways and railway premises

2.5 Standards

3 Luminous requirements 3.1 Specifications

3.1 . I Criteria 3.1.2 Glare

3.2 Safety signs 3.2.1 Requirements for safety signs

3.3 Positioning of luminaires 3.4 Requirements for escape lighting

3.4.1 Sitting of luminaires 3.4.2 Escape route 3.4.3 Escape area 3.4.4 Fixed seated area 3.4.5 High risk task area L,

3.5 Standby lighting

4 Design objectives 4.1 Philosophy 4.2 Design approach 4.3 Detailed considerations 4.4 Integration with normal lighting luminaires

5 Design calculations 5.1 Basic data

5.1 . I Time-dependent factors 5.1.2 Service correction factors 5.1.3 Maintenance factors

5.2 Production of design data 5.2.1 Electronic data file formats 5.2.2 Illuminance curves 5.2.3 lsolux diagrams 5.2.4 Glare limit 5.2.5 Spacing tables

3

7

7 7 8

9 9 9

10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13

w

<

14 14 15 15 16

16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20

5

Contents (continued)

6 6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

7 7.1

7.2 7.3

8 8.1 8.2

8.3 8.4 8.5

8.6

8.7 8.8 8.9

Equipment and systems Systems 6.1.1 Self powered systems 6.1.2 Central powered systems Power Sources 6.2.1 Batteries for self-contained systems 6.2.2 Batteries for central systems 6.2.3 Generators System functions and circuits 6.3.1 Rest-mode circuit 6.3.2 Inhibiting circuits 6.3.3 Manual test devices 6.3.4 Automatic testing systems Emergency luminaires 6.4.1 Self-contained luminaires 6.4.2 Slave luminaires 6.4.3 Luminaire classification system Lamps for emergency luminaries 6.5.1 Filament lamps 6.5.2 Tungsten-halogen lamps 6.5.3 Fluorescent lamps (linear and compact) 6.5.4 High-pressure discharge lamps 6.5.5 Light-emitting diodes Gas lighting 6.6.1 Design and construction of gas lighting equipment. 6.6.2 Performance 6.6.3 Installation Other illumination sources and systems 6.7.1 Tritium-powered signs 6.7.2 Photo-luminescent signs

Scheme planning Risk assessment and planning considerations 7.1.1 Risk assessment 7.1.2 Planning considerations Schedule of recommendations for specific areas Planning sequence 7.3.1 Procedure 7.3.2 Scheme worked examples

Electrical design General Luminai res 8.2.1 Modification units Energy considerations Self-contained emergency lighting Centrally supplied slave luminaires 8.5.1 Segregation, protection and redundancy 8.5.2 EMC and circuit configuration Building management systems, lighting controls and remote testing Protection from transient over-voltages Other emergency lighting systems Warning labels

22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27

27 27 27 27 29 30 30 30

32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33

34 34 34 34


Contents (continued)

9 9.1

.2

9.3

9.4

10 10.1

10.2

10.3

Installation, testing and maintenance Installation 9.1 . I Gas lighting installation Maintenance 9.2.1 Batteries 9.2.2 Lu mi naires 9.2.3 Other components 9.2.4 Service schedule Routine inspection and testing 9.3.1 Self-testing and remote testing systems 9.3.2 Daily 9.3.3 Monthly 9.3.4 Annual Records and documentation 9.4.1 Initial inspection certificate 9.4.2 Maintenance schedule 9.4.3 Logbook

C om m i s ion i ng and certification General 10.1.1 Self-contained systems 10.1.2 Central systems 10.1.3 Self-testing and remote testing systems Photometric commissioning 10.2.1 Instruments 10.2.2 Measurement Completion certificate

Annex 1 : Emergency lighting completion certificate A I . 1 Emergency lighting complection certificate A I .2 Design - Declaration of conformity A I .3 Installation - Declaration of conformity A I .4 Verification - Declaration of conformity

Annex 2: Examples of calculations A2.1 Illuminance curves A2.2 Checking glare limits A2.3 Calculation of spacing tables

A2.3.1 Conditions for the table calculations A2.3.2 Calculations A2.3.3 Transverse to transverse A2.3.4 Transverse to end A2.3.5 Axial to axial A2.3.6 Transverse to axial A2.3.7 Long luminaires

34 34 3 4 3 4 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36

36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37

38 38 39 40 41

42 42 44 44 44 44 44 46 46 46 47

References , 50

Bibliography 51

Glossary 52

Index 55

7 Introductionfegislation and standards

1 Introduction When the normal mains lighting fails in areas without natural light, people are likely to become confused and may even panic. This is the time when accidents are most likely to occur and it is necessary to evacuate the premises, to move people to a place of safety or to allow essential processes to continue or be shut down. During this period, emergency lighting is provided from a source independent of that supplying the normal lighting. There are a number of specific forms of emergency lighting, as shown in Figure 1.1.

European legislation (Directives) has been introduced that requires escape routes and hazardous areas to be protected, to ensure the safety of people at these places at all material times. These Directives are:

- Construction Products Directive: 89/106/EEC;(I)

- Workplace Directive: 89/654/EEC;(21 and

- Signs Directive: 92/58/EEC.(31

These three European Directives have been implemented into UK law and, for emergency lighting, these this has been achieved through the Building Regulations: Approved Docu- ment B,(4) in England and Wales (The Building Standards (Scotland) Reg~lations'~] and associated Technical Standards for Scotland and the Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000(h) and Technical Booklet E for Northern Ireland), the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulationd7) and the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations,(*) respec- tively.

2 Legislation and standards 2.1 Building Regulations

(En g I a n d and Wa I es) The Building Regulations 199 1 Approved Document B 2002 edition(4) states that emergency lighting is required to pro-

Figure 2.1 Relevant documents

vide sufficient illumination to ensure that means of escape from a building can be used safely and effectively; activities, in particular those involving use of hazardous equipment, can be terminated safely; and emergency actions can be carried out effectively at appropriate locations in the workplace. Crown immunity is removed except for defence and prison establishments. Enforcement is effected by the Building Control Officers and the Regulations apply to most new and refurbished non-domestic buildings, and to some common parts of domestic dwellings.

The number of escape routes and exits to be provided depends on:

(a) the number of occupants in the room;

(b) its size;

(c) the height and number of levels of the building; and

(6, the limits on travel distance to the nearest exit.

I

These are defined in Approved Docu- ment B and the Home Office's guidance to fire precautions in existing places of work that require a fire ~ertificate.'~) Escape routes may be horizontal or vertical, inside or outside a building. Es- cape routes in factories are identified by markings of 'tram lines'. These must be kept permanently unobstructed. No exit doors may be locked without au- thorisation. To avoid occupants being trapped by fire or smoke, there should be alternative escape routes from all parts of the building.

The UK has applied a class A deviation to European standard EN 1838, reflected in BS 5266-7,(1°) which allows the UK to continue to apply its present requirements for escape routes that are permanently unobstructed. However, in Figure 1 .1 Role of emergency lighting systems


BS 5266-7, the UK class A deviation allows for clearly defined and permanently unobstructed escape routes, up to 2 m wide, to have an illuminance of 0.2 Ix on the centre line on the floor of the route, but also states that these routes should preferably be illuminated to I Ix. BS 5266-7 also specifies that escape lighting luminaires complying with EN 60598-2-22(”) be sited at each exit door and at positions where it is necessary to emphasise potential points of danger or have safety equipment. For high-risk task areas it is required that the emergency lighting illuminance be at least 10% of the task area illuminance in the same plane as the task; however it shall not be less than I 5 Ix and should not cause harm- ful stroboscopic effects.

Further extensions to the provisions, defined in table 9 of the Approved Document, include accommodation,* open areas larger than 60 m2in retail, commercial, industrial, storage and other non-residential premises (previously it only applied to offices); school buildings without natural light or used outside daylight hours; windowless toilets < 8 m”; toilets > 8 m”; generator, switch, battery and emergency control rooms; and common escape routes in shops, commercial buildings, car parks and multi-storey residential premises. It also requires that exit signs be provided in non-domestic dwellings on every escape route and that they shall comply with Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regula- tions@) and BS 5499- 1 Fire safety signs, notices andgraphic symbols, spec$cation for safety Some buildings may require additional signs under other legislation.

Note that this Lighting Guide does not cover detailed dif- ferences between legislation and regulations in England and Wales and those in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

2.2 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations: 1997

The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997”) require that:

(a) emergency routes and exits shall be indicated by signs; and

( 6 ) emergency routes and exits shall be illuminated with emergency lighting of adequate intensity in case the supply to the normal lighting fails.

These Regulations require compliance through a risk assessment. The Regulations are supported by a guidance document Fire safety - an employer i guide.(13) It is enforced by the Fire Authorities. It states that the user is required to perform a fire risk assessment if more than five people are employed, and must make and keep for inspection a written record of the assessment’s findings and actions. The user must nominate people to undertake any special roles, consult its employees, inform other employers in its building, and establish a means of contacting the emergency services. Em- ployees are required to co-operate. All fire safety measures/

* The tcrm ‘accommodation’ used in this table refcrs to areas having risk but not every room in thc building.

equipment must be tested and maintained and any defects corrected as quickly as possible. If a fire certificate has been issued recently, a risk assessment is still required but it is likely that few if any additional fire precautions will be needed. If the fire certificate was given on the basis of an out-of-date standard, this should be addressed in the risk assessment.

2.3 The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations

The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regula- tions@) identify the requirements for safety signs in the UK. The Health and Safety Executive has also produced a guidance document to the regulations called Safety signs andsig- nul.s.(l4) Fire safety signs that did not comply with these Regu- lations should have been brought into line by 24 December 1998. Compliance with the several parts of BS 5499 will deem to comply with the Regulations. Signs requiring some form of power must be provided with a guaranteed supply. Depending on requirements, signs and signalling devices must be regularly cleaned, maintained, checked, repaired and replaced.

2.4 Reg u I a t ions cover i ng other areas

2.4.1 Safety lighting for participants of sports events

The safety lighting requirements for participants of sports events are defined in BSEN 12193(’5) and in the Home Of- fice’s Guide to safety ut sports grounds.(I6) Participants’ safety is assured by the stopping of the activity, which might otherwise be dangerous to continue in the absence of lighting. The illuminance for the safe stopping of an event is defined as a percentage of the level for that class of sport. For swim- ming, indoor gymnastics, indoor and outdoor equestrian sports and speed skating it is 5%, while for bobsleigh and toboggan, ski jump and landing, ski slopes and cycle racing it is 10%. This safety lighting is required to come on at the instant the general lighting fails and lasts for at least the period specified for the event.

2.4.2 Places of entertainment Some workplaces require a licence from the local authority. The Fire Authority may require higher levels of emergency lighting and specific solutions for premises such as theatres and cinemas, music and dancing, public entertainment or gambling, or where alcohol is sold.

2.4.3 Premises used as sleeping accommodation

Premises used as sleeping accommodation such as nursing homes, children’s homes, residential care homes and independent schools may be registered with the local authority

Leq is I at i o n a n d s t a n d a rd s/Li q h t i n q req u i rem en t s 9

but they also need to be accepted by the Fire Authority and should have of emergency lighting with a minimum duration of at least two hours.

2.4.4 Construction sites The HSE publication Fire safety in construction worlc"') details requirements for escape route lighting and emergency lighting on construction sites. It requires the same levels of safety to be provided by emergency lighting on construction sites as for other work places, particularly where hazardous processes are undertaken. It also includes outdoor sites where work is undertaken at night and spill light from adjacent locations or sites cannot be guaranteed.

2.4.5 Buildings with temporary occupation

This category includes church halls, scout huts etc which are only occupied for part of the time. In these buildings, at times when there is no possibility of the building being occupied, the emergency lighting can use inhibitors. This.allows a self- contained emergency luminaire to be extinguished intentionally while the normal supply is off but, in the event of restoration of the normal supply, ensures that the luminaire reverts automatically to normal mode.

2.4.6 Railways and railway premises There are two documents particularly pertinent to railways and railway premises: the Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations(I*) and the HSE Railway safety principles and guidance series.(19)

2.5 Standards Standards govern both equipment design and performance and the design of emergency lighting systems.

BSEN 60598 is the standard covering all types of luminaires. Part 2.22 covers emergency lighting luminaires.(") BS 5499('*) covers the colours, design and layout of emergency signs and is based on the international standard IS0 3864 and 6309.(20) There are numerous product standards covering lamps and individual components of luminaires.

BS 5266 covers design of emergency lighting systems as well as some specific equipment. It consists of the following Parts (see Bibliography):

- BS 5266- 1 Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises other than cinemas and certain other specified premises used for entertainment;

- BS 5266-2 Code of practice for electrical low mounted way guidance systems for emergency use;

- BS 5266-3 Specification for small power relays (electromagnetic) for emergency lighting applications up to and including 32 A;

BS 5266-4 Code ofpractice for design, installation, maintenance and use of optical fibre systems;

-

- BS 5266-5: Specification for component parts of optical fibre systems;

BS 5266-6: Code of practice for photoluminescent low mounted way guidance systems;

- BS 5266-7: the UK implementation of the European application document EN 1938."')

This standard is supplemented by BSCP 1007: 1955 Main- tained lighting for cinemas.(2')

Various standards covering design of lighting schemes all make reference to emergency lighting, including BSEN 1 2464(22) Lighting of workplaces, BSEN 12 193 Sports lighting ( I s ) and EN 501 72 Emergency escape lighting systems.

Various European Standards are still in preparation including prEN 13032-3 The Photometric requirements and presentation of data for emergency lighting.

-

3 3.1

Lighting requirements Criteria

Escape lighting should provide adequate visual conditions and directions for safe passage on escape routes and allow occupants to reach escape routes from open areas. I t should allow fire alarm call points, fire lighting equipment and safety equipment to be identified. It should allow hazards (stairs, intersections, slopes) and hazardous processes to be identified and made safe during evacuation.

3.1 . I Illumination In general, people in workplaces who have received an appropriate induction will be familiar with the site layout and the safety provisions. They should therefore be able to make an orderly evacuation during an emergency. However, in some workplaces there may be activities and processes which are hazardous and have to be terminated before evacuation. These are referred to as high-risk areas.

In public places such as hotels and conference, shopping and sports centres, there are likely to be large numbers of people who will be unfamiliar with the premises, layout and escape procedures. Here, much anxiety and confusion maybe alleviated by strategically placed escape signs. At least one sign must be visible from all parts of the place at all material times. Such signs should permanently indicate the directions to exits from the premises or places of safety. Escape areas and routes must also be illuminated adequately and appropriately. Examples of illuminated safety signs are shown in Figure 3.1.

In high-risk areas, a higher illuminance must be provided at positions where a visual task has to be performed prior to evacuation or where people have to pass by these dangers along the escape route.

In all escape areas and spaces, the emergency lighting system should be so designed that the light it provides fills the occupied volume of the space used for evacuation.

In addition, the design should be based on the minimum- light-output condition of the luminaire and should be based


on direct light only. The contributions by room surface inter-reflections should be ignored. However, for lighting systems using indirect luminaires or uplights, where the luminaire works in conjunction with a surface, the first re- flection is taken to be the direct light and subsequent reflections should be ignored.

3.1.2 Glare High contrast between a luminaire and its background may produce glare. In escape route lighting, the main problem will be disability glare, in which the brightness of the luminaire may dazzle and prevent obstructions from being seen. Such glare may be created, for example, by the beam of a small but powerful torch or spotlight, car headlights or floodlights, seen against a very dark background or placed

a Recommended signs in UK to BS 5499-4

b Pictogram signs in EN 1838

c Directional arrows

First aid post Stretcher Safety shower Eyewash d Safety signs to BS 5499-1

Table 3.1 Disability glare limits

Mounting Escape route and High-risk task area height open area maximum lighting maximum above floor level h (m) (cd) (cd)

luminous intensity I,,, Luminous intensity I,,,,,

h < 2.5 500 1000 2.5 5 h < 3.0 900 1800 3 . 0 < h < 3 . 5 1600 3200 3.5 5 h < 4.0 2500 5000 4.0 1. h < 4.5 3500 7000 h = 4.5 5000 10 000

at the end of a corridor. The disability glare level to which an individual is subjected is related to the luminous intensities of the luminaires in the visual field. The glare can be minimised by restricting the luminous intensity of all luminaires in the field of view. The sensitive field of view is taken to be in the zone 60" to 90" (in elevation) for level routedareas and the whole of the lower hemisphere for non-level routes/ areas, as shown in Figue 3.2. The maximum permissible luminous intensity of an individual luminaire in the glare zone is related to mounting height, and the limits are shown in Table 3.1. The limits have to be calculated for the maximum emergency lighting lumen output.

L

Figure 3.1 Emergency escape and safety signs

~

Figure 3.2 Disability glare zones

Lighting requirements 11

3 & It h RJ1

81 ti g' ir bi ir fc

P Cl

lT IT

ir ai c1 SI

B

1.2 Safety signs is important that all exits, available for use in an emer-

ency, are clearly sign posted and are visible at all material mes. The sign should be illuminated by normal and emer- ency lighting systems. If exits are not directly visible, route idicator signs with an appropriate directional arrow should e used. The style and details of the safety signs are defined i BS 5499.(12) IS0 3864(23) gives the internationally agreed mnats of exit signs and safe condition signs. The designs msist of a rectangular or square shaped frame with a white ictogram on a green background. The green area must be lore than 50% of the total area of the sign and the colour lust conform to IS0 3864-1. As the pictograms can differ 1 style and content, it is important to consult the enforcing uthority for a particular project on its interpretation prior to hoosing the signs. The preferred style of escape signs is $own in Figure 3. l a to d which has been reproduced from IS 5499-4, EN 1838 and BS 5499-1.

3.2.1

Exit signs

S

Luminance Figure 3.3 Positioning of emergency luminaires

Diversity

I Contrast

Summary of requirements for safety signs

Colour Conform to IS0 3864-1 chromaticity co-ordinates

. . ..I.

Pictograms as per section B5 of BS 5499-1 and BS 5499-4

afe condition signs Pictograms as per section B4 of BS5499- 1

Figure 3.4 Emergency luminaire illuminating emergency equipment

Safety colour 2 cd/m2 minimum

Luminance of a colour < 10 (maximin)

Luminance of white to colour > 5 but < { L n P

'iewing distance 100 x height of externally illuminated sign

200 x height of internally illuminated sign

h

R

lounting height Minimum 2 m above floor

.esponse time 50% of design value in 5 s, 100% of design value in 60 s

vlinimum duration 1 hour

3.3 Posit ion i n g of emergency I u minai res

The emergency escape luminaires maybe stand-alone bulk- lead units or integrated recessed, surface, pendant luminaires )r uplights, but close attention should be paid to the posi- ioning and mounting of these luminaires. Luminaires placed 00 low, especially along corridors, may be obscured by the novement of persons and be subject to damage. If placed 00 high, for example direct on a very high ceiling, the uminaires may be obscured by layering of smoke in the event If fire. As a general rule, they should be placed at least 2 m


1 Safe mounting zone

1 Exit I 2 m k doors

(c) near any change in level P I

._. - . ..

above floor level and as close to this height as possible. In schemes where provision is planned for smoke layering at ceiling Level (creating a smoke reservoir), consultation with the fire service is advisable, and consideration should be given to mounting the luminaires below this zone by using, for example, pendant luminaires. These lurninaires, however, should be at least 2 2 m above the floor level. Alternatively, the use of low mounted way guidance systems should be considered. These systems are a valuable supplement to escape luminaires and should be designed to conform to BS 5266-2 or BS 5266-6.

