Level 2 Ut Questions

7/26/2019 Level 2 Ut Questions

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Question: T200001.UT

Mechanical wave motion requires

a) high pressureb) low pressurec) particle motiond) ionic bonding and disbonding


In an homogenous and isotropic elastic medium such as low carbonsteel, sound velocity

a) decreases with distance from sourceb) varies with directionc) is constant in all directionsd) depends on frequency


The amount of time between two compressions, or two rarefactionsof an elastic wave is called

a) wavelengthb) periodc) frequencyd) velocity


The velocity of sound is

a) constant for all materials

b) varies with frequencyc) varies inversely with wavelengthd) is characteristic of a material



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Compared to the atomic or molecular spacing of a material,ultrasonic wavelengths are

a) much greaterb) smallerc) about the same distance

d) are multiples of the atomic spacing


The elastic wave that has particle motion parallel to thedirection of wave propagation is called

a) longitudinal waveb) compression wavec) density waved) all of the above


In Rayleigh waves, particle motion is

a) parallel to the direction of wave propagationb) right angles to the direction of wave propagationc) retrograded) in counter clockwise ellipses


Rayleigh waves can be used in steel to penetrate up to

a) 10mmb) 10cmc) 1md) 1 wavelength


In bending waves (plate wave mode) particles in the middle zoneof the plate vibrate

a) in longitudinal modeb) in shear modec) in Rayeigh mode


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d) not at all


In the Lamb wave called a dilational wave, particles in themiddle zone of the plate vibrate

a) in longitudinal modeb) in shear modec) in Rayleigh moded) not at all


If one sound beam passes through another moving in the oppositedirection, the result will be,

a) a change in amplitudeb) a change in directionc) a change in frequencyd) no change


In a standing wave, nodes and antinodes are separated by

a) 1/4 wavelengthb) 1/2 wavelengthc) 1 wavelengthd) 2 wavelengths


Standing waves are generated in ultrasonic testing for

a) through testing (pitch-catch)b) resonance thickness testingc) flaw detectiond) B-scans



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Specific acoustic impedance is the product of

a) density and permittivityb) hardness and velocityc) velocity and density

d) specific activity and amplitude


Poisson's ratio is expressed in units of

a) m/sb) Pac) N/m2d) no units, it is dimensionless


Frequency can be expressed in terms of

a) 1/s (s=seconds)b) cpsc) Mhzd) all of the above


The ratio of sound velocity in water to the longitudinal velocityof sound in steel is very nearly

a) 1:1b) 1:2c) 1:4d) 1:5


Rayleigh wave velocities for a given material are always

a) greater than longitudinal wave velocitiesb) greater than transverse wave velocitiesc) less than transverse wave velocitiesd) about the same as shear wave velocities


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The ratio of the incident sound pressure to the reflected sound

pressure is called the

a) acoustic impedanceb) acoustic intensityc) coefficient of reflectiond) coefficient of transmission


The ratio of the incident sound pressure to the transmitted sound

pressure is called the

a) acoustic impedanceb) acoustic intensityc) coefficient of reflectiond) coefficient of transmission


When is the coefficient of transmission a negative value?

a) if Z incident is less than Z transmittedb) If Z incident is greater than Z transmittedc) if Z incident equals Z transmittedd) never


Incident sound pressure plus reflected sound pressure equals

a) 0

b) 1c) transmitted sound pressured) none of the above



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Total incident sound intensity can be calculated from

a) the sum of the reflected and transmitted intensitiesb) the difference between reflected and transmitted intensitiesc) R plus D (reflection and transmission coefficients)d) R plus D (reflection and transmission coefficients)


(Sin a1) (C2) = (Sin a2) C1) is a form of

a) Krautkramer's lawb) Snell's lawc) Boyle's lawd) Hooke's law


If the Sine of a refracted angle is calculated to be 0.707, therefracted angle will be

a) 36 degreesb) 45 degreesc) 60 degreesd) undetermined from the given information


For a shear wave travelling from steel to water incident on theboundary at 10 degrees will give a refracted shear wave in waterwith an angle of

a) 0 degreesb) 5 degreesc) 20 degreesd) none of the above


The critical angle refers to the

a) longitudinal waves' angleb) incident anglec) refracted angle


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d) reflected shear wave


The critical angle occurs when the sine of the refracted angleequals

a) 0.707b) 0.846c) 1.000d) 1.414


At a solid to free boundary, an obliquely incident longitudinalwave from the solid can result in, at most,

a) a reflected longitudinal wave onlyb) a reflected longitudinal and reflected shear wavec) a refracted longitudinal long waved) a reflected longitudinal and reflected shear and refracted longitudinal wave


At a liquid/solid boundary with an obliquely incidentlongitudinal wave from the liquid the result could be at most be

a) a reflected longitudinal wave onlyb) a refracted longitudinal wave onlyc) a reflected longitudinal, and a refracted long waved) a reflected long and refracted long and shear wave


Given V (water) = 1.5 mm/us and V (steel) longitudinal velocity =5.0 mm/us and shear velocity mm/us, what is the second criticalangle of an incident longitudinal wave from steel.

a) 19 degreesb) 27 degreesc) 36 degreesd) none of the above


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A shear wave polarized in the plane of incidence impinging on afree boundary at right angles to the boundary will result in

a) a reflected shear wave onlyb) a reflected shear wave and reflected longitudinal wavec) reflected longitudinal wave onlyd) a surface wave


Maximum surface wave energy is obtained when the angle ofincidence is

a) 0 degreesb) 60 degreesc) 90 degreesd) just over the critical angle


Geometric-optic treatment of ultrasonic waves fails to accountfor

a) reflectionb) refractionc) diffractiond) normal incidence


The relationship for acoustic pressure of spherical waves P=Pe/d,implies

a) an inverse proportionality to distanceb) infinite sound pressure at the sourcec) both a and bd) none of the above