Note that the positions of the escape luminaires can, by themselves, give the first indication of the escape route. Es- cape luminaires should therefore be sited at, or near, positions where it is necessary to emphasise potential hazards on the route or the location of safety equipment. ‘Near’ is taken to be within 2 m measured horizontally. The illuminance on the escape route at these positions should be at least 1 lx. If. these positions are not on the escape route or in an escape area, they should be illuminated to at least 5 lx on the floor.

Spotlight style luminaires are useful for projecting light across from a wall to light large open areas or to concentrate light onto a critical task area. However, there is danger in using them where they are able to shine directly towards es- caping people. The beams are bright and can d fuse in an emergency. They must not be used to light corridors or be positioned near exit doors where their high brightness may obscure the exit sign. Figure 3.5 shows an example of good arrangements,

3.4 Requirements for escape lighting

3.4.1 Siting of luminaires At pointsjplaces of emphasis, position a luminaire at or within 2 m measured horizontally:

(a) at each exit door intended for use in emergency

(b) near stairs so that each flight of stairs receives direct light

Figure 3.5 Arrangement for projector type emergency luminaires

(d) at mandatory emergency exits and safety signs

(e) at each change of direction

(# at each intersection of comdors

(g) outside and near each final exit

(h) near each first aid post

(i) near each piece of fire fighting equipment

(j) near each alarm and call point

(k) in lift cars

Figure 3.6 Emergency luminaire at change of direction of flight of stairs

Lighting ~ requirements 13 ~-

Figure 3.7 Open escape area

( I ) in toilets, lobbies and closets over 8 m2

(m) in toilets, lobbies and closets less than 8 m2 without borrowed light

(n) in control and plant rooms

(0) in motor generator rooms use self-contained luminaires

(p) each side of automatically closing doors

(4 ) immediately outside the exit from the premises to the

Note: If (h) , (i) and G) is not an escape route or area, a minimum of 5 Ix on the floor should be provided.

place of safety

3.4.2 Escape route

Diversity

Disability glare

Response time

Minimum duration

Colour rendering

(Clearly defined, permanently unobstructed routes including moving walkways) Route size 2 20 m long up to 2 m wide

(each 2 m wide strip if route is wider)

Minimum design value of 0.2 lx, but preferably 1 Ix, on the floor along the centre line (c,) of the route

Minimum design value 0.1 Ix, but preferably 0.5 Ix, on the floor of the centre band (c,) of at least 50% of the route width

Illuminance on centre line < 40 (max/min)

Intensity limits, level routes from y 60" to 90" at non-level routes at all yangles in the lower hemisphere

Design value within 5 s of supply failing (1 5 s if occupants familiar with place)

1 hour

Lamp Ra 2 40

Design illuminance (c,)

Design illuminance (c,)

Figure 3.8 Fixed seated area requiring emergency lighting

3.4.3 Escape area (Open or re-configurable areas including covered car parks and stepped areas in stadium) Area size 2 60 m2

Design illuminance Minimum design value 0.5 Ix on empty floor excluding 0.5 m wide perimeter band

Diversity

Disability glare

Response time

< 40 (maxlmin)

Intensity limit in y 60" to 90" band

50% design value in 5 s and 100% design value in 60 s

Minimum duration 1 hour

Colour rendering Lamp R, 2 40

3.4.4 Fixed seated area (Areas in auditoria, stadia having fixed seating) Area size 2 60 m2 Design illuminance Minimum design value of 0.1 lx on a

plane 1 m above floorlpitch-line over seated areas. Gangways should be treated as clearly defined routes

Diversity < 40 (maximin)

Disability glare Intensity limit in y 60" to 90" band

Response time

Minimum Duration 1 hour

Colour rendering

Design value in 5 s

Lamp Ra 2 40

3.4.5 High risk task area (Area where hazardous activity occurs that is to be made safe or terminated or where people may pass by) Area size As defined by task size, location and

plane

Design illuminance Minimum 10% of maintained illuminance on the reference plane but at least 15 lx


Figure 3.9 Example of high risk area

Uniformity > 0.1 (minimumiaverage)

Disability glare

Response time

Duration

Intensity limit in y 60" to 90" band

Design value in 0.5 s

Period for which the risk exists to people

Lamp R, 2 40 Colour rendering

3.5 Stand by I ig hti ng In areas or places where a continuous operation is required, during the failure of the supply to the normal lighting, then standby lighting should be installed. This system should provide adequate illumination for the visual tasks as recommended in the SLL Codefor Lighting.(20) If standby lighting is used for escape lighting, then the escape lighting part should be segregated from the rest of the system and should conform to the rules applied to emergency lighting systems.

4 4.1

Design objectives Ph i I osophy

Emergency lighting should not be considered as a separate issue to the main lighting but a special part of it. If the emergency lighting system is designed in isolation from the main lighting there is a risk of the two sets of lights not being matched on plan leading to a disjointed appearance to the overall scheme and possibly unnecessary expenditure. Emer- gency lighting should be an integrated part of the building lighting, not an add-on extra once the main lighting design has been finished.

Good design of emergency lighting is not just a way of meetinn tareet levels and comdving with standards. It is a

way of ensuring that people can orientate themselves and find their way confidently and safely through a building and to a place of safety. It should be remembered that people, even in familiar buildings, may become frightened and diso- rientated during an emergency.

In real buildings people do, often illegally, place boxes in little-used corners by fire exits or place sacks of rubbish by the 'back door'. Although lighting designers cannot prevent this happening, they can ensure that there is enough emergency light in these building backwaters to ensure that escapees can cope with unexpected obstructions.

Not all buildings are alike, and not all groups of building users are alike. The lighting designer needs to take a considered view of the special hazards of each building and to put him or herself in the place of the type of people using the building. In an emergency a group of retired people at a residential home will react differently from a group of students at a hall of residence. Even if the building plan is the same, the occupants' reaction time, speed of adaptation, chance of panicking and ability to walk in a straight line will be different.

A designer may take a view that, due to the special circumstances of the users of a building, the level of the emergency lighting should be higher than normal. Where the users have disabilities or where use of alcohol or drugs is likely, the lighting levels may need to be higher than the bare minimum. The professional lighting designer must take into account any special circumstances in determining the actual number of luminaires and signs and level of illumination for a given area of a building over and above the base standards.

Figure 4.1 Primary escape route blocked by stacked timber

Lighting requirements/Design objectives 15

4.2 Design approach The fundamental consideration at the beginning of the design process is to determine if the system is going to consist of self-contained units, a central-battery system or a distributed battery system. For each option, there are a number of design issues to be considered in terms of building space required, access for maintenance and cost. For small buildings, the answer is nearly always self-contained units. In large buildings, such as office blocks, factories and shopping centres, the answer is nearly always central battery or distributed battery systems. However, each building needs to be assessed individually.

The other reason to choose central- or distributed-battery systems is where the appearance of self-contained units would not be acceptable. This would be the case, for example, in an historic interior where emergency lighting needs to be introduced and where they cannot be integrated with existing historic light fittings. To position even relatively small brick-like self-contained units may be visually unac- ceptable, whereas small luminaires connected to a remote battery system can often be concealed more easily.

The balance of cost between the options is related to the equipment cost and the wiring cost. Central battery systems use cheaper luminaires without batteries but have a costly central battery, chargerhnverter and segregated protected wiring. Instead of a permanent live connection to each self- contained luminaire from a local distribution board, there is a segregated, fire protected, direct feed from the central battery to each slave luminaire. In addition, central-battery units normally need monitoring relays at each local distribution board. In other words the wiring costs are likely to be higher and the bulk of the capital cost moves from the luminaires to the central-battery units and their housings. The running costs of a central-battery system are usually lower than those of a

system using self-contained luminaires, as only the central battery condition needs to be monitored whereas self-contained units need regular servicing and replacement of the battery packs. The considerations for cost analysis are shown in Table 4.1. These inay be based on annual or lifetime costs.

4.3 Detailed considerations If the lighting is to be by self-contained units, these can be stand-alone emergency luminaires or emergency versions of some of the main luminaires. Where separate units are to be used they need to be positioned in relation to the main luminaires to form a coherent whole. In other words it may be necessary to adjust the number and location of the self- contained units to fit into the pattern and locations of the main lights see Figure 4.2. In the corridor shown in Figure 4.2a, calculations showed that just four luminaires would suffice but to fit them into the pattern of normal luminaires would involve some stretching of the spacing. In Figure 4.2b, the designer has opted instead to use five lower-output luminaires both to fit into the pattern and to provide safe levels of cmergency light along the route. The size, shape and colour of separate self-contained units should be chosen to complement the main luminaires. The chosen emergency luminaires, as with all types of luminaire, must be suitable and fit for their purpose and location.

With central battery systems, there is a need to find an accessible, well-ventilated designated space somewhere in the building to house the main system. This provides for testing and maintenance of the batteries and equipment in one location but a disadvantage is that it tics-up some building area. Where natural ventilation cannot be ensured, mechanical ventilation must be provided.

With distributed-battery systems, a number of small central-battery units are located around the building serving dis-

Table 4.1 Table for model cost analyses o f emergency l ighting schemes

Element Self-contained Central battery

Equipment Installation Equipment Installation

Exit signs f f f f

Emerqency luminaire 1'1 f f f f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~

Central battery unit NIA NIA

Cost of battery room and any special ventilation 121 NIA

Wirina from local distribution board to luminaires f f NIA NIA

NIA

Wiring from central battery system to local luminaires NIA NIA f f

Monitoring of local distribution boards 131 NIA NIA f f

Extra cost of any special switching or hold-off system f f f f

Maintenancekesting costs l41 f f

Column totals: f f f f

Total cost of system: 4 f 4 f

Notes:

[ I ] both the number needed and the cost for the t w o systems [2] [3] [4]

As the l ight outputs o f slave and self-contained versions o f the luminaires usually differ there is likely t o be a difference in

May be just a notional cost o f lost rental value o f store space or more costly addition t o the design. Each local board needs phase-failure monitoring t o bring on emergency lurninaires locally Costs o f testing, maintaining and replacing batteries


a

i - - - - a e - = = = e - n e n - q n n e - ~ b

Figure 4.2 Positioning of emergency luminaires

Crete areas. They may be associated with, say, three large dimmer racks supplying the lighting to a large number of gallery spaces in an art gallery. Each central battery unit monitors the mains feed into, and the health of, the associated dimmer rack and provides power to the emergency luminaires if the dimmer rack fails, Distributing small battery systems around a building reduces long cable runs from a central battery, but a disadvantage is that it spreads out the monitoring and maintenance of the battery systems some- what.

4.4 Integration with normal lighting Iuminaires

In all interiors where the appearance of the space is important, the integration of the emergency lighting within the main lighting should be considered. This can be achieved by using emergency versions of the main luminaires, where they are available from the manufacturer, or by having some of the main luminaires converted by the manufacturer or a third party.

Most main lighting manufacturers provide emergency versions of most of their commercial ranges of fluorescent luminaires. These are visually identical to the normal versions except for having a chargehealthy LED showing somewhere on their bodies. As they are supplied as standard by the manufacturer, they are more economic than conversions and are fully tested and have appropriate photometric and battery performance data. In Europe, they will also have CE marking to indicate compliance with the relevant European Directives.

Many manufacturers can convert some of their standard luminaires ranges to accept emergency battery packs and chargerlinverter units. These extra items may be incorporated internally or may need to be in external boxes. Luminaires with integrated packs and units cause less com- plications during installation but may need additional testing by the manufacturer, as the internal thermal characteristics of the luminaire will have been altered. External conversions normally avoid this problem but require more consideration about how the external box is located or concealed.

It is possible to commission third party manufacturers to convert mains-powered luminaires to accept modification units. Again these may be ‘internal’ or ‘external; with the same advantages and disadvantages as described above. There is, however, one extra consideration. If a third party alters a luminaire it may degrade or alter its performance. That third party must therefore take on the responsibility and guaran-

tees for that luminaire and ensure that it is re-certified as conforming to the relevant product standards, as a legal requirement. The original CE marking will no longer be valid.

5 Design calculations Calculations based on photometric data are necessary to ensure that lighting requirements are achieved. The design data must be selected so that the calculations of lighting parameters simulate the lowest values that may occur in the scheme over its operating life. This also means that the scheme design should be based on direct light from the luminaire and that contributions by inter-reflections should be ignored. There are, however, lighting systems, using indirect luminaires or uplights, where the luminaire works in conjunction with a reflecting surface; for these, the first reflec- tion is taken as the direct light output and subsequent reflections are ignored.

This section discusses the production of data tables and diagrams for product data sheets, and some of the factors that lie behind them.

5.1 Basic data Any published information must be based on measured photometric data. For detailed information on the measurement of the performance of luminaires, see BS 5225(25) (EN 13032- 1)(*Q and CIE Publication 12 1 .(”)

Two key pieces of information are needed:

(i) The luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire; this is generally presented as a table of intensity values normalised to 1000 lm (calibrated intensity table in cdklm)

(ii) The flux of the bare lamp when operated under particular conditions - practical emergency lamp flux (PELF).

The bare lamp flux must be calculated to take into account operation on the emergency lighting ballast or module, the starting of the lamp, the reduction in light output as the battery discharges, and the reduced performance of the battery after a number of years of use.

To calculate PELF, the following factors must be taken into account: Initial lamp lumens: This is the rated flux of the lamp when run on a reference ballast. Initial lamp lumen figures are available from the lamp manufacturers. Ballast lumen factor (BLF): This factor is necessary to correct for the effects of the emergency control circuit in the luminaire on the initial lamp lumens. For a given test ballast,

Design objectives/Design calculations 17

the factor is expressed as

BLF = light output on test ballast Tight output on reference ballast

Note 1 : The light output on the test ballast is measured when the light output has stabilised and any batteries are replaced by a power supply with an output set to the rated voltage of the batteries.

Note 2: For an emergency lighting ballast, it is sometimes called ELBLF because the values maybe very low, around 0.1 to 0.3.

5.1 . I Time-dependent factors There are a number of different time-dependent factors that are important to use in calculations to ensure that sufficient light is available during the discharge cycle of the emergency lighting system. The factors relate the light output of a luminaire after a given time running in emergency mode to standard opcrating conditions, where the battery is replaced by a power-supply that give a voltage equal to the rated voltage of the battery, and the light output is allowed to stabilise so that it varies by less than 1% in 15 min.

F, is the factor that relates the light output of the luminaire after it has been running for 5 s to the light output obtained under standard conditions:

F, = (light output after 5 s)/(light output under standard conditions)

F,, is the factor that relates light output after the luminaire has been running for 15 s to the light output under standard conditions:

F,, = (light output after 15 s)/(light output under standard conditions)

F,, is the factor that relates light output after the luminaire has been running for 1 minute to the light output under standard conditions:

F,, = (light output after 60 s)/(light output under standard conditions)

Fend is the factor that relates light output of the luminaire at the end of the rated life of the battery to the light output under standard conditions:

Fe,,d = (light output at end of rated life)/(light output under

From the above factors, a worst-case factor F,,,, is selected for use in calculation of the practical emergency lamp flux. The rules for the selection of factors are as follows:

For escape routes illuminated to 1 Ix and open areas:

standard conditions)

F,,,, is the minimum of FG0, Fend or 2 x F,

For escape routes l i t to 0.2 Ix:

F,,, is usually the minimum of F,, or Fend

however, at the discretion of the local enforcing authority the factor F,, may be used instead o f F , in buildings where it can be established that all the occupants are familiar with

the layout of the building. The practical emergency lump f lux (PELF) is the prod-

uct of the initial lamp lumens multiplied by the ballast lumen factor and the mininium factor (Fmin) as follows:

PELF = initial lamp lumens x BLF x Fmi,

5.1.2 Service correction factors The factors in an installation that can influence luminaire and lamp performance are temperature, voltage and maintenance.

5.1.2.1 Ambient temperature

The light output of most lamp types is temperature sensitive to a greater or lesser extent. Most lamps have their luminous output declared for the temperature of 25°C. In addition, the performance of the control gear and batteries in a luminaire may also change with temperature. This may cause the lamp to run up more slowly and thus reduce the value o f F,,, as discussed above. Manufacturers should provide correction factors for the practical emergency lamp flux for the range of ambient temperatures over which the luminaire is suitable.

5.1.2.2 Voltage (central systems only)

Correction factors should be provided to indicate the change in light output at a range of voltages relative to the nominal voltage, so that allowance can be made for voltage drop in the installation design.

5.1.2.3

These factors may be combined into a single service correction factor (SCF) which inay be used to correct the PELF where necessary.

Maintenance factor (see section 5.1.3)

5.1.3 Maintenance factors Maintenance factors must be applied to allow for the depre- ciation in light output of a luminaire with time. With emergency lighting, this factor may have two significant components: luminaire maintenance factor and lamp lumen maintenance factor. See the section on maintained illuminance in the Design section of the SLL Codefor Lighting for more information.

5.1.3.1 Lumina i re maintenance factor (LM F)

Dirt deposited on or in the luminaire will cause a reduction in light output from the luminaire. The rate at which dirt is deposited depends on the construction of the luminaire and on the extent to which dirt is present in the atmosphere, which in turn is related to the nature of the dirt generated in the specific environment. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 list the luminaire categories and typical locations where the various environ- mental conditions may be found.

Table 5.3 shows typical changes in light output from a luminaire caused by dirt deposition, for a nuniber of luminaire


Table 5.1 Luminaire categories

Category Description A Bare lamp batten B Open-top reflector (ventilated self-cleaning) C Closed-top reflector (unventilated) D Enclosed (IP2X) E Dustproof (IP5X) F Indirect or uplight

Table 5..2 Location environment Environment Typical locations Clean (C)

Normal (N)

Dirty (D)

Clean rooms, computer centres, electronic assembly, hospitals, pharmaceutical industries Offices, shops, schools, laboratories, restaurants, warehouses, assembly workshops Steel works, chemical works, foundries, welding, polishing, woodwork areas

Table 5.3 Typical luminaire maintenance factors Time between cleaning (years) 0.5 1 .o Environment C N D C N D

Luminaire class 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.89 0.81 0.72 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.88 0.82 0.77 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.86 0.81 0.74

types and environments. The values are taken from the 2002 edition of the SLL Codefor Lightir~$*~) and provide a means of assessing luminaire maintenance factor.

5.1.3.2 Lamp lumen (luminous flux) maintenance factor (LLMF)

The lumen output from all types of lamp reduces with time of operation. The rate of fall-off varies for different lamp types and it is essential to consult the manufacturer’s data. From such data, it is possible to obtain the lamp lumen maintenance factor for a specific number of hours of operation. The lamp lumen maintenance factor is therefore the propor- tion of the initial light output that is produced after a specified time and, where the rate of fall-off is regular, may be quoted as a percentage reduction per thousand hours of operation.

Manufacturers’ data will normally be based on test procedures defined in British Standards which specify the ambient temperature at which the lamp will be tested, with a regulated voltage applied to the lamp and, if appropriate, a reference set of control gear. If any of the aspects of the proposed design are unusual, e.g. high ambient temperature, vi- bration, switching cycle, operating attitude etc., the manufacturer should be made aware of the conditions and will advise if they affect the life and/or light output of the lamp. Note: In non-maintained luminaire types, the actual number of burning hours of the lamps is small and it is not necessary

to consider LLMF. Typical lumen maintenance data are given in the Table 5.4. For more accurate usage, the lamp manufacturer’s data should be used for all actual designs of emergency lighting.

5.1.3.3 Lamp survival factor (LSF)

When considering the frequency at which lamps should be changed in an emergency lighting installation, it is important to take account of the possibility of lamp failure. As any dark spot in an emergency lighting installation can be dangerous, it is important to ensure that all the lamps are working. This may be achieved in one of two ways:

( a ) by selecting a lamp replacement interval such that the chances of a lamp failure are small, i.e. the lamp survival factor is 1 ; or

(6) by regular inspection of the installation and immediate spot replacement of any failed lamps.

Table 5.5 gives typical LSFs for a range of common lamps. These are based on the data in the 2002 SLL Code for Light- i r ~ g . ‘ ~ ~ ) For accurate results, the lamp manufacturer’s data should be used for all actual designs of emergency lighting.

Table 5.5 is based on lamps running on conventional control gear and thus it gives values of survival factor that may be expected for maintained emergency lighting installations. LSF in non-maintained installations is harder to predict. AI- though the number of hours that lamps are running in non- maintained installations is low, it is common for the control gear to heat the cathodes of fluorescent lamps continuously by passing a current through them; regular inspection is therefore necessary to ensure all the units are working.

5.2 Production of design data There are many tools that may be used to calculate the performance of an emergency lighting scheme. Nowadays, lighting-design software is commonly used for scheme design. To use such programs it is necessary to provide photometric data in the form of a data file in a standardised format. There are several electronic formats used for the distribution of such data. Those most frequently found are CIBSE Techni- cal Memoranda 1 4,(28) E ~ l u m d a t ( ~ ~ ) and IESNA(30) and each of these is discussed briefly below.

5.2.1 Electronic data-file formats 5.2.1.1 CIBSE Technical Memoranda 14

Technical Memoranda 14 is the CIBSE standard file format for the electronic transfer of luminaire photometric data. This file type has the peculiarity that it does not contain a field for the lamp flux. It is therefore important that information about the Practical Emergency Lamp Flux is given in either line 7 or line 8 of the file headings.

5.2.1.2 Eulumdat

Eulumdat file format permits inclusion of various lamp options; thus it possible to include the Practical Emergency

Design ca Icu lat ions 19

Table 5.4 Typical lamp lumen maintenance factors ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~

Lamp type

- ~ 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Fluorescent lamps with tri- or

Operation time (1000 h)

-

multi-phosphor coatings 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 Fluorescent lamps with halo-phosphor coating Miniature (T5) fluorescent lamps, size 4, 6, 8,13 W) tri phosphor Miniature (T5) fluorescent lamps (4, 6, 8,13 W) halo-phosphor

1.00 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.83 0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72

1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.80 0.75 0.72 0.70 -

1.00 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.75 0.67 0.63 0.58 - Compact fluorescent lamp (4-pin) 100 0 9 8 0 9 7 0 9 5 0 9 3 0 8 5 080 0 7 7 0 7 5 - Filament lamps 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 9 0 9 8 0 9 5 - -

Table 5.5 Typical values of lamp survival factor

Lamp type Operation time (1000 h)

0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Fluorescent multi- and tri-phosphor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.99 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.64 Fluorescent halo-phosphor Mini T5 (4, 6, 8, 13 W) tri-phosphor Mini T5 (4, 6, 8, 13 W) halo-phosphor Compact fluorescent (4-pin)

1 1 1 1 1 1 0.99 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.64 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.85 0.67 0.50 -

0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.85 0.67 0.50 - 1 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.86 0.69 0.5 -

Filament lamps 1 0.98 0.65 0.3 -

Lamp Flux in the file. If the data file is being created for a normal multi-lamp luminaire that has more than one lamp, it is important to set the number of lamps to the number to which the emergency control gear is connected.

5.2.1.3 I ESNA

IES recommended standard file format for electronic transfer of photometric data is published by the IES of North America. There have been several forms of this format issued since it was first published in 1986. While it is possible to specify a lamp flux in this format, it is more common to multiply all the intensity values in the file by the lamp flux in kilolumens and thus make the intensity value absolute.

5.2.2 Illuminance curves

The diagrams may be calculated directly in a spreadsheet program or using lighting design software. When one is calculating the values of isolux contours for a luminaire that is longer than one-fifth of its mounting height then some form of source subdivision should be used. When an isolux diagram forms part of a luminaire data sheet, it is important to state the conditions for which it has been produced; in particular the following information should given: the mounting height of the luminaire, the mode of operation (maintained or non-maintained), the application (0.2 lx or 1.0 lx for escape route and 0.5 lx for open area), maintenance factors and their implications for relamping and cleaning.

1

Illuminance curves show the variation of illuminance along a straight line. These curves can be produced for a particular height or they may be produced as relative diagrams with distance from the light source expressed in terms of the mounting height H. 'E 06

To use the diagram see details in Annex 2: Calculation of illuminance curves

~9

5 0 7 e - I c a n m -- Axlal

52

5.2.3 lsolux diagrams b1

An isolux diagram shows contours of equal illuminance. It 0 Q 0 5 I Q 15 39 1 5 3 D 3 5 4 0

kuana fram kun*nairsm temns al l b is common to present diagrams that are produced for a given mounting height using data calibrated to give actual minimum performance figures. Figure 5.1 Typical illuminance-curve diagram

20 Lighting Guide 12: Emerqency liqhtinq desiqn quide

10

6

4

2

0

2

6

-8

-tw -10 -6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 4

w---P-l B 10

Figure 5.2 lsolux diagram for luminaire mounted at 2.4 rn

5.2.4 Glare limit To reduce the possibility of glare, the maximum intensities of the luminaires below the horizontal or at elevation angles above 60" are limited. See Table 3.1. It is important that the intensity values of the luminaire are calculated for the maximum output during emergency operation. The normalised I table values should be corrected to absolute values using the rated flux of the lamp multiplied by the Emergency Ballast Lumen Factor (EBLF).

5.2.5 Spacing tables For corridors and defined escape routes, spacing tables provide a convenient way of calculating the layout of luminaires required. They are calculated for strips between luminaires to ensure that the illuminance on the centre line of the es-

Figure 5.3 Spacing possibilities for corridors and escape routes

cape route does not fall below the required illuminance and that the edges of the strip have at least half that illuminance. The luminaire spacing is calculated for five conditions:

(a) from a luminaire that is mounted transverse to the escape route and an end wall (STw);

(b) between luminaires that are mounted transverse to the escape route (S&

(c) between a luminaire that is mounted transverse to the escape route and a luminaire mounted axial to the escape route (STA);

(d) between luminaires that are mounted axial to the escape route (,SA*); and

(e ) from a luminaire that is mounted axial to the escape route and an end wall (SAW).

Figure 5.3 illustrates the spacing possibilities. Maximum values of the above spacing values may be cal-

culated for any luminaire type at a range of mounting types (see Annex 2.3: Calculation of spacing tables) and be presented in a tabular form (see Figure 5.4). For an entry to be in the table, it must fulfil all requirements for emergency lighting including meeting glare restrictions. Table 5.6 is for a luminaire to provide 1 Ix along the centre line of the escape routes, 0.5 Ix on the centre band, with diversity less than 40: 1 and glare limits conforming to the requirements for level route. The data assume annual luminaire cleaning intervals.

Figure 5.4 shows comprehensive emergency lighting design data from a typical manufacturer. These data include all factors used for the data production.

Table 5.6 Example of a spacing table for a non-rnaintained luminaire

Mounting STW si7 'TA' SA, SAW

height

(rn)

transverse to wall

I-I transverse to transverse transverse to axial axial t o axial

I- ++

axial t o wall

(m) (rn) (rn) (rn) (rn)

2.0 2.3 5.9 7.0 8.2 3.0 2.2 2.3 6.1 7.2 8.3 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.8

3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9

2.2 6.7 7.7 8.7 2.8 3.4 3.6 2.1 6.7 7.7 8.7 2.7 3.8 2.0 6.7 7.6 8.7 2.5

1.9 6.7 7.6 8.6 2.3 4.0

Desian calculations 21

Description Batten with reflector Luminaire maintenance category B Catalogue number Lamp LOR DLOR ULOR Datacode SLLl 70W T8 MCF 0.70 0.70 0.00 R0024070

A .

Design factors Disability glare data

MF 0.90 B LF 0.07 F5 1.05 F60 1.05 FEND 0.84 ELDL 419 ( 463)

~ ~-~

Maximum Intensity (cd) Transverse Axial

Level route 60-90" 53.7 46.3 Non-level route 0-90" 103.7 103.3

Spacing data for ceiling mounted luminaire illuminating horizontal plane

2m escape route

Centre-line Minimum Mounting Centre to end Between centres illuminance height

(lux) (m) spacing (m) Diversity spacing (m) Diversity Maximum Maximum

2.5 5.45 0.029 10.90 0.029 0.2 TRnNS3.0 6.75 0.026 12.90 0.031

3.5 7.35 0.035 14.90 0.033

2.5 4.95 0.035 9.90 0.035 0.2 AXIAL 3.0 6.50 0.026 12.90 0.026

3.5 6.95 0.035 14.90 0.027

2.5 3.80 0.089 9.70 0.045 1.0 ~ w s 3 . 0 3.90 0.130 10.40 0.065

3.5 4.00 0.179 10.70 0.088

2.5 3.65 0.092 9.30 0.044 1.3 AXIAL 3.0 3.65 0.131 9.90 0.065

3.5 4.00 0.176 10.40 0.087

Diversity = ratio of Emin to Emax. Limit 0.025 Centre band illuminance is not less than 50% of centre+value

Open area

Minimum Mounting Maximum spacina (m) . - . . illuminance height (lux) (m) centre to end between centres . . . .

Transverse Axial Transverse Axial Diversity

2.5 3.45 3.45 10.00 10.00 0.044 0.5 3.0 3.65 3.65 10.90 10.90 0.064

3.5 3.80 3.80 11.80 11.80 0.087

2.5 1.35 1.35 5.00 5.00 0.443 5.0 3.0 1.15 1.15 5.30 5.20 0.638

3.5 0.75 0.75 5.40 5.00 0.868

High risk task area

Minimum Mounting Maximum distance (m) illuminance heght

(lux) (m) Transverse Axial

15.0 1.5 0.20 0.10 2.0 0.10 0.10 2.5 Not s u i t a b l e a t this height.

Figure 5.4 Example of a manufacturer's comprehensive emergency-lighting design data


6 Equipment and systems

The success of an emergency lighting system depends not only on the design and planning of the scheme but also on the correct choice of equipment. In this Section, the luminaires, power sources and operations are briefly discussed. For more detailed and up-to-date information, manufacturers’ literature and the guides published by the Industry Committee for Emergency Lighting (ICEL) should be consulted.

Equipment selection is not dependent solely on its characteristics, but also depends on the way the user of the building will be operating it and the quality of maintenance it will be given.

6.1 Systems There are self-contained and centrally powered systems. The most appropriate type of emergency lighting system depends on many different application and product considerations. Table 6.1 details specific features; the priority of the features will vary between projects.

6.1.1 Self powered systems These systems use luminaires with their own secondary battery power supply (or with a power pack for a single unit placed not more than 1 m from luminaire). They contain a secondary sealed battery, a charger (control unit), circuitry (which monitors the mains supply) and a lamp. In the mains- healthy condition, the battery is charged. In the event of a failure of the mains supply, the battery is connected to the lamp either directly (to a filament lamp) or via an inverter module (to fluorescent lamps).

6.1.2 Centrally powered systems These systems consist of a centrally located power source consisting of secondary batteries or a motor-generator set, connected by protected wiring to slave luminaires. The system includes subcircuit monitoring of the supply to normal lighting, and an automatic change-over device to connect

U

Figure 6.1 Central battery unit for centrally powered system

the slave luminaires to the central power supply when the mains supply fails. There are three main types of systems.

6.1.2.1 AUDC battery powered systems

These units supply direct current from the battery to the emergency slave luminaires, normally at 24, 50 or 110 V. If a maintained system is required, this is normally achieved by using floating batteries or by using a transformer to provide the appropriate output voltage in the supply healthy condition.

Special or modified luminaires have to be used to be compatible with the range of output voltages and the effects of supply-cable voltage drop. These luminaires normally provide higher light outputs than are available from self-contained luminaires.

6.1.2.2 AUAC battery powered systems

These modify the output from the battery by using an inverter to create 2301240 V AC. These systems can operate any suitable normal luminaires, which do not need to be modified, and so they can provide full light output in the emergency condition.

The power unit has to be matched to the emergency load and be capable of supplying both the total wattage and VA rating of the load and also providing the full starting surge of the luminaires.

Table 6.1 Examples o f application features o f systems Feature Self-contained Central systems

Dedicated Emergency Beam projector AC/DC 24, 50 AUAC 230 V emergency versions of units or l l O V inverter

luminaire mains luminaires

Existing site, difficult wiring High High High Low Medium

Mainly corridors High Medium Low Medium Medium Large open areas Low Medium Low Medium High

High-risk task areas Low High High Low High Ease of battery replacement Low Low Low High High Luminaire at extreme temperature Low Low Medium High High

Large site Medium Medium Medium Medium High Small site High High Medium Low Low

Equipment 23

100 Plante lead-acid

Table 6.2 Typical batteries and their characteristics

Battery type Features Cost factor Size factor

Recombination valve-regulated lead-acid No topping up required Compact Harmed by over discharge and being left discharged (low voltage disconnection circuit needed)

Topping up required (typically every nine months) Visual indication of cell condition Full capacity available throughout life Harmed by being left discharged

Topping up required (typically every nine months) Tolerant of charging techniques Harmed by being left discharged 10 year design life available

10 year design life available 100

25 year design life available 200 Flat-plate lead-acid

130 Nickel-cadmium alkaline

280

200 Topping up required (typically every nine months) Can be left discharged Good performance and life over extreme temperatures 25 year design life available 240 175

Static inverters designed for the application should be compatible with the luminaire characteristics but caution should be exercised if a system using a general-purpose unintermptible power supply unit (see below) is being designed. BSEN 501 71(32) sets out some important points that need to be checked. These are as follows:

The system mu.st be capable of clearing wiring protective devices so that, in an emergency, if a section of the distribution becomes short-circuited, the power unit must have sufficient energy to blow the relevant device and isolate the damaged section enabling the remainder of the circuit to be re-supplied.

The power unit must be capable of starting the emergency load from the battery rather than from a mains bypass.

The batteries of all the systems, larger than small power packs, must use batteries having at least 10 years design life, and the charger and load ripple must not reduce that life ex- pectancy.

The system must be capable of recharging the batteries in 12 hours.

The AC-output systems should be designed with an additional 20% of capacity because all AC-output systems are likely to have their load values increased during their life.

6.1.2.3 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

These are a form of AC inverter which continue to provide their output without a break during a supply failure enabling them to be used with discharge lamps that otherwise would have unacceptably long re-strike times. Because these inverters are normally used for computer back-up care must be taken to ensure they are correctly engineered for emergency lighting use. The UPS maybe powered by floating batteries or by flywheel operating generators. The UPS must comply with the requirements of BSEN 5009 as well as BSEN 50 171 .(32) The charger must be capable of recharging the battery to 80% of capacity within 12 hours. The battery

must be designed for 10 years design life (lower life batteries exhibit a sudden failure mode, which will not be picked up by the emergency lighting testing procedures). The output must be capable in the emergency condition of clearing all distribution protection devices and fuses (normally a UPS unit drops down to zero voltage when sensing a distribution short circuit). It is important to clear the protection device and re-supply those parts of the building that do not have a fault. The inverter must be capable of starting the load from the battery in an emergency. The system monitors as defined in BSEN 501 7 1 should be supplied.

6.2 Power sources The power sources maybe small or large sealed batteries, vented batteries or generators.

6.2.1 Batteries for self-contained systems

These consist of sealed rechargeable secondary cells of nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) or lead-acid (Pb) or nickel-metal hydride (NI-MH) assembled into batteries according to voltage requirement. The batteries are small, compact with limited storage capacity and life, and both are very temperature sensitive. The batteries should be designed to conform to IEC 60285,(33) IEC 60896-204) or IEC 61056-1(35)and should provide four years’ service life.

6.2.2 Batteries for central systems These consist of vented or sealed lead-acid or nickel-cadmium alkaline rechargeable batteries. The batteries have high storage capacity, long operational life (in excess of 10 years) and wide operating voltage range. The standard for battery- powered systems is BSEN 50171 and i t covers safety, performance and compatibility requirements. Selection of the


most appropriate battery type depends on specific site and operational conditions. The most important is often whether the battery will need topping up. Recombination lead-acid cells are available with the large capacities needed, and these cells are not only compact physically but can be accommo- dated in smaller cubicles as they do not need provision for access of topping up equipment.

Major choice factors are listed in Table 6.2.

6.2.3 Generators The main components of a generator system are a prime mover driving an alternator, fuel tanks, operating controls and starter batteries.

The generator has to be able to start automatically and to provide the power for the load within 5 s (or in some cases within 15 s) as detailed in BS 5266- 1.

As with all central systems, the distribution wiring must be fire protected and also the last normal lighting circuits must be monitored and the emergency luminaires automatically activated if the local circuit fails.

As compliance with the safety requirements for the whole’ generator system may be arduous, it may be preferable to provide one-hour-duration battery-powered luminaires in addition to the generator set. Testing of generators should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Home Office guidance.

6.3 System functions and circuits

6.3.1 Rest mode circuit In some applications, for example servicing the fuse board, it may be desirable to be able to stop the operation of emergency lighting until it is needed. The circuit to do this is the ‘rest mode’, where the luminaire is intentionally not operated while the normal supply is in a failed state. The system must be fail-safe so that open-circuit, short-circuit or earth- fault conditions must not inhibit emergency output. The re- strained operation can only be activated during a supply failure; on restoration of the mains supply it automatically reverts to normal mode of operation.

For central battery systems, only the local-circuit monitors are required to initiate non-maintained emergency circuits. The hold-off relays should only be used to inhibit or allow the local maintained emergency luminaires to be switched while the local supply is healthy; failure of that supply must automatically restore the emergency supply to the luminaire.

6.3.2 Inhibiting circuits In infrequently used premises, where the mains are switched off during non-occupancy to avoid the risk of electrically caused fires, the remote ‘inhibiting mode’ may be used to retain and store the charge in the emergency batteries. The inhibiting-mode facility, if used when the building is unoc- cupied, will not cause an unwanted discharge if the supply is

failed or disconnected. The inhibiting-mode facility has to be disconnected during occupancy.