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Spherical and cylindrical waves reflecting off a plane surfacepreserve shape but not

a) velocityb) wavelengthc) frequency

d) acoustic pressure distribution


The advantage of inspecting a thick solid cylinder with awaterpath two times the cylinder radius instead of just thecylinder radius is

a) increased sensitivityb) reduced entry noisec) smaller near zone

d) more uniform pressure through the cylinder


The ratio of the diameter of an oscillator to the wavelength itgenerates gives the

a) acoustic velocityb) near zone lengthc) acoustic impedance of the oscillator

d) number of interference maxima and minima


For practical purposes, the equation for the near zone distancecan be approximated by (where l = wavelength and D = probediameter)

a) D / lb) D squared / 4 lc) D squared minus l squared/4 ld) (D-4l)/l squared


Given an "X-cut" normal beam contact probe on steel, the probe is12 mm diameter and has a frequency of 2 MHz. The approximate


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near zone length is (V steel = 6.0mm/us)

a) 4mmb) 12mmc) 24mmd) 48mm


A transducer has a near field in water of 35 mm. When used incontact on steel the near zone will be about

a) 47 mmb) 35 mmc) 18 mmd) 9 mm


The so called angle of divergence applies to the

a) dead zoneb) near fieldc) Fresnel zoned) far field


Sin(gamma) = 1.2 lambda / D (where lambda is wavelength and D isthe crystal diameter) is the equation for

a) the first critical angleb) interference minima in the near zonec) half angle of divergence in the Fraunhoffer zoned) optimum energy angle for shear waves


The angle of divergence is a function of

a) crystal thickness of the probeb) crystal dimension eg. diameterc) crystal shaped) all of the above


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A rectangular probe, 4mm X 8mm, will have its maximum half angle

of divergence

a) in the 4mm directionb) in the 8mm directionc) in no particular orientationd) constant in all directions


Given a 10 X 10mm square probe of 5 MHz fundamental frequency,

compared to a 10mm diameter 5 Mhz probe, the near zone of thesquare probe would be

a) longerb) shorterc) the samed) independent of wavelength


In ultrasonic testing, actual point focusing of sound is notpossible due to

a) damping effectsb) divergence in the far zonec) asymetric vibrationsd) diffraction effects


Huygen's wavelet theory and Fresnel zones can be used to

predict

a) focal lengthb) maxima and minima points in a sound beamc) radius of curvature in a focused probed) fundamental frequency


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AVG (or DGS in English) diagrams compare flaw signal amplitudesto

a) side drilled holes

b) flat bottomed holesc) a theoretical maximumd) DAC's


Flaws oriented obliquely to the incident sound beam may be betterdetected using

a) high gainb) higher frequencyc) focused probesd) separate transmit and receive probes


Echo amplitudes of reference reflectors are dependant on

a) sizeb) shapec) wave mode

d) all of the above


A surface can be considered smooth if its irregularities are notmore than ________ wavelength.

a) 1b) 1/3c) 1/10

d) 1/100


The problem of scatter of a rough surface can be reduced by

a) immersion testing


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b) a smaller diameter probec) a lower frequency probed) longer pulse length


The effect of oxides or other non metallic inclusions within adefect is to

a) amplify the signalb) split the signal by mode conversionc) reduce the signal amplituded) none of the above


As the pulse length of the excitation voltage is shortened thetransmitted pulse

a) frequency spectrum broadensb) frequency spectrum shortensc) increases energy outputd) increases penetration ability


In general, the frequency content of an ultrasound beam has alarger proportion of high frequencies in its spectrum

a) on axisb) off axisc) in the far zoned) in the free zone


The most significant result of scatter and absorption is

a) frequency content changesb) directivityc) attenuationd) beam spreading


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The effect of attenuation by absorption is most pronounced

a) in steel

b) on the beam axisc) on higher frequenciesd) on lower frequencies


A neper (Np) is a unit of

a) attenuationb) acoustic impedance

c) pulse rated) wavelength


If 3 dB gain was removed from a 100% FSH signal the resultingsignal would be __________ FSH.

a) 97b) 94c) 85

d) 71


If a signal is dropped from 100% FSH to 32% FSH, the number ofdB gain removed from the receiver is

a) 14b) 10c) 6

d) 4


Attenuation in plastics and rubber is predominantly attributableto


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a) absorptionb) scatterc) beam spreadd) none of the above


The attenuation coefficient has the units

a) dB/mb) Np/cmc) Np/mmd) all of the above


Non-crystallized materials such as glass are most likely to be

a) isotropicb) anisotropicc) piezoelectricd) not inspectable


Attenuation in cast metals is usually reduced by

a) forgingb) rollingc) extrudingd) all of the above


For a given metal of a given grain size, attenuation in the cast

form of the metal relative to the worked form is usually

a) greaterb) lessc) identicald) unpredictable


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The effect utilized by ultrasonic transducer crystals is the_________ effect.

a) piezoelectric

b) pyroelectricc) ferroelectricd) hall


Piezoelectric crystals' structure will always contain

a) face-centered cubic formb) hexagonal formc) symmetry about polar axesd) asymmetry about polar axes


An X-cut quartz crystal is primarily used to generate the________ wave mode.

a) longitudinalb) transversec) Rayleigh

d) Lamb


A typical voltage range for driving (exciting) piezoelectriccrystals would be

a) 50 to 100 mVb) 50 to 100 Vc) 50 to 100 kV

d) 500 to 1000 V


Y-cut crystals generate shear waves into a solid material by

a) refraction


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b) direct couplingc) reflectiond) no means known


The efficiency of the piezoelectric effect is rated by K33 whichis the

a) piezoelectric modulusb) electromechanical coupling factorc) deformation constantd) Young's modulus


After a voltage excitation of the piezoelectric crystal, theamplitude of its oscillations decrease by the quantity determinedby the

a) Q factorb) damping coefficientc) characteristic frequencyd) resonance frequency


The characteristic or fundamental frequency of a piezoelectricmaterial is not dependant on

a) damping material on either faceb) thickness of crystalc) velocity of sound in the crystald) all of the above


To determine the damping coefficient you must know

a) the acoustic impedance of the backing materialb) the acoustic impedance of the loading (front) materialc) both a and bd) none of the above