6.3.3 Manual test devices Manual test devices should initiate the emergency changeover circuit and activate the lamp from the battery. The arrangements should be adequate and appropriate for the application, and records of results should be kept for inspection by the fire authority.

6.3.4 Automatic testing systems Automatic testing systems are now available and can sig- nificantly reduce maintenance time and increase the reliability of the test being performed and the reliability of test records. A product standard for these units is being developed (2004). A safety consideration is that the system should automatically conduct a test equivalent to the manual one. This means that the system should test the luminaire fully. The commu- nications used during testing must not inhibit emergency operation of the luminaire. Timing periods should be accurate and protected and result indications must be reliable.

6.4 E merge ncy I u m i n a i res There are two basic types of luminaires: self-contained and slave. These should be designed to conform to BSEN 60598- 2-22.‘”’

6.4.1 Self-contained luminaires Self-contained emergency luminaries contain the power supply and may be of three types: maintained, non-maintained or combined modes of operation. The luminaires may be dedicated or may be converted or modified mains-operating versions. They may be down lights, uppdown lights, uplights, bulkheads, decorative lights or beam projector units. Nor- mal luminaires can be converted for emergency use. This is achieved by adding an emergency conversion unit. If the work is not carried out by the original equipment manufacturer, the person who does it must have relevant training and experience. More detailed guidance can be found in ICEL Publi- cation 1004.(36) The product must be retested for compliance

---ei

Figure 6.2 Maintained emergency luminaire showing batteries and control circuitry

Equipment 25

Figure 6.2 Combined emergency luminaire

with CE Mark requirements and conformity to the requirements of BSEN 60598-2-22. The most important points that should be checked are:

(i) that the conversion module and battery comply with the requirements of BSEN 60924(37) and BSEN 60925;(38)

(ii) that the original CE Mark has been replaced by the person or organisation carrying out the modification and that the person or organisation has taken full responsibility for ensuring legal compliance with that mark including keeping full test records and drawings of the modified unit.

(iii) the electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements of the luminaire have been maintained and this can be verified. To ensure satisfactory product operation and life, a 24 hour heat run should be conducted to ensure that all

components, particularly the battery do operate at below their rated temperatures.

(iv) that the modifier has supplied photometric performance data to enable the new luminaire to be used correctly.

6.4.2 Slave I um i nai res These are normal luminaires which have mains-voltage operating components or have components intended only for emergency use, and have a power feed from a central emergency source. Special care must be taken over the loop-in and loop-out of supply wiring using joint glands so that fire will not damage the feed cables in the luminaire. Alterna- tively, the luminaires may be fed by means of a spur off a protected ring.

6.4.3 Luminaire classification system The luminaire classification system shown in Table 6.3 iden- tifies the type of system, mode of operation, facilities and for self contained luminaires the rated duration using a series of codes.

6.5

6.5.1

Lamps for emergency I urn i na ires Filament lamps

Filament lamps are infrequently used because of their low efficiency and poor life, except when aesthetic considerations are paramount. They are also used in low-temperature applications because their light output is not affected.

6.5.2 Tu ngsten-ha logen lamps In emergency lighting applications, tungsten-halogen lamps are used mainly in projector luminaires.

Table 6.3 Emergency luminaire classification system

Type Mode o f operation Facilities Operational duration, self-

X Self-contained 0 Non-maintained

Z Central system 1 Maintained B Includes remote test mode 60 1 hour

contained

A Includes test device 10 10min.

2 3 4

Combined non-maintained C Includes inhibiting mode 120 2 hours Combined maintained D High-risk task luminaire Compound non-maintained

180 3 hours

5 Compound maintained 6 Satellite

Table 6.4 Typical lamp characteristics

Type of lamp Life (hours) Rating range (W) Efficacy ( ImMI) Ignition t ime

Tungsten 1000 + 1-250 10 Immediate Tungsten-halogen 2000 + 5-1 500 20 Fluorescent hot-cathode 9000 -E 4-100 60 Fluorescentcold-cathode 36 000 + 4-60 40 High pressure discharge 9000 -24 000 50-700 80

Immediate 5 s to 50% of light output 60 s t o 50% of light output 5 min after re-strike Immediate Light emitting diode - white 36 000 0.1-5 10 +


6.5.3 Fluorescent lamps (linear and compact)

The fluorescent lamp with hot cathodes is the normal lamp for most applications because its high efficiency and long life are an ideal combination. However, cold-cathode lamps, despite lower efficiency, can be useful because of their even longer lamp life. Lamps with internal starters should not be used. Also, care must be taken when using amalgam versions of fluorescent lamps because these have slow run-up characteristics.

6.5.4 High-pressure discharge lamps High-pressure discharge lamps are not normally suitable for emergency lighting because of their extended strike and re- strike periods.

6.5.5 Light emitting diodes Light emitting diodes can be used, particularly for illumination of signs where long lamp life is a priority. They are also very efficient at low temperatures.

6.6 Gas lighting Figure 6.3 Gas light with mantle Gas lighting maybe applied to all categories of emergency

lighting. These include escape lighting, standby lighting and safety lighting but always in maintained mode of operation.

6.6.1 Design and construction of systems, either a higher illuminance or wider spacing than electric counterparts will be possible.

Precise photometric characteristics of gas luminaires are not normally available. It is recommended that the manufacturer be consulted to determine the spacing-to-mounting- height ratios to achieve the design illuminance.

gas lighting equipment All new gas lighting equipment must Comply with the Es- sential Requirements detailed in Annex 1 of the Gas Appli- ances Directive.‘39)

As a guide to good design all gas lighting unit should consist of the following basic elements:

(a) gas mantle(s)

(b) gas control device

(c) removable injector(s)

(4 aeration chamber or other gadair mixing arrangement

(e) fireproof nozzle(s) or discharge device

cfl arrangement for supporting the gas mantle(s)

(9) means for securing the light at the desired location

( h ) arrangement to maintain system easily, particularly replacing the mantle

6.6.3 Instal lat ion This, in general, is covered by ‘Rules in Force’ for the installation of gas burning appliances and should be carried out only by a qualified person. The size of pipe should also be of adequate strength and, where it may be at risk from mechanical damage, should be suitably protected. The mounting distance of the gas lighting from ceiling and wall surfaces should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. In any event, the vertical distance should not be less than 300 mm from any combustible surface. If this is not possible, a non-combustible heat barrier should be fitted.

It is recommended, in EXIT signs where a secondary electric source is present, that the electric lamp is located below and in a separate enclosure from the gas illuminant to pre-

(i) label with model number, manufacturer name, service or vent any deleterious effect from the heat and products of

The use of bottled gas in small individual containers is clearly equivalent to the use of batteries without a re-charging facility, both of which systems may become exhausted without warning, and for this reason these systems are not recommended.

spares supplier name. combustion.

6.6.2 Performance Gas lamps are generally available in the 500-2000 lm light output range. This implies that, with well-designed optical

Equipmentbcheme planning 27

L

Figure 6.4 Floor and wall mounted waymarking

6.7 Other illumination sources and systems

6.7.1 Tritium powered signs These give a low light output but, as they are self powered, they do not need connecting to any form of supply. A risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure that their output is adequate at the location where they are intended to be used. Special care must be taken during disposal of these devices as they are radioactive; there are legal obligations for safe handling and storing.

6.7.2 P hoto-I u m i nescen t signs These require an adequate source of illumination to have been applied to them prior to the emergency. In the event of lighting failure, a chemical reaction, created by the previous illumination, causes the sign to emit light at a low level, consid- erably less than the signage requirements of BS 5266-7/BSEN 1838; however, they are useful to provide additional information.

Low-mounted way guidance systems may be used in addition to the required emergency lighting. Powered systems should comply with BS 5266-2 and un-powered photo-luminescent systems with BS 5266-6.

Systems using optical fibre light guides to distribute light should be designed and conform to BS 5266-4 and BS 5266-5.

7 Scheme planning The success of all emergency lighting schemes depends on the correct consultation, assessment of requirements, satisfactory planning and the reliability of the chosen equipment.

7.1

7.1 . I

Risk assessment and planning considerations Risk assessment

In work places it is necessary for the employer to carry out a fire risk assessment in premises where five or more people are employed; a written record should be kept. The designer should plan and make the assessment by following these six important steps:

1

2

3

4

5

6

Identify potential fire hazards in the workplace: sources of ignition, fuels, work processes.

Identify the location of people at significant risk in case of fire: who might be in danger (employees, visitors) and why?

Evaluate the risks: are safety measures adequate or does more need to be done -Fire detection, warning, means of fighting fire; means of escape, fire safety training of employees; maintenance and testing of fire precautions?

Carry out improvements.

Record findings and actions taken: prepare emergency plans, inform, instruct and train employees.

Keep assessment under review: revise it when situation changes.

Note: the employer may appoint a person to carry out the assessment.

7.1.2 Planning considerations The lighting calculations involved in emergency lighting scheme design are straightforward. The design is, however, very dependent on the availability of the appropriate photometric data for the luminaires under consideration. These data should be adjusted or corrected for the specific lamp and luminaire, with the output based on the worst (minimum) conditions.

The lamp or luminaire worst condition will occur when a number of different factors or combination of factors or states such as the light output occur, eg: (a) end of maintenance cycles; (b) end of lamp life;

(c) end of discharge at end of battery life; (d) lowest ambient temperature; and (e) greatest voltage drop.

It is important that the designer discusses these parameters with the likely supplier and installer of the equipment.


Table 7.1 Recommended systems fo r specific places

Application (area) System Locations o f luminaires Notes

General bui ld ing areas

Entrance lobby/reception area NM/1 Corridors NM/1

Staircase NM/1 Staff restaurants and snack rooms NM/1

Telecommunication/control rooms NM/3

Plant room/boiler room/lift motor NM/3 room Lift NM/ l Toilet NM/l

Commercial offices (cellular) Not

Offices (open plan) NM/1 Department store NM/1 Covered shoppinq complex NM/1

Wall or ceiling mounted Wall mounted at changes of direction or level, at fire alarm call points and fire fighting equipment (use directional signs) Wall or ceiling mounted at each landing Wall or ceiling

Wall or ceiling to illuminate switchboard, control desk facia etc. Wall or ceiling to illuminate panels, plant switchgear etc. Ceiling Wall or ceiling

Exit signs on wall or ceiling required

Ceiling Wall or ceiling Wall or ceilinq (shatter-proof)

Consider security aspects Consider exits for identification

Consider identification of exits If used for entertainment purposes outside normal working hours, consider additional requirements Consider additional illuminance to normal emergency (e.g. 5 Ix) Consider additional illuminance to normal emergency (eg. 5 Ix) Refer to BS 5655-1 Only required for toilets greater than 8 m2 (see BS 5266) Consider emergency lighting where an office acts as access to other areas or where large areas of open-plan office space are proposed

People may be unfamiliar with layout People may be unfamiliar with layout .

Non-domestic

Hotels/boarding houses NM/3 Ceiling or wall (see general building People may be unfamiliar with layout areas). Special care required in identifying means of escape with directional and exit signs

Hospitals NM/3 Ceiling or wall Escape lighting required for the movement of patients and staff t o safe location/evacuation. The lighting for continued treatment of patients or other essential work is normally provided by a standby installation (see HTMl 1 and HTMl6)

Public places

Cinemas (auditoria) M/3 Ceiling or wall. Special care required in identifying means of escape w i th directional and exit signs

Lower illuminance of 0.02 Ix generally maintained during public use. See BSCP 1007

As above but- level raised to 0.2 Ix when normal supply fails Other systems may be acceptable depending on size and location

In some cases exit signs may be adequate

Theatres (auditoria)

Places of assembly M/3 Ceiling or wall. Special care required in identifying means of escape with directional and exit signs

be considered. Special care required in identifying means of escape with directional and exit signs Ceiling or wall to illuminate working areas and walkways

Covered car parks NM/1 Ceiling. Shatter-proof luminaires should

Computer rooms Where standby or no-break supply is available emergency lighting may be connected to this supply

Conference facilities NM/1 Ceiling or wall and exit signs Consider unfamiliar persons using facilities. Consider alternative application of facilities

Industrial factories NM/1 Locate to define gangways, corridors Consider additional luminaires to highlight specific hazards

NM/1

and safe areas. Proof luminaires may be required in some areas (IP54)

Educational and recreational

Schools, colleges, universities NM/1 Ceiling or wall Consider additional luminaires for entertainment use out of normal hours of use. Consider alternative application of area

Sports NM/1 Wall or ceiling, shatterproof. Special Consider alternative application of area and the

Pedestrian walkways, where NM/1 Wall. Shatterproof luminaires Consider waterproof luminaires if walkways are forming part of the escape route Museums and art galleries NM/1. Wall or ceiling. Special care required in Consider security aspects

consideration of location mechanical protection

should be considered exposed or external

On identifying means of escape larger premises NM/3 .

with directional and exit signs

, Scheme planning 29 i

5dF-containc.d

7.2

Cmtral battwy Grncratw Gas and others 1 1

Schedule of

specific areas

assumption that the risk assessment has been completed (see Section 2.2.1), and that the space has no windows; or has windows but the space is in use after daylight hours; or that the daylight does not penetrate into the space. An assumption is made that the occupants/visitors having adequate fa- miliarity with the layout of the emergency routes and facilities of the building. It is assumed that occupants of small rooms are able to vacate their rooms without emergency light-

recommendations for

The schedule given in Table 7.1 should be used only as a quick guide and only after studying the specifications in Sec- tion 3, design consideration in Section 4 and electrical systems in Section 8. The recommendations are given on the

I !I I I I I

Figure 7.1 Planning flow chart


ing, but corridors, stairs and escape routes should be provided with emergency lighting. It is essential that routes and exit doors are kept clear and unobstructed so that they are fit for use at all times.

Note: This guide does not deal with standby lighting, which is an alternative to the normal lighting system and should provide adequate illuminance for the task (see SLL Codefor Lighting). However, it can provide emergency escape lighting and this part of the standby lighting must conform to the performance and operational requirements of emergency escape lighting. In general, standby lighting systems provide durations greater than one hour.

Guidance to the use of Table 7.1 Most premises requiring emergency lighting can be associated with areas in the ‘General Building Areas’ section of this table. Other applications are included only if there is a change to the ‘general building area’ recommendations. In the column ‘Recom- mended system of emergency lighting’, the abbreviation M is used for maintained lighting and NM for non-maintained lighting; and the number indicates the required duration of emergency lighting in hours. These symbols have been su- perseded by new symbols which are described in BSEN 60598.2.22 annex B but are not yet in general practice.

Note that some of the recommended durations and mode of operations are subject to statutory requirements and should be determined during consultation with the appropriate enforcing authorities.

7.3 Planning sequence The planning flow chart in Fig. 7.1 gives an overview of the procedure and indicates the series of decisions that have to be made during an emergency lighting scheme design. There is no precise sequence to be followed but these few points indicate a possible course and can be varied according to the information available. It is most important that consultation with the relevant enforcing bodies over the specific plans is carried out early in the design process. Also, throughout planning, it is vital to remember the objectives of the emergency lighting scheme. i.e.

( U ) to illuminate adequately the escape routes, areas and

(b) to illuminate hazardous tasks and physical hazards; and

(c) to illuminate fire-fighting equipment, call points, first aid

exits;

posts etc.

7.3.1 Procedure 1 Identify type of premises.

2 Establish licensing requirements.

3 Examine building plan details.

4 Mark exits and final exits, safe areas.

5 Mark escape routes.

6 Identify open areas and special locations.

7 Mark hazardous task areas.

8 Mark location of hazards, fire fighting equipment, alarm bells.

9 Mark first aid posts, assembly points.

10 Identify toilets with no windows and toilets over 8m2.

11 Identify store rooms, control rooms, special plant rooms,

12 Note illuminance and other application requirements.

13 Select signs and escape luminaires fit for purpose.

14 Position luminaires at essential locations.

15 Add extra luminaires by using planning data to complete the scheme and ensure that the illuminance requirements are achieved.

16 Check diversity and glare limits using the photometric

17 Prepare installation instructions.

I8 Prepare commissioning procedure.

19 Prepare operation and service instructions of replaceable

20 Prepare logbook for testing and include scheme data/de-

2 1 Prepare and sign the Declaration of Conformity -Design

lifts.

data.

parts.

tails.

part.

Note: If, in addition to escape lighting, low-level way guidance systems are included in the scheme, then follow the appropriate steps in the ‘procedure’ to completion and certification. Ensure that all luminaire information, including photometry, is with the logbook.

7.3.2 Worked examples 7.3.2.1 Escape route

A corridor 3 m high and 1.8 m wide in a single-storey factory block (Figure 7.2) is to be designed to 1 Ix illuminance on the escape route. The scheme is design is in two parts: placing the luminaires at or near the points of emphasis and then filling in the escape route coverage as follows: (a) Select exit signs for location centrally above door at each

(b) Place luminaires (IP65 version) outside final exits (A and

(c) Select and place luminaires at essential locations near: hose reel (E), T-junction (F), above small steps (M), turning (N) and fire-alarm call point (P).

(6) Note the maximum spacing distances for a 3 m mounting height of the selected luminaire, for the specific combination of orientations.

(e ) Examine the escape route and distances in Figure 7.2 to

final exit (B and I).

J) .

Scheme planning 31

F.6

7 6

1

1 1

r!

1

15.0 I

Figure 7.2 Escape route emergency lighting positioning

9

9 9

9

IF65

QI

Figure 7.3 Typical floor plan for an office block showing the emergency lighting scheme.

32 Lighting Guide 12': Emergency lighting design guide

find where fill-in luminaires are needed. The distance from B to E is 15 m, but the maximum spacing of the luminaire for transverse mounting is 2.3 m from the end and 6.6 m between luminaires. There is therefore a need for a luminaire (C) 2.3 m from B and another (D) at a maximum of 6.6 m from C. The distances between D and E and between E and F are satisfactory.

v> The distance between F and I is 12 m so we shall need two fill-in luminaires at 2.3 m from I (H) and 6.6 m from F (luminaire G).

(g) The distance between F and M is 16 m and the maximum spacing for axial mounting is 7.6 m (Table 5.6). A luminaire (K) is therefore mounted 7.6 m from F and a further luminaire (L) is placed 6.6 in from K.

(h ) The distance between M and N is 5 m, well inside the limit.

( i ) The distance between N and P is 9 m so a luminaire is to be placed 6.6 m from N (0).

(j) This completes the layout and it is only necessary to check that there is a luminaire within 2 m of the wall-mounted directional arrows at F and N. These are also well inside the limit.

( k ) If the spacing data are not checked for glare control, i.e. for compliance with the intensity restrictions, then these checks should be made using the intensity tables. The data in Table 5.6 confirms that there are no excessive intensities from the luminaire in the lower hemisphere, i.e. it is suitable for level or stepped escape-route application.

7.3.2.2 Office scheme

Figure 7.3 shows the results ofan emergency lighting scheme applied to an office building having private offices, meeting rooms, open offices, lifts, stairs and toilet facilities. The scheme is designed to provide 0.2 Ix on the escape routes, and 0.5 Ix for the escape areas on the floor having 2.5 m ceiling height. In all, 42 luminaires of four types are required for the scheme.

The scheme is providing 0.2 Ix on the escape routes and 0.5 Ix in the open areas having a ceiling height of 2.5 m

8 8.1

Electrical design General

If the emergency lighting system is to be of high integrity, it is essential that the electrical installation is carried out with consideration of the circumstances in which the equipment will be needed. The installation should comply with BS 767 1 ,(40) in particular Chapter 56, and the supplementary requirements below.

8.2 Lumina i res All luminaires should comply with product standard BSEN

60598(41) and must be CE marked. When designing an emergency lighting system, care should be taken to rationalise the lamp types selected and ensure compatibility of lamp types for maintenance. Some lamp types are not suitable for emergency applications, e.g. amalgam compact fluorescent lamps, and provision should be made to limit the risk of such lamps being fitted during maintenance visits. Luminaires should be labelled to ensure that replacement lamps are compatible with the type supplied with a new luminaire.

When selecting luminaires, care should be taken to ensure that they have cable entries of adequate physical capacity for the cabling that will be terminated within them. Many emergency luminaires now incorporate plug-and-socket connectors to simplify installation. Such connectors should be designed in a way that prevents their accidental disconnection. The connectors should not be accessible from outside the luminaire.

Unless it is safety extra low voltage (SELV), all AC emergency lighting will require a connection for a circuit protective conductor (CPC). BSEN 60598-2-22('2) makes special provision for the looping of a CPC through Class I1 products, and luminaires should have sufficient terminals to ac- commodate looped CPCs.

8.2.1 Mod if i ca t ion u n i ts It is common for the emergency lighting design to utilise some of the general lighting luminaires, fitted with suitable battery inverters, for the emergency lighting. Where this is done, the battery inverter equipment should be factory fitted. Battery conversions undertaken on site may not be compliant with EMC recommendations, will invalidate CE marking and may invalidate the original manufacturer's warranty.

Where it is necessary to fit the batteries in a remote pack close to the luminaires, the cabling between the battery and the luminaire itself should be kept as short as possible; if it is over 1 .O m in length it must be of fire survival rating.

8.3 Energy considerat ions Maintained luminaires consume energy for battery charging in addition to the normal running requirements of the lamp in mains mode, and non-maintained luminaires require charging energy even though the lamps are not normally alight. For these reasons, charging circuits should be as energy efficient as possible.

In order that emergency lighting systems are as efficient as possible, the number of un-switched maintained luminaires used should be limited to the minimum required for safety.

8.4 Self-contained emergency lighting

I t should be verified that a suitable power supply is available for the charging circuits of emergency luminaires. Although most proprietary emergency lighting luminaires and conversion packs are designed for 230 V operation, some types may require a different AC or even DC supply in order to charge the batteries.

Scheme planning/Electrical design 33

i I

Figure 8.1 Non-maintained self-contained system circuit

Figure 8.2 Switched maintained self-contained system circuit

4 amp

Figure 8.3 Central-battery system circuit

If the luminaires are difficult to access for testing, a convenient means of testing their operation should be provided. This may simply be a local key switch, or via a building management system (see Section 10).

Where switched-maintained luminaires are used, it is important that the lamp switching does not affect the charging circuit. It may be possible to share the neutral and circuit protective conductors, but a second unswitched phase conductor will be required

8.5 Centrally supplied slave lumina ires

The integrity of centrally supplied systems is the paramount design consideration as, unlike self-contained systems, the failure of a single part of the system could render the entire emergency-lighting installation ineffective.

There are many options for the slave luminaires them-

selves and a strategic decision should be taken at the initial design stage to determine the most appropriate system. The following summarises the alternatives:

AC power supply (generutor, UPS or buttery inverter): Luminaires normally AC, but may be DC with internal rectifiers. Supply voltage in emergency mode may not be the same as that in mains mode - if the luminaires are maintained, a changeover relay will be needed.

DC power supply: Distribution voltage varies. Luminaires may be DC or fitted with an inverter to operate on AC. Again, if they are maintained, a changeover relay will be required.

In each case, the designer must be clear as to the lumen output available from the luminaires in emergency mode.

8.5.1 Segregation, protection and redundancy

The distribution circuits should be divided and segregated such that the risk of a total loss of emergency lighting in any one area is minimised. Precautions should include the use of fire survival cables such as mineral-insulated copper conductor (MICC) cables, armoured power cables to BS 7846(42) or low-smoke-and-fume (LSF) cables in protected routes. Examples of methods of protection include metal trunking and conduit. Cables run in ceiling voids that do not form part of a fire-rated zone should not be run on open trays unless they are of the MICC type, armoured cable to BS 7846(42) or conform to cable performance standards BS 6387(43) or

Particular attention should be paid to the most vulner- able parts of the distribution system, for example where cabling enters and leaves enclosures and luminaires. Suitable glands should be provided which maintain the same level of integrity as the cabling being used. Where slave luminaires are spurred off a main circuit, the final cabling should be to the same standard as the rest of the system.

Cabling provided solely for emergency lighting purposes should be clearly identified as such and labelled accordingly.

Where possible, the power supply should incorporate some redundancy, for example more than one battery room and multiple distribution circuits.

IEC 60364-5-52.'44'

8.5.2 EMC and circuit configuration I t is important that the overall design of a centrally supplied emergency lighting system is EMC compliant, as many of the components used in these systems, although individually suitable, may interact in such a way as to generate electrical interference. Verification should be sought from the equipment manufacturers and systems integrators that EMC issues have been considered properly.

When selecting circuit-protective devices, it should be remembered that the emergency luminaires will all switch on together, so the rating of the protective device should take account of this. It is good practice for each final circuit not to exceed a loading of 20 luminaires.


It is desirable to include some form of sensing to prove the integrity of the emergency lighting circuits.

8.6 Building management systems, lighting controls and remote testing

Where a building management system is employed, it is essential that any failure of this does not adversely affect the emergency lighting, for example by incorrectly switching maintained luminaires. A BMS-system failure should not be seen by the emergency lighting system hold-off relays as a general lighting-power-supply failure.

Lighting controls may be in use on circuits that include emergency lights. The permanent line feed to hold-off relays should be taken from a point that is independent of the control-system power supply. Where dimming systems are linked to fire alarms (eg in restaurants and night clubs), note that lighting provided by the dimming system under alarm conditions is additional to and separate from the emergency lighting.

Remote testing systems should be arranged to conduct the test regimes required by Section 9 ofthis Lighting Guide.

8.7 Protection from transient over-vo I t a g es

Cabling, changeover relays and luminaires should be resistant to interference from transient over-voltages caused by supply surges and switching (changeover). Protection should be provided which ensures safe operation of the emergency lighting under transient conditions, as well as protecting the equipment itself from damage.

Surge-protection devices should be self-resetting and not render the emergency lighting inoperative.

8.8 Other emergency lighting systems

I t is increasingly common to supplement the overhead emergency lighting required by BS 5266- 1 with low-level mounted systems to BS 5266-2 and BS 5266-6. These systems may use fibre-optic or low-voltage tiffany lamp or LED or electroluminescent lighting strips. Such installations should be fed from separate electrical circuits from the main emergency lighting, the supply cabling for these circuits being segregated from the emergency lighting cables.

Where fibre-optic systems are selected, it should be noted that the failure of a single light source will extinguish all of the lighting points connected to that source, so multiple light projectors will be required in each area with the system designed to BS 5266-4 and BS 5266-5.

8.9 Warning labels Emergency lighting circuits and luminaires should be fitted with warning labels to highlight the hazards from voltages that may be present when the mains supply is isolated, and to indicate that dangerous voltages may be present when lamps are not alight.

9 Installation, testing and maintenance

The success of an emergency lighting system depends not only on the design, planning and selection of the right equipment but also on the satisfactory installation and maintenance of the equipment throughout their service life. It is vital that the designer specifies the right equipment, which is fit for the purpose. Consideration should be given to the choice of products so that they are serviceable when installed or should require virtually no servicing during the product life if installed in places where access for maintenance will be restricted. Regular maintenance, servicing and testing of the emergency lighting installation is very important if it is to be operative when the need arises.

9.1 Installation The emergency lighting system should be installed as instructed by the designer of the scheme and also in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s instructions. The designer usually provides a schedule of installation, including scheme plans and wiring/piping drawings in which the location of equipment, placing of protection devices and the choice and routing of wiring/piping are set out. The schedule or drawings may also give the sequence of fixing and connections, particularly of complex systems, that the installer should follow. All such schedules and drawings should be added to the logbook on completion of the installation. These should be updated with information of all scheme modifications made during the life of the installation.

9.1.1 Gas lighting installation The installation of gas-burning emergency-lighting systems should be carried out in accordance with the Rules in Force and must be carried out by qualified (CORGI registered) persons. The pipe bending, protection, mounting and connections should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Extra care should be exercised in the location and orientation of operator-activated devices so that labels and markings are clearly visible to the operator during operation.

9.2 Maintenance Maintenance and servicing of the installation should be made regularly. A competent person* who is appointed by the owner/occupier of the premises should carry out this work. The designer should provide a maintenance schedule that should list and give details of replacement components of luminaires such as lamp type, battery, fuses, cleaning and topping up fluids.

Caution should be exercised in servicing, as un-energised circuits may suddenly become energised automatically. Prime

* A competent person is someone who has the necessary knowledge, training, experience and abilitics to carry out the work. (MSLL or equivalent qualifications.)

Electrical desiqn/lnstallation, maintenance and testinq 35

movers and generators will almost always be started without warning in an emergency or auto test, since a sensor remote from the plant enclosure initiates the sequence of operations.

9.2.1 Batteries Batteries should be maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Sealed batteries used in self-contained luminaires require no maintenance. Self-contained nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries have an operational life of four years. After this period the batteries must be replaced with a type specified by the manufacturer. These batteries must be returned to special collection centers for disposal and recycling as instructed by the luminaire manufacturer. Sealed batteries, used in central systems, will not require maintenance but it is advisable to check, clean and grease the terminals at regular intervals. For other types of battery the following checks should be made:

(a ) Check battery electrolyte levels and top up if necessary.

(6) Clean the cell tops and terminals and re-grease termi-

(c) Check for cell case leaks and replace if leaking.

(d) Make the routine inspection and tests.

(e) Record results in the logbook.

nals.

9.2.2 Luminaires The luminaires must be suitable for the environmenta. conditions in which they are expected to function. Luminaires and signs should be cleaned at regular intervals that may coincide with the time of inspection. Any defects noted should be recorded in the logbook and rectified as soon as possible. The cleaning interval is dependent on the atmospheric dirt in the installation. Serviceable components should be replaced at the end of the recommended component service life by an approved part.

Self-luminous signs, such as a tritium-activated phosphor- coated signs, should be replaced at the specified end of service life. Note that these signs contain residual radioactive material and their disposal must be carried out by an authorised expert contractor.

9.2.3 Other components The servicing of generating sets should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations in IS0 8528-8,(45) and other components should be serviced in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Replacement parts should always be an approved part type, as similar parts may not have all the required characteristics.

9.2.4 Service schedule Inspection and maintenance should be carried out in accordance with a systematic schedule. A typical planned inspec- tionhervicing schedule is as follows:

(a) Check that defects recorded in the logbook have been

(6) Clean the exterior of luminaires and signs.

(c) Check correct operation of luminaires and internally illuminated signs by operating the test facility.

(4 Check correct operation of engine driven generator(s) and carry out the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance.

(e) Check fuel tanks-and oil and coolant levels and top up as

Cr) Check level of electrolyte in batteries of central battery

(g) Check that all indicator lamps are functioning.

(h ) Record data in the logbook.

(i) Check egress path to determine whether architectural and furniture changes have rendered the emergency lighting system ineffective.

0’) Check egress path for obstructions that hinder escape during an emergency.

Instructions issued by manufacturers should also be observed and added to the service schedule.

corrected.

necessary.

systems and generator starter batteries.

9.3 Routine inspection and testing

Routine inspection and testing should be carried out at the intervals specified below. Records should be kept of the tests and the results obtained. Where self-testing or remote testing features are being used, those responsible for emergency lighting systems should verify that the tests have been conducted on schedule and have given satisfactory results. Details of routine testing are given in EN 50172: 2004.(46)

9.3.1 Self-testing and remote testing systems

An increasing trend is for emergency lighting to incorporate some form of self-testing facility, or for the luminaires to incorporate a remote monitoring feature. The electrical test should verify that any self-testing system performs as intended, and without impairing the integrity of the lighting design. Where self-testing or remote monitoring systems are used as the basis of compliance with BS 5266-1 Section 12, visual inspection of the installed equipment should be carried out at least annually to verify that it is in good mechanical condition. prEN 62034 gives details of automatic test systems for battery powered emergency escape lighting.(47)

9.3.2 Daily It should be verified that the charging supply to the central battery systems is indicating normal operation. The emergency lighting record logbook or monitoring system should be checked in order that recorded faults may be rectified.


9.3.3 Monthly A short-duration test should be performed, by simulating a failure of the general lighting power supply, to verify that all emergency luminaires are operating. This applies for both self-contained and centrally supplied systems.

The duration of the function test should be as brief as possible, so as not to discharge batteries unduly or damage the lamps.

Engine-driven generators should be checked for automatic starting and to ensure that they energise the emergency lighting system correctly.

9.3.4 Annually A full duration test of all systems should be performed, to verify that the emergency lighting provides its design output for the full design duration.

The duration test should be arranged to occur at a point in time where the time needed to recharge batteries has the least impact on the occupation of the building.

The signs and luminaires are cleaned if required.

9.4 Records and documentation 9.4.1 Initial inspection certificate A model certificate can be found in BS 5266- I .

9.4.2 Maintenance schedule A maintenance schedule should be prepared as indicated in Section 9.2.4.

9.4.3 Logbook Record keeping is an important aspect of maintenance and recording the system condition. A logbook should be kept on the premises in the care of a competent person appointed by the owner/occupier of the premises and should be readily available for examination by any duly authorised person. The logbook should contain the following information:

(a) date of any completion certificate, including any certificate relating to alterations;

(b) a complete set of plans and emergency lighting layouts for the building; a full set of schematics will be required where central battery and generator systems are employed;

(c) a schedule of plant and equipment requiring maintenance, including information regarding the frequency of testing.

(d) instructions that highlight planned maintenance tasks and give guidance on the execution of these tasks;

(e) a schedule of recording the outcome of all maintenance inspections and tests carried out, defects and remedial action;

(f) manufacturers’ installation and instruction manuals for each individual item of the system; and

(g) a schedule detailing the quantity of each spare component (e.g. lamp, battery, fusing) to be stored on site to enable quick replacement of failed components; contact details for each manufacturer should also be included.

10 Commissioning and certification

10.1 General A full electrical test in accordance with BS 7671(40) is required for the emergency lighting installation, as well as specific requirements to meet BS 5266-1. When photometric tests are being undertaken, it will be necessary to ensure that the correct power-supply voltages are present when the re- spective illuminance readings are being taken.

10.1.1 Self-contained systems A hnctional test should be carried out to ascertain that all luminaires are working in the correct manner, i.e. maintained, non-maintained and, where appropriate, combined. I t should be verified that the battery-charging supply is present and indicated, and that the luminaires operate in emergency mode on simulation of a general supply failure.

After initial commissioning, and allowing for a full charge of all batteries, i t is good practice to perform’a duration test to confirm that the system will perform for the designed duration. It should be confirmed that all luminaires reset to normal or standby mode as appropriate after the restoration of the normal supply.

Where additional controls such as switched-maintained, inhibiting or rest mode are fitted, it shall be verified that these operate in the correct manner.

10.1.2 Central systems The system should be tested in normal and emergency modes to determine the correct changeover of luminaires and full hnctionality in emergency mode. With central systems, it is essential that a duration test is carried out.

It should be confirmed that all luminaires and off-line battery units reset to normal or standby mode, as appropriate, after the restoration of the normal supply.

10.1.3 Self-testing and remote testing systems

The system should be set up and tested for functioning in accordance with the suppliers’ instructions. A copy of these instructions should be placed with the logbook.

10.2 Photometric commissioning On site performance testing of emergency lighting installations can be very difficult. The testing requires good instru- mentation and well laid out plans for the measurement conditions.

Installation, testina and maintenanceKommissioninq and certification 37

Comprehensive site tests are made by simulating mains failure to the normal lighting and making the illuminance measurements. A minimal site test can be made in conjunction with using authenticated luminaire scheme design data. The data, from a spot measurement, may be adequate to show correlation with the design data.

10.2.1 Instruments It is essential that any illuminance meter used has a photocell with good cosine incident light correction. An illuminated-dial or digital-display type meter should be used so that readings may be visible at low illuminances. The light meter should have an operating range of 0.001 to 10.0 Ix with a sensitivity of 0.00 1 Ix for escape routes and areas, and a range of 10.0 to 1000.0 Ix with a sensitivity of 1.0 Ix for high-risk areas. The accuracy of the instrument should conform to BS 667 Type F.(48) The photocell should preferably be on a remote lead to avoid overshadowing.

10.2.2 Measurement The illuminance measurements should be made on a horizontal plane on the escape route area or task area. In most cases it is advisable to select a number of specific areas or points for test that represent the worst conditions. Suggested locations are:

( a ) half way between luminaires;

( 6 ) corners of stairwells;

( c ) critical task areas;

(d) where highest mounting heights occur;

(e) where widest spacing of luminaires occur;

(f) changes of direction of route; and

(g) the threshold of exit doors.

The results from these tests can be checked against design data. The best time to take measurements is during the hours of darkness. However, the effect of street lighting or steady natural light needs to be taken into account. This extraneous light may be deducted by taking measurements with and without emergency light of the same points or by using cur- tains drawn over the windows.

The light output of the lighting system will vary with time, so the tests should be completed as quickly as is possible within the rated duration. This will minimise the charge losses from the batteries. This is particularly relevant in an occupied building because, with fully discharged batteries, the building may have reduced emergency lighting cover for up to 24 hours.

For central systems, measurements within the duration period can be carried out in one or two locations directly under a luminaire.

On-site testing will only prove or indicate to some degree the accuracy of the design data and in most cases the illuminances measured should be many orders higher than the minimum level. I t is valuable to have data that relate the lumen output of the luminaire at any time to the lamp/battery life cycle.

10.3 Completion certificate On completion of design, installation and commissioning of the emergency lighting system, a completion certificate should be prepared and supplied to the occupier/owner of the premises as part of the handover. An example of a completion certificate is provided in Annex 1.

All sections, of the Declaration of conformity form, should be signed by the specified competent persons. A copy of the signed Declaration of conformity certificate may be required for inspection by the enforcing or inspection au- thori ty.