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Harmonic resonances of piezoelectrically excited crystals occurat

a) twice the characteristic frequencyb) all even multiples of the first resonant frequencyc) all odd multiples of the first resonant frequencyd) none of the above


Although rarely used in modern day NDT transducers, quartz hasthe advantage of

a) chemical inertnessb) high coupling coefficientc) high dielectric constantd) all of the above


For high temperature measurements the preferred piezoelectricmaterial is

a) lithium niobateb) lithium sulphate hydratec) quartzd) PZT


Polarization of PZT crystals is accomplished using

a) strong permanent magnets

b) strong alternating voltagec) strong direct voltaged) none of the above


A significant disadvantage of PZT as a transducer material is


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its

a) low densityb) high curie pointc) high acoustic impedance preventing good matchingd) exceptionally high electromechanical coupling coefficient


Electrodynamic methods of generating and receiving ultrasoundrely on

a) magnetrostrictionb) eddy currentsc) laser heatingd) none of the above


Magnetostricitive probes consist of

a) copper windings through thin laminated platesb) copper windings around a ceramic corec) solid steel wrapped with copper wired) none of the above


Optical methods used in ultrasonic testing such as Schlierendiffraction and interferometer methods are used in

a) transmission techniques onlyb) reception techniques onlyc) both transmission and receptiond) optical methods are not used in ultrasonics


To make useful ultrasonic holograms requires

a) penetrating acoustic wavesb) a source of reference wavesc) conversion means to optical hologramsd) all of the above


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Pulse-echo ultrasonic testing

a) uses a single probeb) uses separate transmitter and reciever probesc) both a and bd) none of the above


Using the pulse echo method with a 0 degree probe having separatetransmit and receive crystals, the pattern on a CRT of a flat

steel plate would appear as

a) evenly spaced multiplesb) randomly spaced multiplesc) a single spike from the opposite walld) an uninterrupted base line


Phantom echoes of multiples when testing thick specimens are aresult of

a) insufficient suppressionb) modulation from the power supplyc) PRF set too highd) too much gain


The main bang signal is formed as a result of the

a) dead zoneb) couplant/specimen interfacec) transmitter pulsed) all of the above



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When an ultrasonic machine is equipped with this option, thepulse energy and pulse length can be adjusted

a) receiver fine grain controlb) swept gain

c) time corrected gaind) damping


The voltage of a received ultrasonic signal at the machine'sreceiver is typically

a) 1/1000 to 1 voltb) 10 to 100 voltsc) 100 to 1000 voltsd) not measurable


In order to adequately amplify received signals an ultrasonicmachine's receiver amplifier must have a gain of about

a) 6 to 12 dBb) 20 to 40 dBc) 80 to 100 dB

d) 100 to 200 dB


The main disavantage of a broadband receiver in a ultrasonicmachine is

a) non-linear response to amplificationb) amplifier noise limits possible amplificationc) RF display cannot be used

d) rectified display cannot be used


The zero time on a contact normal beam probe

a) corresponds to the rising edge of the main bang


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b) corresponds to the falling edge of the main bangc) is determined indirectly by calibration blocksd) none of the above


The acoustic impedance of backing material is often increased by

a) adding a tuning transformer to the probeb) increasing test pressuresc) adding metal powder to the materiald) increasing suppression


A great disadvantage of the old quartz crystal transducers thatused the work piece as one of the electrodes was

a) a fluctuating dead zoneb) insufficient dampingc) decreasing sensitivity with used) an increase in frequency with use


A contact angle beam probe used in fixed housings occasionallyrequires

a) transformer tuningb) machining or replacing of the wear facec) new couplant between crystal and plastic wedged) all of the above


Wedges used to introduce refracted waves into a test specimen aremade of

a) copperb) brassc) plasticsd) all of the above can be used


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In order that one can operate above the critical angle ofreflection of longitudinal waves, wedge material for angle beamsare

a) grooved on the front faceb) always made of polystyrenec) chosen with a longitudinal velocity greater than the shear velocity of the test pieced) chosen with a longitudinal velocity less than the shear velocity of the test piece


The layer of highly absorbing material sometimes bonded to thetop and front of an angle probe's wedge is called a (an)

a) capb) backingc) anechoic trapd) none of the above


A calibration for horizontal linearity would check properties of

the

a) receiver amplifierb) image unit (oscilloscope)c) calibration blockd) probe


The purpose of the 50mm diameter perspex insert in the IIW block

is to

a) check constancy of probe sensitivityb) establish probe exit pointc) calibrate for ranged) both a and b


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An echo pulse width in steel determines

a) a system's resolving powerb) time of flight

c) the far zone lengthd) the frequency of the probe


Pulse echo instruments without an image tube are

a) not useful in NDTb) not yet availablec) used for wall thickness measurementsd) not portable


Electronic gates on the trace of a UT machine can be used to

a) determine the presence of flawsb) determine the amplitude of flawsc) both a and bd) none of the above


When flaw echo signals are recorded so as to display a plan viewof the test piece the presentation is called

a) A-scanb) B-scanc) C-scand) D-scan


Resonance testing techniques used for thickness determinationuse

a) continuous sound wavesb) pulsed sound waves


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c) Y-cut quartz crystal transducersd) all of the above


The purpose of a reference delay-line in an ultrasonicinterferometer is for

a) determining amplitude from a known reflectorb) accurate time measurementsc) eliminating near zone effectsd) eliminating dead zone effects


Uniform and strongly adhering films of paint or oxides are notremoved for ultrasonic testing if

a) sand blasting cannot remove themb) formed on curves surfacesc) their presence does not interfere with the testd) sufficiently smooth


Due to its cost and toxicity _________ is not used as a couplantin contact testing,

a) SAE oilb) heavy diesel oilc) mercuryd) methyl-cellulose solution


Water jet techniques with water paths of 100mm are restricted tothe through transmission methods because

a) sound cannot travel upstream for pulse-echo testingb) too much water is requiredc) of disturbing echoes behind the surface echod) none of the above


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A narrow high intensity ultrasound beam capable of finding verysmall flaws has its disadvantage in

a) sizing the flawb) characterizing the flawc) requiring a small scanning gridd) none of the above


An effective maximum range for a 5MHz 10mm diameter probe isaround ________ in steel.

a) 50mmb) 100mmc) 200mmd) 300mm


A minimum distance of a probe from an edge of the test piece ismaintained to eliminate side wall interference. This distance isinversely proportional to the

a) soundpathb) wavelengthc) frequencyd) beam spread


When testing a 30mm diameter, 500 mm long shaft from the flat endof the shaft using longitudinal waves from a 20 mm diameter 2 MHzprobe, numerous signals are seen on the screen after 500mm.

These are

a) ghost imagesb) secondary echosc) internal thread indicationsd) none of the above


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Touching the reflection point of a normally incident transversewave with an oily finger will

a) reduce the signal by about 2 dB

b) reduce the signal by about 6 dBc) increase the signal by about 2 dBd) have no effect on signal amplitude


When using a refracted angle of 60 on a 20 mm thick plate thehalf skip distance is



To calculate skip distance in a flat plate of thickness 'd' for arefracted angle 'X' we use the formula

a) (cos X)/db) (sin 2X)/d

c) 2d/cos Xd) 2d (tan x)


To inspect cylindrical pieces with transverse waves in thecircumferential direction, maximum depth is obtained using

a) 35 refracted angleb) 45 refracted angle

c) 70 refracted angled) any of the above is adequate if the diameter ratio is sufficient


The delta technique is used to determine


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a) flaw sizeb) wall thicknessc) flaw orientationd) all of the above


Surface waves used for ultrasonic testing are generated by

a) conversion of longitudinal waves via plastic wedgesb) Y-cut quartz crystalsc) both a and bd) surface waves are not used in ultrasonic testing


Frequency analysis of the reflected pulse is occasionally used todetermine

a) flaw sizeb) flaw depthc) coupling efficiencyd) wave velocity


Changes in flaw echo shape on the video display are used todetermine

a) flaw depthb) flaw typec) stand-offd) all of the above


A defect that is not likely to be located by ultrasonic testingof a forging blank is

a) segregationb) flake cracksc) non-metallic inclusionsd) cold cracks


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In order to introduce a shear mode into cylindrical shaped

specimens when immersion scanning in the circumferentialdirection you need only

a) use Y-cut crystals in the transducerb) switch from pulse-echo to through transmissionc) off-set the probe from normal incidenced) none of the above


When immersion inspecting small diameter tubing (


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Lamb waves are used in testing

a) thin bar or plate

b) composite materialsc) liquidsd) bolts


The time required for a wave packet of ultrasound to go from 10%to 90% of its maximum amplitude is called

a) pulse length

b) PRFc) rise timed) fall time


The time duration for an ultrasonic wave packet to have itstrailing edge drop from 90% to 10% of its maximum amplitude iscalled

a) pulse length

b) PRFc) rise timed) fall time


Ferroelectric materials are electrostrictive substances thatexhibit

a) low acoustic impedance

b) high coupling coefficientsc) large deformations with applied voltaged) natural acoustic damping properties


In ferroelectric materials, the units which contain a net


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electric polarization are called

a) cellsb) bi-polesc) mono-polesd) domains


A voltage applied across a slice of piezoelectric material willcause it to

a) twistb) expandc) contractd) either b or c depending on polarity


Ferroelectric materials are made to respond in a piezoelectricfashion by

a) using bi-metal electrodesb) using only D.C. voltagec) sintering the materiald) poling the material


A net dipole moment is found in ferroelectric ceramics such asPZT when

a) heated above the curie temperatureb) the domains are frozen and alignedc) used under waterd) use on highly retentive steel


In contact testing methods, the purpose of the layer of couplantis to

a) reduce attenuationb) stop back-scatter


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c) allow only compressional wave to enter the pieced) all of the above


In which of the following properties, considered when dealingwith transucer materials, does quartz excel in?

a) receiving constantb) transmitting constantc) dielectric constantd) coupling coefficient


Curie temperature of a transducer material will indicate

a) toxicity of vapourb) coupling constantc) acustic impedance variations with temperatured) maximum work surface temperature


Di-lithium crystals are noted mostly for their

a) high coupling coefficientb) low disipation factorc) low curie temperatured) warp drive operation on starships


Internally reflected waves within a lightly loaded resonanttransducer (ie. acoustic impedance on either side is lower than

the transducer's)

a) nullify resonanceb) change the resonant frequencyc) increase the maximum oscillation amplituded) are totally internally refracted


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For continuous wave testing, rise time of the transduceroscillation relative to the applied driving voltage is

a) longer than fall time

b) shorterc) about the samed) not important


The first oscillation of a piezoelectric element hit by analternating voltage pulse is

a) higher than all other oscillations in that pulseb) lower than all other oscillations in that pulsec) never higher than the second oscillation in that pulsed) higher or lower than the second oscillation depending on the front loading


Acoustic transformers are constructed of

a) aralditeb) cork

c) tungsten loaded epoxiesd) any transitional layer designed to achieve maximum power transfer


The purpose of tungsten powder incorporated in transducerbackings is to

a) increase acoustic impedance

b) increase absorption of backward moving ultrasoundc) both a and bd) none of the above


Nickel and its compounds as well as cobalt and ferrites differ


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from other magnetostrictive materials in that they

a) expand in applied magnetic fieldsb) shrink in applied magnetic fieldsc) are anti-magnetostrictived) are also piezoelectric


Magnetostrictive transducers have application in

a) drillingb) weldingc) ultrasonic cleaningd) all of the above


In a standing wave, the points of zero pressure change arecalled

a) null pointsb) nodesc) anti-nodesd) the still zone


A lens shape that would result in a divergent beam in opticsgives a convergent beam in ultrasonics because

a) electromagnetic wavelengths are shorterb) electromagnetic waves are faster in solids than liquidsc) mechanical waves are usually faster in solids than liquidsd) none of the above


Ultrasonic transducers used in ultrasonic cleaning apparatus areoperating at a frequency of approximately

a) 25 kHzb) 200 kHzc) 0.5 MHz


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d) 50 MHz


The purpose of ultrasonic vibrations added to the tip of asoldering gun when soldering aluminum or magnesium is to

a) eliminate the need for penetrant inspectionb) make a fine grain structure with high shear strengthc) break through the oxide coatingd) all of the above