Annex 1 : Emergency Lighting Completion Certificate

BS 5266-1 - EMERGENCY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

AI . I Emergency lighting completion certificate New installations and verification of existing installations

Serial Number xxxxxx/O

Occupier/owner

Address of premises

Declaration of conformity In consequence of acceptance of the appended declarations, I N e * hereby declare that the emergency lighting system installed, or part thereof, at the above conforms, to the best of my/ourt knowledge and belief, to the appropriate recommendations and requirements of BS 5266-1 : 1999 Emergency Lighting. Part 1 Code of Practice for the emergency lighting of premises other than cinemas and certain other specified premises used for entertainment and EN1 838/BS 5266-7: 1999 Lighting applications - Emergency lighting except as stated below/overleaf. Also that the installed system will be maintained and tested in accordance with the appropriate recommendations and requirements of BS 5266.

Signature of person accepting the system declarations and accepting qualification of the enterprise making those declarations, on behalf of the above.

Date

Note. Signatories are reminded of their obligation to show due diligence through verification of the validity of declarations and the appropriate qualification of those making declarations

Has risk assessment checklist as required by the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 been completed and conformity demonstrated?

YES/NO

Relevant comments/deviations (continue on reverse side)

Number Details Declaration

This certificate is only valid when accompanied by relevant, current: (a) Declaration($ of design, installation, commissioning (Appendices 1, 2 and 3) (b) Photometric design calculations (c) Test logbook (d) Risk assessment checklist * Delete as appropriate t Design/tnstallation/verification

Annexes 39

A I .2 Design: Declaration of conformity Serial no xxxxxxl l

65 5266 clause Design general requirements System complies? reference Yes No NIA

P t l 3.2-3.3 1 Are accurate plans available showing escape routes, fire alarm control panel, call points 0 0 and fire extinguishers?

Pt7 5-5.6 2 Are acceptable fire safety signs incorporated that are correctly sized, clearly visible and 0 0 adequately illuminated?

Pt7 4.1 a Are they located at each door to be used as a final exit? 0 0 Pt7 4.1 Where direct line of sight of a final exit is not possible, is an illuminated sign positioned 0 0 0

0 0 0 t o indicate the escape route?

P t l 6.10.1 Pt7 4.1

3 Do the emergency luminaires comply with BSEN 60598-2-22?

Pt7 4.1 4 Are luminaires located at positions necessary to emphasise potential dangers and the locations of safety equipment?

At each exit door intended to be used in an emergency Near stairs so each tread receives direct light (near is within 2 m horizontally) Near any other change of level (near is within 2 metres horizontally) Mandatory emergency exits and safety signs At each change of direction

Outside and near to each final exit (near is within 2 metres horizontally) Near each first aid post exit (near is within 2 metres horizontally) Near fire fighting equipment and call points exit (near is within 2 m horizontally)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

At each intersection of corridors

5 Are at least two luminaires illuminating all compartments of the escape route?

P t l 6.8 6 Is additional emergency lighting provided where needed to illuminate:

P t l 6.8.3 Lift cars n o 0 P t l 6.8.4 Moving stairways and walkways 0 0 0 P t l 6.8.5 o n o P t l 6.8.6 Motor generator, control and plant rooms 0 0 0 P t l 6.8.7 Covered car parks 0 0 0

Toilets, lobbies and closets - larger than 8 m2 floor area or without borrowed light

P t l 9.2 7 Is the mode of operation (maintainedhon-maintained) correct?

9.Have maintenance and testing instructions and a suitable logbook been produced for

0 0

0 0 P t l 9.1 8.1s the duration adequate? n o P t l 10.6

retention and use by the occupier?

Photometric requirements

Pt7 4.2 Pt7 4.3 P t l 5.3.2

10 Is the spacing within the limits to provide adequate illumination for: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Escape routes for any use: 1 Ix minimum on centre line Open areas above 60m2: 0.5 Ix minimum anywhere in core area Permanently unobstructed route: 0.2 Ix minimum on centre line ('A' deviation) Open area with an average of at least 1 Ix and a uniformity of 40 : l : designed to 1988 issue of BS 5266-1 and still acceptable under risk assessment

NB: Photometric design data must be appended -this can be in any of the following formats but in all cases appropriate derating factors must be used and identified to meet worst-case requirements

Authenticated spacing data such as ICEL 1001 registered tables Calculations as detailed in CIBSE Lighting Guide 12 By appropriate computer print of results

Comments/deviations entered on Completion certificate, number

Signature of person making design conformity declaration

Qualification

For and on behalf of Date


A I .3 Installation: Declaration of conformity Serial no xxxxxd2

BS 5266 Clause Design general requirements reference Yes No N/A

System complies?

0 0 11 Does the system installed conform to the agreed design?

Pt 7 6.2 12 Are all non-maintained luminaires fed or controlled by the final circuit supply of their local o o n normal mains lighting?

13 Are the luminaires mounted at least 2 m above the floor?

14 Are they mounted at a height to avoid being located in smoke reservoirs or other likely area of smoke accumulation?

15 Do the exit signs conform t o the Signs Directive (92/58 EEC) and are they mounted either

P t 7 4.1

Pt 1 6.5

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 P t 1 6.9.2 between 2 and 2.5 m high or has an alternative height been agreed with the fire authority?

are they appropriately sized?

17 Is the output voltage range of the central power system compatible with the supply voltage range of the luminaires including the effect of supply cable voltage drop?

P t 1 8.2.2 16 Do the wiring distribution circuits of central systems provide adequate fire protection and a o n P t 1 8.2.3 BS 7671

Pt 1 8.3.5 0 0 0

BSEN 60598

Pt 1 8.2.13

P t 1 8.3.3

P t 1 11.1

Pt 1 8.1

18 Do slave luminaires,avoid the use of glow starters in their emergency circuits?

19 Are the components of the emergency system part of a fixed installation that does not

20 Does the system have suitable testing facilities that are appropriate for the specific site as

21 Have the equipment manufacturers installation and commissioning procedures been

22 Does the system comply to the general principles of good practice in wiring installations

n o n

n o

n o

n o

n o

-2-22 clause 22.6.1

incorporate plugs and sockets unless they are protected against unauthorised use?

specified in the declared design?

completed satisfactorily?

in BS 7671?

Comments/deviations entered on completion certificate, number

Signature of person making installation conformity declaration

Oualification


Annexes 41

AI .4 Verification : Decla ration of conform i ty Serial no xxxxxx/3

BS 5266 Clause Design general requirements reference

System complies? Yes No NIA

Pt 1 3.3

Pt 1 8.3.3

Pt 1 5.6

Pt 1 3.3

P t 1 6.10.1 P t 7 4.1

1 Are the drawings available and correct?

2 Does the system have a suitable test facility for the application?

3 Are the exit and safety signs correct and visible in normal and emergency conditions?

4 Are the luminaires correctly positioned and orientated as shown on the drawings?

5 Do the emergency luminaires comply with B EN 60598-2-22?

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pt 1 6.10.1 6 Do the luminaires have an appropriate category of protection against ingress of moisture or foreign bodies for their location as specified in the declared design?

0 0

Pt 1 6.10.2*

Pt 1 9.1 Pt 1 12.4

7 Do luminaires located on the escape route pass the flammability requirements by conforming to the 8 5 O O C glow wire test?

8 When tested, did the luminaires and signs operate for their full rated duration?

0 0

0 0

Pt 1 12.4 Pt 7 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

9 Under test conditions, was adequate illumination provided for safe movement on the escape route and in the open areas? This can be checked by visual inspection and ensuring that the illumination from the luminaires is not obscured and that the minimum spacings have been met.

0 0

P t l 12.4 10 After test, were the charging indicators operating correctly? 0 0 P t l 8.2.2 1 1 Are the wiring requirements satisfactory for fire protection of central systems

12 Is correct segregation for emergency circuits provided?

13 Have suitable maintenance and testing instructions, together with a logbook

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

distribution?

P t l 8.2.6

P t l 11.3 showing a satisfactory commissioning test, been provided for retention and use by the occupier?

Pt l 10.6 14 Have the occupier and its staff been trained on suitable maintenance, testing and operating procedures or has a suitable maintenance contract been agreed?

0 0

Additional requirements for existing buildings

P t l 8.5 15 Are the test records, in the logbook, complete and satisfactory? 0 0 16 Are the luminaires clean, undamaged and the lamps in good condition?

17 Is the original design still valid?

0 0 0 0 0

* Luminaires tested and certified to the latest edition of BSEN 60598-2-22 are deemed t o comply with the 85OOC glow wire test, as are luminaires registered under the ICEL 1001 scheme

Comments/deviations entered on Completion certificate, number

Signature of person making verification conformity declaration

Qualification



Annex 2: Examples of calculations 1 All calculations in this Annex are based on the following I-table for a luminaire whose intensity distribution is given by Table A2.1:

Table A2.1 I-table for a luminaire

Elevation (deg)

Azimuth (deg) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

0 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 5 161 161 161 161 160 160 160 10 161 161 160 160 159 159 158 15 161 161 160 158 156 155 154 20 162 160 157 155 153 152 150 25 163 161 158 154 149 146 143 30 163 160 157 150 143 139 134 35 165 160 155 146 136 131 126 40 166 160 154 142 130 123 116 45 166 160 153 137 121 113 104 50 165 158 151 133 114 103 91 55 163 156 148 128 108 94 79 60 159 151 143 121 99 82 65 65 153 144 135 113 90 70 49 70 148 139 129 105 80 59 37 75 138 129 119 94 69 46 23 80 130 120 110 84 58 35 11 85 123 113 102 75 48 26 3 90 118 108 98 71 43 22 0

Table A2.2 Relative-illuminance data table for a luminaire

Figure A2.1 Geometry of calculation

A2.1 Illuminance curves Illuminance curves may only be calculated for small luminaires, as the calculation method depends on the use of the point-source formula. As it is general to provide factors for heights from 2 m upwards, this means in practice that the method should not be used for luminaires with a maximum dimension in excess of 0.4 m.

Figure A2. I , from the Calculations section of the Code for Lighting, illustrates the geometry of the calculation.

The horizontal illuminance at point on the floor is given by the formula

A B C D E F G H

E I evat ion Transverse Axial Distance from Illuminance at Illuminance at Relative Relative angle (deg) intensity Intensity lumina ire point - point - illuminance illuminance

(cd/klm) (cdlklm) (in terms of H) transverse axial a t point - at point - (m) (Ix) (Ix) transverse axial

tan A B cos3A C cos3A E/Max F/Max

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

161 161 161 161 162 163 163 165 166 166 165 163 159 153 148 138 130 123

161 160 158 154 150 143 134 126 116 104 91 79 65 49 37 23 11 3

0.00 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.70 0.84 1 .oo 1.19 1.43 1.73 2.14 2.75 3.73 5.67

11.43

161.00 159.17 153.77 145.10 134.42 121.34 105.87 90.69 74.62 58.69 43.82 30.76 19.88 11.55 5.92 2.39 0.68 0.08

161 .OO 158.18 150.91 138.79 124.47 106.45 87.04 69.26 52.15 36.77 24.17 14.91 8.13 3.70 1.48 0.40 0.06 0.00

1 .oooo 0.9886 0.9551 0.9012 0.8349 0.7537 0.6576 0.5633 0.4635 0.3645 0.2722 0.1910 0.1234 0.071 7 0.0368 0.0149 0.0042 0.0005

1 .oooo 0.9825 0.9373 0.8620 0.7731 0.661 2 0.5406 0.4302 0.3239 0.2284 0.1501 0.0926 0.0505 0.0230 0.0092 0.0025 0.0004 0.0000

Maximum value in E and F (max) = 161

Annexes 43

E = (Ic,cos 13)/D2

As p = 3: the above equation may be rewritten as

E = (Ic, cos3 y)/ff where:

E is the horizontal illuminance at point P (lux)

Icy is the intensity from the luminaire at elevation y and azi-

H i s the height of the luminaire above the floor (metres)

D is the the distance from the luminaire to the point (metres)

y is the angle between the downward vertical and the point

The relative-illuminance curve for a luminaire may be calculated using the following tabular method:

The illuminance curve is obtained by plotting column D on the Xaxis of a chart against columns G and H.

To use these curves, the user must have a series of numbers by which to multiply the relative illuminance in order to obtain actual illuminance values. The published illuminances must be calculated using maintenance factors based on two years' operation in a normal environment where the lighting is run for 2500 hours per year. If the luminaire is non-maintained, it is not necessary to consider the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF).

The values in the table need to be multiplied by the Mux value found in Table A2.2, the practical emergency lamp flux (PELF) in kilolumens and the maintenance factor and divided by the square of the mounting height in metres.

muth C (candelas)

from the centre of the luminaire

Mult = (Mux x PELF x MF)/H'

The luminaire used in this example is an enclosed (IP2X) luminaire (class D) running for one year between cleaning, in a dirty environment using a triphosphor fluorescent lamp which is replaced every 5000 burning hours, it has practical emergency lamp flux of 200 lumens (0.2 klm).

The maintenance factors can be looked up in the tables above and a summary is given in Tables A2.3 and 2.4.

The multiplying factors may then be calculated for a range of heights.

Figure A2.2 Relative illuminance curves for a luminaire

Table A2.3 Maintenance factors

Non-maintained operation Maintained operation

LMF 0.77 0.77 LLMF 1 .oo 0.89 MF 0.77 0.69

Table A2.4 Multiplying factors

Mounting Factor non-maintained Factor maintained height (m)

2.0 5.58 4.96 2.2 4.61 4.10 2.4 3.87 3.45' 2.6 3.30 2.94 2.8 2.85 2.53 3.0 2.48 2.21 3.2 2.18 1.94 3.0 2.48 2.21 3.2 2.18 1.94 3.4 1.93 1.72 3.6 1.72 1.53 3.8 1.55 1.38 4.0 1.39 1.24

Table A2.5 Glare limits

Mounting height H (m) Maximum intensity (cd)

H < 2.5 500 2.5 < H 5 3.0 900 3.0 < H 2 3.5 1600 3.5 < H 5 4.0 2500 4.0 < H 5 4.5 3500 H24.5 5000

Table A2.6 Relative intensities between 60' and 90"

Azimuth (deg)

Elevation 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

deg 60 159 151 143 121 99 82 65 65 153 144 135 113 90 70 49 70 148 139 129 105 80 59 37 75 138 129 119 94 69 46 23 80 130 120 110 84 58 35 1 1 85 123 113 102 75 48 26 3 90 118 108 98 71 43 22 0

Table A2.7

Maximum relative intensity (cd/klm) 159 Lamp flux tf BLF (Irn) 257 Maximum intensity (cd) 40.863

When publishing luminance curves, it is necessary for the manufacturer to state the conditions for which the data have been calculated. It is normal to base the calculations on a PELF for an escape route lit to 1 Ix, a lamp lumen maintenance factor based on changing the lamp just before its LSF drops below 1 and a luminaire maintenance factor based on its running in a dirty environment and being cleaned every year.


A2.2 Checking glare limits To control glare, EN 1838: 1999/BS 5266-7: 1999 specifies limits for the maximum intensity of emergency luminaires at elevation angles between 60" and 90". The limits are given in TableA2.5.To check that a luminaire is suitable for a given mounting height, it is necessary to examine the intensity table for all elevation angles between 60" and 90". Then multiply the largest relative intensity by the rated lumens of the lamp multiplied by the ballast lumen factor (BLF) and divide by 1000 to obtain the largest absolute intensity in the zone.

Tables A2.6 andA2.7 give an example of the calculation. For this particular luminaire the intensity is low enough

for the luminaire to be used at any mounting height.

A2.3 Calculation of spacing tables For corridors and defined escape routes, spacing tables provide a convenient way of calculating the layout of luminaires required. They are calculated for strips between luminaires to ensure that the illuminance on the centre line of the escape route does not fall below the required illuminance and that the edges of the strip have at least half that illuminance. In addition, the diversity of the illuminance along the centre line of the escape route must be less than 40: 1. Spacing tables should not be generated for mounting heights where the glare restriction intensity limit is exceeded. Spacings are calculated for five luminaire layouts:

(i) from one luminaire which is mounted transverse to the escape route and a wall (ST,,,);

(ii) between luminaires which are mounted transverse to the escape route (STT);

(iii) between a luminaire which is mounted transverse to the escape route and a luminaire mounted axial to the escape route (SJ;

(iv) between luminaires which are mounted axial to the escape route (SAA); and

(v) from a luminaire which is mounted axial to the escape route and a wall (SAW).

A2.3.1

For all calculations of spacing tables, it is usual to base a maintenance factor on the following assumptions:

(a ) The luminaire maintenance factor is based on the assumption that the luminaire is running in a dirty environment and it is cleaned once per year.

(b) For maintained installations, it is usual to base the lamp lumen maintenance factor on the assumption that the lamp will be replaced at the point where the lamp survival factor falls below 1.

All the calculations in this example are based on a practical emergency lamp flux (PELF) of 200 Im and maintenance factor (MF) of 0.77; this is for a non-maintained luminaire

Conditions for the table calculations

which is (class D) running for one year between cleaning in a dirty environment.

A2.3.2 Calculations

To generate the spacing table, it is necessary to calculate the illuminance on the escape route using Tables A2.8 to A2.33. The table should contain the largest spacing for a given mounting height that gives the following:

(i) the required minimum illuminance on the centre line of

(ii) the required minimum illuminance on the edge of the

(iii) a diversity along the centre line of the escape route of

Most of the tables calculate the illuminance at 1 1 points starting directly under a luminaire and ending at the point mid- way between luminaires or at the wall. In the calculation of the spacing of a transverse luminaire to an axial one, 20 points are used starting under one luminaire and finishing under the other. The rows in each table are calculated as follows:

To,: the location of the point in terms of X (X being the direction parallel to the axis of the escape route); it is calculated by multiplying the luminaire spacing by the point number and dividing by 20;

Y,,,: the location of the point in terms of r; this is 0 in the case of the on-axis calculation and 0.5 for the off-axis calculation;

the escape route (0.2 or 1 .O Ix);

escape route (0.1 or 0.5 Ix);

less than 40.

Distance to luminaire: these rows contain the horizontal distance between the point in question and each of the luminaires;

Elevation angle: the elevation angle to each of the luminaires; this is calculated as the angle whose tangent is the horizontal distance to the luminaire divided by the mounting height of the luminaire;

Azimuth angle: the azimuth angle to each of the luminaires; in the on-axis calculation this is either 0" or 180" with transverse luminaires and 90" or 270". In the off-axis calculation it is calculated as the angle whose tangent is Y,,, divided by the distance in the X direction to the luminaire in question for transverse luminaires and X divided by Y for axial luminaires.

Scaled Intensity: is the intensity from the luminaire towards the point allowing for the maintenance factor (MF).

Illuminance due to luminaire: this is the illuminance at the point due to the given luminaire; it is calculated by multiplying the scaled intensity to the point by the cosine of the elevation angle cubed and dividing by the mounting height squared.

A2.3.3 Transverse to transverse

Tables A2.8 (see page 46) A2.9 and A2.10 are used to check the illuminance between luminaires which are mounted transverse to the escape route.