Which of the following is not a therapeutic application ofmedical ultrasound

a) ultrasonic treatment of arthritis, bursitis, sciaticab) destruction of brain tissue in neuro-sonic surgeryc) establishing health, sex and age of a fetusd) destruction of gall stones


The timebase or baseline is displayed as a horizontal line bymeans of

a) line focus electronicsb) line focus optical lensesc) a light spot moving across phosphord) none of the above


Increasing the pulse repetition frequency will result in

a) decreasing sensitivityb) increased resolutionc) altering the probes' frequency outputd) brightening the baseline



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If it is difficult to resolve two defects separated by 0.5 cm,resolution may be improved by

a) increasing gainb) increasing soundpath

c) decreasing pulse lengthd) decreasing probe frequency


Damping is achieved in an ultrasonic transducer by

a) electrical adjustment of the pulseb) using high loss backingc) using matching layers between crystal and workpieced) all of the above


Elastic constants such as Young's modulus and the bulk moduluscan be calculated from ultrasonic measurement of

a) attenuationb) reflection coefficientsc) acoustic velocitiesd) frequency domains


In order to accurately determine acoustic velocities you mustknow

a) your instruments PRFb) Snell's lawc) Young's modulus or the bulk modulusd) the thickness of the test piece


Measurement of changes in sound velocity are used fordetermining

a) density


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b) flow rates of fluidsc) thicknessd) all of the above


Linearity of an ultrasonic machine's timebase must be within

a) 1mmb) 2mmc) 1%d) 10%


Which item is not always marked on all standard transducers soldfor NDT purposes

a) frequencyb) exit pointc) crystal dimensionsd) serial number


For the purposes of ultrasonic testing, signal-to-noise ratio isa function of

a) the probeb) the oscilloscopec) a combination of probe and scoped) none of the above


When evaluating the performance of a probe-instrumentcombination, far field resolution is limited by

a) the probes' functional frequencyb) instrument gainc) available suppressiond) the test surface of the calibration block


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The arbitrary amplitude response from flat bottomed or sidedrilled holes is used to establish sensitivity level because

a) sensitivity is optimisedb) resolution is optimisedc) results can be reproducibled) both a and b


Viscosity of couplant chosen for a contact ultrasonic inspectionwill usually depend on

a) probe sizeb) nominal frequencyc) surface conditiond) sensitivity required


In longitudinal wave inspection of the parent metal adjacent to aweld, minimum sensitivity is usually set such that

a) it is 6 dB over the 80% FSH level for the appropriate side

drilled holeb) it is 20 dB over the 80% FSH level for the appropriate side drilled holec) backwall echo is 100% FSH in the absence of defectsd) none of the above


When doing an ultrasonic weld inspection material thickness, weldpreparation configuration, defect type and orientation are the

main considerations for

a) probe dimensionsb) frequencyc) probe angled) all of the above


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Gain corrections to compensate for attenuation are dependant on

a) frequency usedb) grain structure of test material

c) pulse energyd) a and b


The IIW Block #1 is used to calibrate

a) rangeb) exit pointc) refracted angled) all of the above


When calibrating an ultrasonic instrument for range, the maximumdistance of interest should not be less than

a) 100 mmb) 200 mmc) one half the horizontal scaled) two thirds the horizontal scale


DGS diagrams are used to establish

a) defect depthb) defect sizec) correct probe dimensionsd) beam divergence


In the DGS (AVG German) system of defect sizing, the diagramrelates to soundpath distance to the _________ to obtain therelative distance.

a) probe size


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b) near-field lengthc) stand-off distanced) depth of defect


Where geometry permits in weld inspection, the distance you needto move the probe back from the weld to ensure 100% volumeinspection is

a) 1/2 skip from the weld centre-lineb) 1 full skip from the weld centre-linec) 1/2 skip from the edge of the heat affected zoned) 1 full skip from the HAZ edge


During manual scanning, detection of obliquely oriented defectsis improved by

a) using a lower frequencyb) longitudinal wave inspectionsc) adding swivel motion to the angle beam probed) all of the above


Shear-wave probe angle for contact testing of plate between 10mmand 100 mm thick is

a) 45 and 60 degreesb) determined by probe frequency chosenc) dependant on plate thickness, position and nature of defectd) none of the above


Given a flat plate 25mm thick, the full skip range distance witha 60 degree probe is

a) 35mmb) 50mmc) 100mmd) not possible to determine


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The half skip range on a 16mm thick plate with a 70% probe is



A defects' vertical extent is deduced by __________ motion of theprobe

a) lateralb) traversingc) rotationald) orbital


A sharp signal with large amplitude response seen from one sideof a weld but not the other, having a sharp drop off with bothrotational and orbital motion would indicate the presence of

a) porosityb) lack of fusionc) slagd) cracking


The use of ultrasonic methods to check fillet welds is usuallyrestricted to determining the extent of penetration. This is

best facilitated by

a) a guidance system to hold the probe at a fixed distanceb) c-scan presentationsc) 45 and 60 degree probes in tandemd) holographic techniques


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Size estimations of defects based on amplitude response are

a) the best option availableb) never reliable

c) used by all codesd) always referenced to side drilled holes or notches


The amplitude reference line used to compare flaw response toreference hole response at varying depths is abbreviated

a) ARLb) AVGc) DACd) DGS


If you are drawing a DAC for an inspection range of 200mm andyour response from the 3/8 node reference hole at 125mm hasalready dropped to 10% FSH you will have to use

a) a new calibration blockb) larger reference holes

c) the DGS (AVG) systemd) a split DAC


A transfer valve is established using

a) published attenuation valves for the alloy testedb) two shear wave probes in a through transmission techniquec) DGS (AVG) curves

d) multiple back-echoes from a normal beam probe


If coupling conditions on a test piece are better than on acalibration block the transfer value will be


43/82

a) greater than zerob) less than zeroc) not usedd) 1 (one)