Annexes 45

Table A2.9 On-axis calculation

Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

XIOC 0.000 0.425 0.850 1.275 1.700 2.125 2.550 2.975 3.400 3.825 4.250 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.000 0.425 0.850 1.275 1.700 2.125 2.550 2.975 3.400 3.825 4.250 Distance to luminaire 2 (m) 8.500 8.075 7.650 7.225 6.800 6.375 5.950 5.525 5.100 4.675 4.250 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 2 (deg)

Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.967 3.801 3.382 2.839 2.295 1.809 1.402 1.083 0.838 0.652 0.512 Illuminance due to luminaire 2 (Ix) 0.078 0.091 0.106 0.126 0.150 0.179 0.216 0.263 0.324 0.405 0.512 Total illuminance (Ix) 4.045 3.892 3.489 2.965 2.445 1.988 1.618 1.346 1.162 1.057 1.024

0.000 9.648 18.778 27.022 34.216 40.365 45.567 49.958 53.673 56.832 59.534 73.610 72.798 71.903 70.913 69.814 68.587 67.209 65.654 63.886 61.864 59.534

Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24.794 24.794 24.910 25.102 25.362 25.564 25.547 25.411 25.184 24.876 24.543 21.680 21.930 22.206 22.511 22.821 23.010 23.222 23.461 23.768 24.142 24.543

Minimum = 1.024 Ix Max imum = 4.045 Ix Diversity = 3.951

Table A2.10 Off-axis calculation

Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9 10

3 o c 0.000 0.425 0.850 1.275 1.700 2.125 2.550 2.975 3.400 3.825 4.250 Y O C 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.500 0.656 0.986 1.370 1.772 2.183 2.599 3.017 3.437 3.858 4.279 Distance to luminaire 2 (m) 8.515 8.090 7.666 7.242 6.818 6.395 5.971 5.548 5.124 4.702 4.279 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 2 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 90.000 49.635 30.466 21.413 16.390 13.241 11.094 9.540 8.366 7.447 6.710 Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 3.366 3.543 3.740 3.959 4.205 4.485 4.803 5.171 5.599 6.105 6.710 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 (Ix) Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.646 3.512 3.118 2.641 2.135 1.691 1.321 1.027 0.799 0.624 0.492 Illuminance due to luminaire 2 (Ix) 0.076 0.089 0.104 0.123 0.146 0.174 0.210 0.255 0.313 0.391 0.492 Total illuminance (Ix) 3.723 3.600 3.223 2.764 2.281 1.866 1.531 1.282 1.1 13 1.015 0.985

M in imum = 0.985 Ix

11.310 14.708 21.527 28.715 35.329 41.128 46.107 50.351 53.965 57.053 59.706 73.637 72.829 71.939 70.956 69.864 68.647 67.281 65.741 63.994 61.999 59.706

24.171 24.254 24.212 24.471 24.568 24.733 24.777 24.699 24.530 24.260 23.973 21.343 21.575 21.830 22.112 22.403 22.569 22.756 22.966 23.242 23.590 23.973


Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3 o c 0.000 0.310 0.620 0.930 1.240 1.550 1.860 2.170 2.480 2.790 3.100 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.000 0.310 0.620 0.930 1.240 1.550 1.860 2.170 2.480 2.790 3.100 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (deg)

Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.967 3.877 3.627 3.288 2.888 2.477 2.104 1.762 1.464 1.211 1.003

0.000 7.069 13.928 20.405 26.381 31.799 36.649 40.958 44.770 48.138 51.116 Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24.794 24.794 24.794 24.960 25.102 25.213 25.461 25.564 25.564 25.467 25.341

Minimum = 1.003 Ix


Max imum = 3.967 Ix Diversity = 3.955

Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T O < 0.000 0.310 0.620 0.930 1.240 1.550 1.860 2.170 2.480 2.790 3.100 Y o c 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.500 0.588 0.796 1.056 1.337 1.629 1.926 2.227 2.530 2.834 3.140 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (Ix) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (Ix) Scaled intensity. luminaire 1 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.646 3.573 3.351 3.041 2.684 2.307 1.960 1.648 1.377 1.146 0.953

11.310 13.242 17.672 22.897 28.138 33.083 37.611 41.693 45.341 48.588 51.475 90.000 58.201 38.884 28.264 21.961 17.879 15.046 12.975 11.399 10.160 9.162 24.171 24.214 24.211 24.312 24.468 24.515 24.637 24.742 24.789 24.738 24.647



Table A 2 3 Table A2.14

Luminaire locations (m) Luminaire locations (m)

Spacing (m) 8.5 X Y Z

Mount height (m) 2.5 Luminaire 1 0 0 2.5 Luminaire 2 8.5 0 2.5

Table A2.11

Luminaire location (m)


Mounting height (m) 2.5 Luminaire 1 0 0 2.5

A2.3.4 Transverse to end

The calculation for one luminaire mounted transverse to the escape route is much along the same lines as the above calculation except than only one luminaire is considered. Ta- ble A2. l l and Tables A2. I2 and A2. I3 (see page 45) illustrate the calculation.

A2.3.5 Axial to axial

For luminaires that are orientated axially, the calculation of illuminance is carried out in a similar way, the only difference being in the calculation of the azimuth angles. Tables 2.14 to 2.16 illustrate the calculation process.


Spacinq (m) 6.3 X Y Z

Mount height (m) 2 5 Luminaire 1 0 0 2 5 Luminaire 2 6 3 0 2 5

The calculation for one luminaire mounted axially varies from the above calculation in that it only considers one luminaire. Table A2.17 and Tables A2.18 and A2.19 (page 47)illustrate the calculation.

Table A2.17

Luminaire locations (m)


Mount heiqht (m) 2.5 Luminaire 1 0 0 2.5

A2.3.6 Transverse to axial

The calculation of illuminance between an axially mounted luminaire and a transversely mounted luminaire is more complex as there is no symmetry and so, to maintain the same density of calculations, it is necessary to use 20 calculation points stretching from on luminaire centre to the next. Table A2.20 (page 47) and Tables 2.21 and 2.22 (page 48) apply.

Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TOC 0.000 0.315 0.630 0.945 1.260 1.575 1.890 2.205 2.520 2.835 3.150 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.000 0.315 0.630 0.945 1.260 1.575 1.890 2.205 2.520 2.835 3.150 Distance to luminaire 2 (m) 6.300 5.985 5.670 5.355 5.040 4.725 4.410 4.095 3.780 3.465 3.150 Elevation angle, luminairel (deg) 0.000 7.181 14.144 20.707 26.748 32.211 37.089 41.412 45.228 48.593 51.563 Elevation angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 68.356 67.329 66.206 64.974 63.617 62.117 60.451 58.596 56.520 54.190 51.563

Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 24.794 24.506 23.821 22.948 21.537 20.091 18.761 17.342 15.925 14.577 13.436 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 6.306 6.685 7.100 7.559 8.227 8.967 9.788 10.615 11.510 12.466 13.436 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.967 3.829 3.475 3.005 2.454 1.947 1.524 1.170 0.890 0.675 0.516 Illuminance due to luminaire 2 (Ix) 0.051 0.061 0.075 0.092 0.116 0.147 0.188 0.240 0.309 0.400 0.516 Total illuminance (Ix) 4.018 3.891 3.550 3.097 2.569 2.094 1.711 1.411 1.199 1.074 1.033

Minimum = 1.033 Ix

Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90

Maximum = 4.018 lx Diversity = 3.889


Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TOC 0.000 0.315 0.630 0.945 1.260 1.575 1.890 2.205 2.520 2.835 3.150 Y o c 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.500 0.591 0.804 1.069 1.356 1.652 1.955 2.261 2.569 2.879 3.189 Distance to luminaire 2 (m) 6.320 6.006 5.692 5.378 5.065 4.751 4.438 4.125 3.813 3.501 3.189 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 11.310 13.300 17.834 23.154 28.468 33.464 38.026 42.126 45.781 49.028 51.909 Elevation angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 68.417 67.400 66.288 65.070 63.729 62.248 60.608 58.784 56.749 54.469 51.909 Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 0.000 32.211 51.563 62.117 68.356 72.387 75.182 77.224 78.778 79.998 80.981 Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 (deg) 85.462 85.224 84.960 84.666 84.334 83.959 83.532 83.039 82.465 81.789 80.981 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 24.794 24.606 23.935 23.120 21.959 20.659 19.417 18.080 16.737 15.524 14.479 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 7.270 7.688 8.144 8.644 9.313 10.054 10.868 11.706 12.601 13.558 14.479 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.740 3.629 3.304 2.875 2.387 1.919 1.519 1.180 0.908 0.700 0.544 Illuminance due to luminaire 2 (Ix) 0.058 0.070 0.085 0.104 0.129 0.162 0.206 0.261 0.332 0.426 0.544 Total illuminance (Ix) 3.798 3.698 3.388 2.979 2.516 2.081 1.724 1.441 1.241 1.126 1.088


Annexes 47


Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 o c 0.000 0.230 0.460 0.690 0.920 1.150 1.380 1.610 1.840 2.070 2.300 Distance to luminaire 1 (m) 0.000 0.230 0.460 0.690 0.920 1.150 1.380 1.610 1.840 2.070 2.300 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (deg)

Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 24.794 24.624 24.280 23.663 23.056 22.086 20.941 19.951 18.987 17.980 16.898 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.967 3.890 3.695 3.391 3.049 2.650 2.248 1.897 1.587 1.315 1.078

Minimum = 1.078 Ix

0.000 5.256 10.426 15.430 20.204 24.702 28.899 32.782 36.353 39.625 42.614 Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (deg) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90

Maximum = 3.967 Ix Diversity = 3.680


Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 o c 0.000 0.230 0.460 0.690 0.920 1.150 1.380 1.610 1.840 2.070 2.300 Y O C 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Distance to luminaire 1 (Ix) 0.500 0.550 0.679 0.852 1.047 1.254 1.468 1.686 1.907 2.130 2.354 Elevation angle, luminaire 1 (Ix) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 (Ix) Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 1 (Ix) 3.740 3.676 3.503 3.228 2.912 2.561 2.202 1.871 1.577 1.320 1.091

Minimum = 1.091 Ix

11.310 12.415 15.204 18.821 22.726 26.638 30.418 33.993 37.332 40.425 43.274 0.000 24.702 42.614 54.071 61.477 66.501 70.084 72.747 74.798 76.421 77.735 24.794 24.667 24.362 23.793 23.191 22.410 21.462 20.520 19.612 18.701 17.659

Table A2.20 luminaire is greater than 0.2 of the mounting height, it is Luminaire locations (m) necessary to subdivide the luminaire in the calculation. For

Spacing (m) 7.4 x y z example, assume that the luminaire is 1.5 m long; then to calculate the illuminance on a floor 2.5 m below the Mount height (m) 2.5 Luminaire 1 0 0

Luminaire 2 7.4 0 2,5 luminaires it is necessary to divide each luminaire into three sections each 0.5 m long. The calculation then treats each

2,5

A2.3.7 Long luminaires section of the luminaire as if it were a smaller luminaire with a centre offset from the main luminaire and with one-third of

All the above calculations are based on the assumption that the luminaire is relatively small compared with the mounting height. However, if the maximum dimension of the

the total lamp flux. Table A2.23 (page 49) shows the calculation of illuminance on the axis of an escape route with the luminaires mounted axially at a spacing of 6.3 m.


3 f II x u ? 3

n

5

f II

I

I t

.c

5

? I

I

t

X - 9 - II

f E

I ._ c ._

Annexes 49 I

Table A2.23 Lonq lurninaires

Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 o c

Distance to luminaire 1 section 1 (m) Distance to luminaire 1 section 2 (m) Distance to luminaire 1 section 3 (m) Distance to luminaire 2 section 1 (m) Distance to luminaire 2 section 2 (m) Distance to luminaire 2 section 3 (m) Elevation angle, luminaire 1 section 1 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 1 section 2 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 1 section 3 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 2 section 1 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 2 section 2 (deg) Elevation angle, luminaire 2 section 3 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 section 1 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 section 2 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 1 section 3 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 section 1 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 section 2 (deg) Azimuth angle, luminaire 2 section 3 (deg) Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 section 1 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 section 2 Scaled intensity, luminaire 1 section 3 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 section 1 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 section 2 Scaled intensity, luminaire 2 section 3 Illuminance due to luminaire 1 section 1 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminance 1 section 2 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 1 section 3 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 2 section l(lx) Illuminance due to luminaire 2 section 2 (Ix) Illuminance due to luminaire 2 section 3 (Ix) Total illuminance (Ix)

0.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 5.80 6.30 6.80 11.31 0.00 11.31 66.68 68.36 69.81 90 90 270 270 270 270 8.02 8.27 8.02 2.17 1.83 1.53 1.21 1.32 1.21 0.02 0.02 0.01 3.79

0.32 -0.19 0.32 0.82 5.49 5.99 6.49 4.23 7.18 18.06 65.50 67.33 68.92 90 90 270 270 270 270 8.19 8.14 7.70 2.41 2.04 1.71 1.30 1.27 1.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 3.69

0.63 0.95 1.26 1.58 0.13 0.45 0.76 1.08 0.63 0.95 1.26 1.58 1.13 1.45 1.76 2.08 5.17 4.86 4.54 4.23 5.67 5.36 5.04' 4.73 6.17 5.86 5.54 5.23 2.98 10.09 16.91 23.27 14.14 20.71 26.75 32.21 24.32 30.03 35.15 39.69 64.19 62.76 61.16 59.39 66.21 64.97 63.62 62.12 67.94 66.88 65.71 64.43 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 8.21 8.10 7.78 7.31 7.83 7.62 7.07 6.58 7.18 6.88 6.44 5.67 2.19 2.58 3.02 3.01 2.27 1.98 2.35 2.76 1.91 2.13 2.37 2.12 1.31 1.24 1.09 0.91 1.14 1.00 0.81 0.64 0.87 0.71 0.56 0.41 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 3.39 3.03 2.57 2.09

1.89 1.39 1.89 2.39 3.91 4.41 4.91 29.07 37.09 43.71 57.41 60.45 63.02 90 90 90 270 270 270 6.71 6.1 1 5.19 3.48 3.21 2.51 0.72 0.50 0.31 0.09 0.06 0.04 1.71

2.21 1.71 2.21 2.71 3.60 4.10 4.60 34.29 41.41 47.26 55.19 58.60 61.45 90 90 90 270 270 270 6.29 5.67 4.84 4.01 3.19 2.94 0.57 0.38 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.05 1.44

2.52 2.84 3.15 2.02 2.34 2.65 2.52 2.84 3.15 3.02 3.34 3.65 3.28 2.97 2.65 3.78 3.47 3.15 4.28 3.97 3.65 38.94 43.05 46.67 45.23 48.59 51.56 50.38 53.14 55.59 52.69 49.86 46.67 56.52 54.19 51.56 59.71 57.77 55.59 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 5.79 5.33 4.97 5.29 4.54 4.35 4.59 4.03 3.91 4.12 4.26 4.97 3.69 3.81 4.35 2.93 3.39 3.91 0.44 0.33 0.26 0.30 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.26 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.06 0.08 0.1 1 1.23 1.07 1.07

Minimum = 1.07 Ix


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23

24

25

26

(2002) IS0 3864- I Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safcty signs - Design principles for safety signs in workplaces and public areas (Geneva: International Standards Organisation) (2002) Code for Lighting (London: CIBSE/Society of Light and Lighting) (2004) BS 5225-3 Photometric data for luminaires. Method of photometric measurement of battery-operated emergency lighting luminaires (London: British Standards Institution) (1982) EN 13032 Lighting Applications - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1 : Measuremcnt and file format (Brussels: Comite EuroDeen de Normalisation) (2004)

I \ I

amended; Technical Standards for Scotland E means ofescape from fire, facilities for fire-fighting and means of warning of fire (Edinburgh: Scottish Executive) (200 1)

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12 BS 5499 Graphical symbols and signs. Safety signs including fire safety signs (London: British Standards Institution) (various dates)

13 Fire safety - an employer's guide. Home Office/HSE/Scottish Executive/Department of Environment (Northern Ireland) (Norwich: The Stationery Officc Ltd) (1999)

14 Safety signs and signals: Guidance on Regulations. The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations (Sudbury: HSE Books) ( 1 996)

15 BS EN 12193 Light and lighting. Sports lighting (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 999)

16 Guide to safety at sports grounds. Department of National Heritage/Scottish Office. (Norwich: The Stationery Office) ( I 997)

I7 Fire safety in construction work. Guidance for clients, designers and those managing and carrying out construction work involving significant fire risks. HSG 168 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (1997)

18 The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989. SI 1989 no 1401 (Norwich: the Stationery Office Ltd) ( 1 989)

19 Railway safety principles and guidance. HSG 153 (Sudbury: HSE Books) ( 1 996 and 1997)

20 IS0 6309 Fire protection - safcty signs (Geneva: International Standards Organisation) (1 987)

21 BSCP 1007 Maintained lighting for cinemas (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 955)

3 1 BSEN 50091 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS) (London: British Standards Institution) (various dates)

32 BS EN 50171 Central power supply systems (London: British Standards Institution) (2001)

33 BSEN 60285 Alkaline secondary cells and batteries. Sealed nickel-cadmium cylindrical rechargeablc single cells (London: British Standards Institution) (1 995)

34 IEC 60896 Stationary lead-acid batteries (Geneva: International Electrotcchnical Commission) (various dates)

35 IEC 61 056 General purpose lead-acid batteries (valve-regulated types) - Part 1 : General requirements, functional characteristics - Methods of test (Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission) (2002)

36 Requirements for the re-engineering of luminaires for emergency lighting use. ICEL Publication 104 (London: Industry Committee for Emergency Lighting Ltd) (2003)

37 BSEN 60924 Specification for general and safety requircments for d.c. supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps (London: British Standards Institution) (1991)

38 BSEN 60925 Specification for performance requirements for d.c. supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorcscent lamps (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 991)

39 Council Directive of 29 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to appliances burning gaseous fuels (90/396/EEC) (Brussels: European Commission) ( 1 990)

40 BS 7671 Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. Sixteenth edition (London: British Standards Institution) (2001)

4 1 BSEN 60598 Luminaires (London: British Standards Institution) (various dates)

42 BS 7846 Electric cables. 600/1000 V armoured fire-resistant cables having thermosetting insulation and low emission of

References/Bibliography 51

43

44

45

46

47

48

smoke and corrosive gases when affected by fire (London: British Standards Institution) (2000) BS 6387 Specification for performance requirements for cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions (London: British Standards Institution) (2004) IEC 60364: Electrical installations of buildings. Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical equipment. Wiring systems (Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission) (200 1) IS0 8528: Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets - Part 8: Requirements and tests for low-power generating sets (Geneva: International Standards Organisation) ( 1 995) EN 501 72 Emergency escape lighting systems (Brussels: ComitC EuropCen de Normalisation) (2004) This was voted positive and is useable as an EN but not sure what we will call it in the UK prEN 62034 Automatic test system for battery operated emergency escape lighting (is this a public draft?) Yes we had a public enquiry. ,

BS 667: 1996 Specification for illuminance meters (London: British Standards Institution)