Vertical extent of a defect is determined using

a) a 6 dB drop methodb) a 10 dB drop methodc) a 20 dB drop methodd) any of the above is acceptable if the appropriate beam spread plot is made for comparison


Acceptability of a defect is determined by

a) code or customer requirementsb) amplitude relative to referencec) lengthd) type of flaw


The most pronounced effects of beam deviation by surfaceroughness are had when using

a) immersion testingb) low frequency transducersc) 70 degree contact probesd) normal beam probes


The result of increasing the temperature of a test piece from10C. to 30C. is

a) increase sensitivityb) decrease the refracted anglec) decrease the acoustic velocityd) all of the above


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The ability to discern individual defects separate from theinitial interface signal is called

a) dead zone limitb) near surface resolutionc) surface acuityd) damping


The IIW Block #1 cannot be used to calibrate

a) angle beam resolutionb) range for time-basec) time-base linearityd) sensitivity


The maximum amplitude response from the 1.5mm diameter hole inthe IIW Block #1 is used to determine

a) longitudinal wave sensitivityb) shear wave sensitivityc) dead zone distanced) both a and b


IIW blocks are constructed of

a) ASTM-A36 steelb) stainless steel

c) aluminumd) any metal or alloy


The 91mm step in the IIW Block #1 is used for


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a) setting shear wave range with longitudinal wavesb) establishing non-standard rangesc) shear wave resolution determinationsd) none of the above


The purpose of the small Rompas or DIN block (IIW Block #2) is

a) range calibrationb) determining exit point of probec) determining actual refracted angled) all of the above


The 5mm diameter through hole in the DIN or ROMPAS block is usedfor checking

a) shear wave sensitivityb) longitudinal wave sensitivityc) beam angled) all of the above


When setting sensitivity of a longitudinal probe using the IIWblocks

a) total number and size of last echo are usedb) response from the side drilled hole is usedc) both a and b can be usedd) IIW blocks are never used to set sensitivity


The dB difference between a signal 25% FSH and 100% FSH is

a) 6 dBb) 8 dBc) 10 dBd) 12 dB


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To determine the functional, or operating frequency of a probeyou need

a) a UT machine capable of R.F. display

b) a frequency analyserc) to know probe diameter and its near zone as measured in waterd) any of the above can be used


The resolving power of an ultrasonic system depends primarily on

a) the loop gain of the transducerb) operating frequencyc) amount of gain used in the receiver amplifierd) the pulse energy


When a flaw has a size that is less than the wavelength ofultrasound impinging on it,

a) the AVG (DGS) system must be used for sizingb) dimensions are determined using the 20 dB drop methodc) it is not possible to determine the flaws' shape

d) it cannot be detected


Signal averaging, correlation, and filtering are techniques usedin ultrasonic systems to

a) extract weak signals from incoherent noiseb) improve resolutionc) characterize defects for type

d) none of these techniques are used in ultrasonic testing


The process where by a re-current signal is extracted fromincoherent noise is called


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a) amplitude modulationb) frequency modulationc) signal averagingd) filtering


Receiver noise must often be filtered out of a test system.Receiver amplifier noise increases proportionally to

a) the square root of the bandwidthb) the inverse square of the bandwidthc) attenuationd) temperature


A group of ultrasonic transducers arranged in some form ofgeometrical pattern with individual transducers use sequentiallyas transmitters, receivers or both is called a

a) sequenced arrayb) switched pulserc) C-scan arrayd) multi-element probe


Which is not used as an acoustic imaging method?

a) deconvolutionb) sequenced arrayc) liquid-surface levitationd) holography


In order to determine a particular material parameter byultrasonics you would need to find its

a) critical angleb) acoustic velocity and acoustic impedancec) attenuationd) any or all of the above depending on the parameter sought


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The so called delta technique derives its name from

a) its origins in the Mississippi deltab) measurements of changes in velocity (delta "V")c) the triangular juxtaposition of transmitter, receiver and flawd) none of the above


Increasing a focused probe's focal length can have the advantage

of increasing focal depth, but this is achieved at the expenseof

a) increasing attenuationb) increasing focal spot sizec) reducing resolutiond) both b and c


Which is not an advantage of electromagnetic acoustic transducers(EMAT)?

a) high electric to acoustic power conversionb) can inspect rough or coated surfacesc) non-contactingd) inspection of high temperature surfaces


In highly automated inspection apparatus, ultrasonic phased

arrays permit

a) elimination of mechanical scanning apparatusb) increased resolution over a greater depth rangec) control of beam shaped) all of the above


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Rayleigh waves have

a) distinctly different velocities from longitudinal and shear waves in the same medium

b) ellipsoidal particle displacementc) a velocity slightly less than shear waves in the same mediumd) all of the above


For crystalline material to have piezoelectric properties it musthave

a) asymmetry of crystal axesb) silicon as one of its component elementsc) nuclear spin parityd) no unstable isotopes


For unpoled poly-crystalline piezoelectric materials, an appliedpressure results in

a) polar alignment of crystalb) radial mode vibration

c) maximum voltaged) zero net voltage


Even under ideal conditions, the electro mechanical couplingcoefficient (k) will not exceed

a) 0.1b) 1.0

c) 10d) 100


If the product of the relative transmitter and receiverefficiencies of quartz is 1, which of the following


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piezomaterials would have a product less than 1?

a) PZTb) ZnOc) PVDFd) none of the above


A dual crystal probe using PZT as a transmitter and PVDF as areceiver, as compared to just PZT used in the send-receive modewould be

a) about 7 times more efficientb) half as efficientc) hampered by low signal to noise ratiod) useless


The purpose of using metal powder in epoxies as probe backingmaterial is to

a) increase acoustic impedance of the backing to match the ceramic piezoelements' acoustic impedanceb) provide an electric conductor to the back electrodec) decrease bandwidth

d) none of the above


In ultrasonic testing, beam focusing is accomplished by

a) placing lenses in front of the planar transmitterb) suitably curved piezo materialc) specimen geometryd) all of the above


The result of a cylindrical shaped lens on the front of anultrasonic probe is a(n)

a) point focused beam


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b) line focused beamc) asymptotic beamd) negatively focused beam


Which is not an advantage of electromagnetic acoustic transducers(EMATs)?

a) no couplant neededb) hot surfaces are more easily inspectedc) easily shaped beamsd) increased sensitivity over ferro electric probes


Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) generate ultrasoundby means of

a) cosmic awarenessb) eddy currentsc) mechanical contactd) magnetic deformations


EMATs cannot be used to generate ultrasound in

a) non-conductive materialb) magnetic metalsc) non-magnetic metalsd) both a and b


The most common method used to determine the nature of a probes'sound field is by

a) Fast Fourier transformsb) impedance curvesc) side drilled holesd) using two transducers, one transmitting and the other receiving


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An angle beam probe is checked for refracted angle on an IIW andfound to be 44 degrees. The IIW block temperature is 10C.