B i bl iog ra phy a Standards BS 667 Specification for illuminance meters (London: British Standards Institution) (1996) BS 5225-3 Photometric data for luminaires. Method of photometric measurement of battery-operated emergency lighting luminaires (London: British Standards Institution) (1982) BS 5266-1 Emergency lighting. Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises other than cinemas and certain other specified premises used for entertainment (London: British Standards Institution) (1999) BS 5266-2 Emergency lighting. Code of practice for electrical low mounted way guidance systems for emergency use (London: British Standards Institution) (1998) BS 5266-3 Emergency lighting. Specification for small power relays (electromagnetic) for emergency lighting applications up to and including 32 A (London: British Standards Institution) (1981) BS 5266-4 Emergency lighting. Code of practice for design, installation, maintenance and use of optical fibre systems (London: British Standards Institution) (1999) BS 5266-5: Emergency lighting. Specification for component parts of optical fibre systems (London: British Standards Institution) (1 996) BS 5266-6 Emergency lighting. Code of practice for non-electrical low mounted way guidance systems for emergency use. Photoluminescent systems (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 999) BS 5266-7 Lighting applications. Emergency lighting (London: British Standards Institution) (1999) (dual numbered BSEN 1838) BS 5499-1 Graphical symbols and signs. Safety signs, including fire safety signs. Specification for geometric shapes, colours and layout (London: British Standards Institution) (2002) BS 5499-2 Fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols. Specification for self-luminous tire safety signs (London: British Standards Institution) (1986) BS 5499-3 Fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols. Specification for internally-illuminated fire safety signs (London: British Standards Institution) (1990) BS 5499-4 Safety signs, including fire safety signs. Code of practice

for escape route signing (London: British Standards Institution)

BS 5499-5 Graphical symbols and signs. Safety signs, including fire safety signs. Signs with specific safety meanings (London: British Standards Institution) (2002) BS 6387 Specification for performance requirements for cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions (London: British Standards Institution) (1 994) BS 767 1 Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. Sixteenth edition (London: British Standards Institution) (2001) BS 7968 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets (London: British Standards Institution) (various dates) BS EN 12193 Light and lighting. Sports lighting (London: British Standards Institution) (1999) EN 13032 Lighting applications - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1 : Measurement and file format (Brussels: Comite Europeen de Normalisation) (2004) BS EN 50091-1 Specification for unintermptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements (London: British Standards Institution) (1993) BS EN 5009 I - I - 1 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in operator access areas (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 997) BS EN 50091-1 -2 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in restricted access locations (London: British Standards Institution) (1999) BS EN 50091-2 specification for unintermptible power systems (UPS). EMC requirements (London: British Standards Institution) (1 996) BS EN 50171 Central power supply systems (London: British Standards Institution) (2001) prEN 501 72 Emergency escape lighting systems (Brussels: ComitC EuropCen de Normalisation) (2004) BS EN 60598-2-22 Luminaires. Particular requirements. Specification for luminaires for emergency lighting (London: British Standards Institution) ( 1 999) BSEN 60924 Specification for general and safety requirements for d.c. supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps (London: British Standards Institution) (1 991) (identical to IEC 60924) BSEN 60925 DC supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements (Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission) (2001) (identical to IEC 60925) prEN 62034 - draft - Automatic test system for battery operated emergency escape lighting (is this yet a public draft?) Yes but not needed here as we have listed it as No 48 already IEC 60364-5-52 (2001-08) - Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Wiring systems (Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission) IEC 61 347-2-7 Lamp control gear. Particular requirements for d.c. supplied electronic ballasts for emergency lighting (Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission) (2000) I S 0 3864: 1984 - Safety colours and safety signs I S 0 3864-1 Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Design principles for safety signs in workplaces and public areas (Geneva: International Standards Organisation) (2002) I S 0 8528-8 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets - Requirements and tests for low-power generating sets (Geneva: International Standards

(2000)


Organisation) (1995) (identical to BS 7698-8: 1996) IS0 8528- 12 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets - Emergency power supply to safety devices (Geneva: International Standards Organisation) (1 997) (identical to BS 7698- 12: 1998) ICEL 1004- The Use, or Modification, of Mains Luminaires for Emergency Lighting Applications April 1997 Industry Committee for Emergency Lighting Limited

b Legislation and regulations The Building Regulations 2000 Fire Safety Approved Document B 1 Means of warning and escape (Norwich: The Stationery Office Limited) (2002) The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997. SI 1997 no 1840 (Norwich: The Stationery Office Ltd) (1997) Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, SI 1996 no 341 (Norwich: The Stationery Office Ltd) ( 1 996) Guide to fire precautions in existing places of work that require a fire certificate. Home Office/Scottish Home and Health Department (LondordEdinburgh: The Stationery Office Ltd) (1994) Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997, SI 1997 no 1840 (London: HMSO) (1 997) Fire safety - an employer’s guide. Home Office/HSE/Scottish Executive/Department of Environment (Northern Ireland) (Norwich: The Stationery Office Ltd) (1999) Safety signs and signals: Guidance on Regulations. The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations (Sudbury: HSE Books) (1 996)

Guide to safety at sports grounds. Department of National Heritage/ Scottish Office. (Norwich: The Stationery Office Ltd) (1 997) Fire safety in construction work. Guidance for clients, designers and those managing and carrying out construction work involving significant fire risks. HSG 168 (Sudbury: HSE Books) (1997) The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989. SI 1989 no 1401 (Norwich: the Stationery Office Ltd) (1 989) HSG 153 Railway safety principles and guidance (Sudbury: HSE Books) HSG 15311 Part l(1996) HSG153/3 Part 2 Section B 1996 Guidance on stations ISBN 0 7 I76 07 I3 5 HSE (this is no longer on HSE website) OK but we it is still recognised

c Guidance Installers lighting guide to emergency lighting Lighting Guide 008 (Watford: Action Energy) (2003) (www.actionenergy.org.uk) Technical Memoranda 14 Standard file format f o r transfer of luminaire photometric data (London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1988) Code f o r Lighting (London: CIBSEiSociety of Light and Lighting) (2004) Lighting measurements testing and calculation guides. ANSI approved standardfile format, for electronic transfer ofphotometric data and related information LM-63-02 (New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (2002) Eulumdat - ein Leuchtendatenformat fur den europaischen Beleuchtungsplanar A.W. Stockmar Tagungsband Licht 1990 pp 641-644

Bi bliogra p h y/G lossary 53

G lossa ry

Combined (sustained) emergency luminaire An emergency lighting luminaire containing at least two lamps, one of which is energised from the normal lighting supply and the other from the emergency lighting supply. Such a luminaire is intended to sustain illumination at all material times.

Control unit Unit or units comprising a supply changeover system, a battery charging device and, where appropriate, a means for testing

Disability glare Glare that impairs the ability to see detail

Duration The period of time that the luminaire can continuously provide the minimum illuminance required in the emergency condition. The time is specified in hours

Emergency exit An exit that is intended to be used only during an emergency

Emergency lighting Lighting provided for use when the supply to the normal lighting fails

Emergency lighting system A complete but discrete emergency lighting installation from the standby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), e.g. a self-contained emergency luminaire or a circuit from a central battery/generator connected through wiring to several escape luminaires

Emergency mode State of a self-contained emergency luminaire that provides lighting when energised by its internal power source, the normal supply having failed

Emergency mode ballast lumen factor The ratio of the lowest light flux of the lamp observed during normal emergency mode when the ballast under test is operated with the appropriate battery voltage, to the light flux of the same lamp operated with the appropriate reference ballast supplied at its rated voltage and frequency.

Escape route A route forming part of the means of escape from a point in a building to a final exit

Escape route lighting That part of the emergency lighting which is provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated at all material times

Escape route sign Sign directing people along escape routes towards exits

Exit A way out which is intended to be used at any time whilst the premises are occupied

Externally illuminated safety sign A sign that is illuminated, when it is required, by an external source

Final exit The terminal point of an escape route, beyond which persons are no longer in danger from fire

High-risk task-area lighting The part of emergency lighting provided to ensure the safety of people involved in a potentially dangerous process, or situation and to enable proper shut down procedures for the safety of the operator and the occupants of the premises

Internally illuminated safety sign A sign that is illuminated, when it is required, by an internal source

7P number (ingress protection) A two-digit number associated with a luminaire. The first digit classifies the degree of protection the luminaire provides against the ingress of solid foreign bodies. The second digit classifies the degree of protection the luminaire provides against the ingress of moisture

Maintained emergency lighting A lighting system in which all emergency lighting lamps are in operation at all material times

Material times Times during which the emergency lighting is required to be illuminated, e.g. at all times that persons are on the premises, or at the times the main lighting is not available, according to the regulations, conditions of certificate or licence as appropriate

Means of escape Structural means whereby safe routes are provided for persons to travel from any place within a premises to a place of safety

Non-maintained emergency lighting A lighting system in which all the emergency lighting lamps are in operation only when the supply to the normal lighting fails

Normal/general lighting All permanently installed electric lighting operating from the normal supply which, in the absence of adequate daylight, is intended for use during the whole time the premises are occupied

Normal mode The state of a self-contained emergency luminaire that is ready to operate in emergency mode while the normal supply is on.


In case of a normal supply failure, the self-contained luminaire automatically changes over to the emergency mode

Normal supply That source of electrical energy used to provide normal lighting

Open area lighting/Anti-panic lighting That part of emergency escape lighting provided to avoid panic and provide illumination allowing people to reach a place where an escape route can be identified

Practical emergency lamp flux The lowest luminous flux of the lamp observed during the rated duration of the emergency mode, the lamp under test being operated with the appropriate ballast and battery and after specified ageing and charging conditions of the battery.

Remote inhibiting mode The state of a self-contained emergency luminaire that is inhibited from operating by a remote device while the normal supply is on, and in case of a normal supply failure the luminaire does not changeover to emergency mode

Rest mode State of a self-contained emergency luminaire that has been intentionally extinguished while the normal supply is off and

that, in the event of restoration of the normal supply, automatically reverts to normal mode

Safety sign Sign that gives a general safety message, by means of a combination of a safety colour and a geometric shape and which, by the inclusion of a graphical symbol, gives a particular safety meaning

Self-contained emergency luminaire A luminaire providing maintained or non-maintained emergency lighting in which all the elements, such as the battery, the lamp, the control unit and the test and monitoring facilities, where provided, are contained within the luminaire or adjacent to it (that is, within lm)

Slave luminaire/Cen trally supplied emergency luminaire Luminaire supplied from a central emergency power source and not having its own internal secondary supply

Standby lighting That part of emergency lighting that may be provided to enable normal activities to continue

Travel distance Actual distance that a person needs to travel within a building to the nearest exit, allowing for the layout of walls, partitions and fittings

G lossarv/lndex 55

Index

“Accommodation” 8 AC/AC battery powered systems 22 ACIDC battery powered systems 22 Ambient temperature 17 Annual inspection and testing 36 Anti-panic lighting 54 Approved Document B 7 Art galleries 16,28 Auditoria 28 Automatic testing systems 24 Ballast lumen factor 16 Batteries 15, 23, 34, 35 Battery rooms, ventilation 15 Boarding houses 28 Boiler rooms 28 BS 5266-1 Codc of practice for the

BS 5266-2 Code of practice for electrical low-mounted way guidance

BS 5266-3 Specification for small

BS 5266-4 Code of practice for design, installation, maintenance and use of

BS 5266-5 Specification for component parts of optical fibre

BS 5266-6 Codc of practice for photoluminescent low mounted way

BS 5266-7, the UK implementation of

BS 5499-1 Specification for fire signs BS 6387 Cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions BSEN 12 193 Sports lighting BSEN 12464 Light and Lighting.

BSEN 60924 Specification for general and safety requirements for dc supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps 25 BSEN 60925 Spccification for pcrformancc requirements for dc supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps 25

emergency lighting of premises 9

systems for emergency use 9

power relays 9

optical fibre systems 9

systems 9

guidance systems 9

EN 1838 7, 8 8

33 8

Lighting of workplaces 9

Building Control Officers 7 Building management systems 34 Building Regulations (England and Wales) 7 Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 7 Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 7 Cable selection 33 Calculation examples 42 Call points 12 Car parks, covered 28 Cellular offices 28 CE marking 16, 25, 32 Central battery systems . 15, 23, 36

Centrally supplied emergency luminaire 54 Certification 36

Centrally powered systems 22

CIBSE Technical memoranda 14 18 Cinemas 28 Cleaning 35 Closets 13 Colleges 28 Combined emergency luminaire 25, 53 Commercial premises, open areas in 8 Commissioning 36 Completion certificate 37,38 Computer rooms 28 Conference facilities 28 Construction Products Directive 7 Construction sites 9 Control rooms 13,28 Controls, lighting 34 Control unit 22,53 Conversion of standard luminaires 16 Corridors 12,28 Covered car parks 28 Covered shopping complexes 28 Crown immunity 7 Daily inspection and testing 35 Defects, recording 35

exemption 7 Defence establishments, Crown

Department stores 28 Design calculations 16 Design data, production of 18 Design: declaration of conformity 39 Design illuminance 13 Design objectives 14 Disability glarc 10, 13, 53 Divcrsity 13 Documentation 36

Duration 25, 30, 37, 53

Electrical design 32 Elcctroluminescent sources 34 Electromagnctic compatibility 25, 33 Electronic data file formats I8 Emergency exit 12,53 Emergency lighting system 7, 9, 53 Emergency luminaire classification system 25 Emergency luminaires 24 Emergency mode 17, 33, 36, 53 Emergency mode ballast lumen factor 16, 20, 53 EN 1838 class A deviation 7 EN 50172 Emergency escape lighting

EN 60598-2-22 8, 25 Energy considerations 32 Entertainmcnt, places of 8 Entrance lobbies 28 Environment 18 Equipment and systems 22 Escape area 13 Escape lighting 12 Escape route 7, 9, 10, 13, 30, 35, 53 Escape route lighting 9, 10, 53 Escape route sign 9, 53 Eulumdat 18 Exit 7 , 8 , 9 , 11, 12,53 Exit, final 12,53 Exit signs 10, I I

Fibre optics 34

Domestic buildings, provisions 8

Egress path, checking 35

systems 9

Externally illuminated safety sign 53 Factories 7, 15

Filament lamps 25 Final exit 12,53 Fire alarms 12 Fire certificate 8 Fire fighting equipment , 12 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 8 Fire risk assessment 8 Fire safety - an employer k guide 8 Fire safety signs 8 First aid posts 12 Fixed seating area 13 Fluorescent lamps 26 Gas lighting 26, 34 General lighting 53 Generators 24,35 Glare 10,20,43,44 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 7, 8 High pressure discharge lamps 26 High risk areas 8, 10, 13 High risk task area lighting 53 Historic interiors 15 Home Office guidancc 7 Hospitals 28 Hotels 28 ICEL Publication 1004 24 IEC 60364 Selection and erection of electrical cquipment. Wiring systems 33 IESNA data format 19 Illuminance curves l9 ,42 Illuminance measurement 37 Illuminatcd safety signs 9, 10 Indicator lamps, checking 35 Industrial factories 28 Industrial premises, open areas in 8 Inhibiting circuits 24 Initial inspection certificate 36 Initial lamp lumens 16 Installation 34 Installation: declaration of conformity 40 Integration with normal lighting luminaires Internally illuminated safety sign IP number lsolux diagrams Labels, warning Lamp characteristics Lamp flux Lamp lumen (luminous flux) maintenance factor Lamp survival factor Legislation Lift cars Lift motor rooms Lighting controls Lighting criteria Light cmitting diodes Lobbies Location cnvironment Logbook Low level emergency lighting systems Luminaire categories Luminaire class Luminairc maintenance factor Luminaires, emergency Luminaires, maintenance Luminous intensity distribution Maintenance

16 53 53 19 34 25 16

18, 19 18, 19

7 12,28

28 34 9

26,34 13 18

35,36

34 18 18 17

24,32 35 16

15.34


Maintenance factors l 7 ,43 Maintained emergency lighting 18, 53 Maintained emergency luminaire 24 Maintenance schedule 36 Manual tcst devices 24 Manufacturers’ design data 21 Material times 7,9, 1 I , 53 Means of escape 7, 27, 53 Model cost analyses of emergency lighting schemes 15 Modification units 16,32

Motor generator rooms 13 Monthly inspection and testing 35

Mounting height, exit signs I I Multiplying factors 43 Museums 28 Non-domestic buildings, provisions 7 Non-maintained emergency lighting 53 Non-maintained luminaires 20 Normal lighting 7,8, 14,22,24,30,37,53 Normal mode 9, 24, 53 Normal supply 9, 24, 36, 53 Offices 15, 28, 30

Open plan offices 28 Overvoltages, transient, protection from 34 Pedestrian walkways 28 Philosophy of design 14 Photo-luminescent signs 27 Photometric commissioning 36 Places of assembly 28 Planning considerations 27 Planning flow chart 29 Planning sequence 30 Plant rooms 13,28 Positioning of emergency luminaires 11 Power sources 23 Practical emergency lamp flux 16, 17, 54 prEN 13032-3 Photometric requirements and presentation of data

Open area lighting 8, 54

for emergency lighting 9

Prisons, Crown immunity 7 Projector type luminaires 12 Protection, electrical 33 Protection from transient overvoltages 34 Railways and railway premises 9 Reception areas 28 Recommended systems for specific placcs 28 Records 36

Relative-illuminance data table 42 Relative intensities 43 Remote inhibiting mode 24,54 Remote testing 34, 35, 36 Response timc 13 Restaurants, staff 28 Rest mode circuit 24, 36, 54 Retail premises, open arcas in 8 Risk assessment 27

Redundancy 33

Routine inspection and testing 35 Safe condition signs I I

Safety signs 11,54 Safety extra low voltage 32

Schedule of rccommendations for specific areas 29 Scheme planning 27 School buildings without natural

Schools 28

Self contained emergency lighting 32,36 Self-contained emergency luminaire 9, 54 Self-contained luminaires and signs 15,23 Self powered systems 22 Self testing 35, 36 Service correction factors 17 Shopping centres 15,28

light 8

Segregation 33

Signs Directive 7

Sleeping accommodation 8

Spacing tables 20,44

Slave luminaires 15, 22, 25, 26, 30, 33, 54

Snack rooms 28 Spacing, luminaire 15

Sports events, safety lighting for 8 Sports facilities 28 Staff restaurants 28 Stairs, lighting of 12,28 Standards 7, 9 Standby lighting 14,54 Storage buildings, open areas in 8 System functions and circuits 24

Technical Booklet E 7 Telecommunications rooms 28

Testing 15, 24, 34 Theatres 28 Time dependent factors in calculations 17 Toilets 13,28 Transient overvoltages, protection from 34 Travel distance 7, 54 Tritium powercd signs 27 Tungsten-halogen lamps 25 Unintcrmptible power supplies (UPS) 23 Universities 28 Unobstructed escape routes 14

Verification: declaration of conformity 41 Voltage, central system 17 Walkways, pedestrian 28

Worked examples 30

Systems, emergency lighting 22

Temporary accommodation 9

Ventilation of battery rooms 15

Warning labels 34

Workplace Directive 7

The Society of Light and Lighting is part of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

LG 12 Emergency Lighting

Documents

phosphor mini

sll codefor

light emitting

building services

check egress

local distribution

emergency

centrally