Moving to the 40 degree C. test piece the refracted angle willbe

a) moreb) lessc) the samed) not possible to know


To determine the dominant frequency of a probe you would require

a) an unrectified signal on a baseline calibrated in timeb) a rectified signal on a baseline calibrated in distancec) a reference probed) an impedance matching circuit


The time interval in microseconds between the first and lastinstant at which the value of the pulse reaches 10% of its peak

amplitude is considered the

a) pulse lengthb) 20 dB drop lengthc) dead zoned) rise time


When determining signal-to-noise ratio the suppression control is

set at

a) maximumb) minimumc) 50%d) suppression setting is not important


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When determining signal-to-noise ratio, the noise is attributableto

a) electrical noise from machine, cable and probe

b) metal grain structurec) both a and bd) inability for focus the baseline


Probe index refers to

a) nominal frequency of the probeb) beam exit pointc) the refracted angle in the test pieced) the incident angle from perspex


For a given range, deviations of + or - 2 degrees in refractedangle will result in greatest depth error for

a) 70 probesb) 60 probesc) 45 probes

d) error will be constant at all angles


Depth of the dead zone is determined by

a) probe designb) pulse energy settingc) gain settingd) all of the above


A discontinuity whose shape, size location or properties make itdetrimental to the useful service of the product in which itoccurs or which exceeds the accept/reject criteria is a(n)


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a) defectb) slag inclusionc) crackd) anomaly


A response or evidence of a response in non-destructive testingthat requires interpretation is called

a) an indicationb) a defectc) a flawd) signal-to-noise ratio


The component of ultrasonic wave attenuation resulting fromconversion of mechanical energy to heat is called

a) acoustic absorptionb) couplingc) divergenced) acoustic impedance


The property which determines acoustic transmission across aboundary between two media is termed

a) acoustic impedanceb) electric impedancec) conductivityd) transmissivity


Coupling two media to provide optimum transfer of ultrasonicenergy between them is

a) a code requirementb) acoustic impedance matchingc) best accomplished by dry couplingd) all of the above


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For a given ultrasonic beam impinging on a surface, the angle of

incidence, the angle of reflection and the normal to that surfaceare

a) always equalb) never equalc) found by the inverse squared lawd) in the same plane


Loss of acoustic energy in a material due to scatter, absorptionand dispersion is called

a) suppressionb) attenuationc) dampingd) all of the above


A curve showing the relationship of amplitude to distancetravelled to reflectors of the same area is usually referred toas a(n)

a) AVG curveb) DAC curvec) DGS curved) NDT curve


The ultrasonic pulse received from the boundary of a body normalto the beam axis is termed

a) backwall echob) a multiple reflectionc) the normal echod) a defect


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An ultrasonic display in rectangular coordinates where distanceor time of flight is represented in one direction and probedisplacement represented on the other and reflected pulses as

bright marks on a dark background (or vise versa) is called a(n)

a) A-scanb) B-scanc) C-scand) tomograph


Noise generated by the transmitting transducer which is producedin the receiving transducer of a dual crystal probe is called

a) signal from noise effectb) cross-talkc) acoustic pick-upd) FM cross-over


An assembly of ultrasonic crystals mounted so as to behave asthough it were a single crystal is called a(n)

a) acoustic matb) crystal mosaicc) phased arrayd) linear array


The time interval between the initial pulse and the initiation ofthe time base sweep is termed

a) rangeb) time of flightc) programmed off-setd) delay



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The frequency at which the overall response of an ultrasonicpulse-echo flaw detection system is maximum is the

a) dominant frequencyb) resonance frequency

c) nominal frequencyd) anti-resonance frequency


The lowest acoustic frequency which will cause a condition ofresonance to be established in a given material of giventhickness is the _________ frequency.

a) fundamentalb) parallelc) seriesd) anti-resonance


A probe which incorporates separate transmit and receive crystalsin the same housing is called a

a) dual crystal probeb) T-R probe

c) delta probed) normal probe


The unit of sound (or electrical) gain or attenuation, dB is

a) one tenth of a bellb) a ratio of voltages or intensitiesc) derived from naval protocol

d) both a and b


The display of remnant reflections originating from previouslytransmitted pulses due to too high a PRF are called


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a) transientsb) trip signalsc) ghost echoesd) none of the above


Harmonic frequencies occur at

a) 2 times the fundamental frequencyb) 3 times the fundamental frequencyc) 4 times the fundamental frequencyd) all of the above


The boundary between any two media of different acousticimpedances is termed a(n)

a) interfaceb) dividec) interluded) front


A wave that is propagated in thin material, & whose velocity isdependant on frequency and material thickness.

a) Lamb waveb) Rayleigh wavec) shear waved) new wave


The repeated reflections of ultrasonic pulses from betweensurfaces or discontinuities within a body are

a) ghost echoesb) sing-aroundc) multiple echoesd) wrap-around


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A 'normal' probe is one which

a) operates at half wave resonanceb) operates at quarter wave resonancec) has tungsten powder imbedded in its backing epoxyd) introduces sound into a test piece at right angles to the surface


The method whereby a discontinuity is detected and evaluatedusing reflected pulses.

a) pulse-echo methodb) through transmissionc) bulk wave testingd) crack tip diffraction


The number of times per second that an ultrasonic transducer isexcited to produce a pulse is

a) determined by the crystal thicknessb) a function of the cable capacitancec) the pulse repetition frequencyd) all of the above


The gain or attenuation setting at which indications are assessedis the ________ level.

a) referenceb) scanc) thresholdd) bell



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a) pulse-echob) pitch-catchc) through-transmissiond) all of the above


The source of ultrasound in acoustic emission techniques is

a) sudden relaxation of stresses within the materialb) a transmitter crystalc) rotary wire brushesd) static discharge


Resolving power of broadband transducers

a) increases with soundpath distanceb) decreases with soundpath distancec) is independant of soundpath distanced) depends solely on near field length


Examination of a metal's elastic properties by increasing theangle of incidence until either the longitudinal or shear modedisappears is called

a) wave mode analysisb) spectral analysisc) specular analysisd) critical-angle analysis


When doing immersion critical-angle analyses the pitch-catchtechnique is used. The receiver probe is used to study the

a) reflected longitudinal waveb) reflected transverse wavec) transmitted longitudinal waved) Rayleigh waves


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Non-contacting ultrasonic coupling, ie. coupling across an air

gap has its advantage in

a) avoiding fluid contamination of test pieceb) testing at elevated temperatures is possiblec) avoiding transducer wear on rough surfacesd) all of the above


When performing a "normal beam" inspection of 60mm thick plate by

immersion technique, the minimum waterpath to avoid waterpathmultiples in the first metal wall thickness display is



If the longitudinal waves are required at an angle other thanzero degrees from the normal in the test piece

a) the incident angle must be less than the first critical angleb) the incident angle must be less than the second critical anglec) the incident angle must be between the first and second critical anglesd) you are out of luck-it can't be done


Although no longer commonly used for thickness testing of steelplate, resonance testing still finds application in

a) flaw detection in integrated circuitsb) locating nonbond areas in rubber to metalc) shadow technique ultrasonic testingd) all of the above


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Ultrasonic systems similar to those used in nondestructivetesting are used in

a) ultrasonic weldingb) diagnostic medicinec) de-watering unitsd) ultrasonic machining


Transducers used for resonance measurements would more likely be

a) broadband-type pulseb) high-Q factorc) low-Q factord) none of the above


When information is presented as a B-scan on an oscilloscope,intensity (or amplitude) of a signal is indicated by

a) strobe effects for signals over a threshold amplitudeb) digital readout on the corner of the screenc) brightness of the spot on the scoped) none of the above


When measuring crack depth using shear-wave soundpaths, amplitudedrop and probe travel, you need in addition to various distancesand the refracted angles

a) a transmitting and a receiving transducerb) the beamwidth in the vertical planec) maximum amplitude with respect to a side drilled holed) maximum amplitude with respect to a flat bottom hole



65/82

For a given flaw, with a physical vertical extent of 11mm, theprobe requiring the maximum forward travel to locate the flawends would be the

a) 0b) 45

c) 60d) 70


An increase in attenuation or a decrease in velocity in amaterial is generally indicative of

a) degradation or loss of strengthb) an increase in compressive loadingc) an increase in tensile strength

d) decreasing pulse frequency


Attenuation studies in ultrasound could be used to determine

a) average gain size of metalsb) yield point of materials during elastic-plastic deformationc) fracture toughness of stainless steeld) all of the above


Ultrasonic methods used to monitor or detect fatigue cracks arebased on

a) attenuation effectsb) amplitude of reflection energyc) both a and b are usedd) none of the above


An advantage of using ultrasonic surface waves over other wavemodes is

a) good sensitivity to subsurface defects


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b) the ease of focusing the beamc) test piece contours are followed without loss due to direction changesd) none of the above


The weld defect that results when a weld puddle solidifies fromthe outer edges and causes stresses sufficient to producecracking is

a) crater crackingb) underbead crackingc) transverse crackingd) puddle jumping


The purpose of removing a weld cap by grinding it flush with thebase metal in preparation for ultrasonic testing is to

a) reduce scatter from redirection of beamb) improve volumetric coveragec) increase sensitivity to near surface defectsd) all of the above


When testing tubular products with ultrasonics it is essential toensure a fixed alignment between the probe and workpiece since aslight shift of tube axis could result in

a) a large change in incidence angleb) damaging the probec) differential losses in frequency contentd) none of the above


In immersion ultrasonic testing of tubular products, line focusedprobes have an advantage over point focused probes in that

a) higher frequencies are availableb) higher inspection rates are possible


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Ultrasonics when used on timber (ie. logs) can determine

a) age by counting ringsb) diameterc) presence or absence of decay

d) none of the above, ultrasound is not used to test timber


Ultrasonic velocities of glasses such as quartz, fused silica andpyrex are

a) not possible to determineb) available for only the longitudinal modec) about the same as steeld) about the same as water


Ultrasonics has been successfully used in testing rubber tiresfor determining

a) porosity locationb) de-lamination locationc) the state of cured) all of the above


Ultrasonic holography has an advantage over other imagingtechniques in that it provides

a) total information from a single pulseb) a 3-dimensional display of defectsc) maximum inspection speedd) the best sensitivity of all imaging systems


Non-destructive testing is one of many applications oflow-intensity ultrasound. Which of the following is not anexample of low-intensity ultrasound application.


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a) acoustic holographyb) ultrasonic fish-findersc) ultrasonic cleaningd) ultrasonic flowmeters


The weak emission of light that sometimes accompanies cavitationin high intensity ultrasonic fields is called

a) sonoluminescenceb) fluorescencec) bioluminescenced) ultraluminescence


Diagnostic medical application of low intensity ultrasound hasits advantage in

a) its ability to detect phenomena X-rays cannotb) destroying gall stonesc) generating therapeutic heatd) all of the above


The Doppler effect is utilized in ultrasonic

a) flaw detectionb) flowmetersc) B-scannersd) cleaners


Ultrasound intensity used in low intensity diagnostic testing(such as nondestructive testing) is on the order of

a) 100W/cmb) 100mW/cmc) 100kW/cmd) 100MW/cm


70/82


Steel ball bearings would probably be tested nondestructivelyusing

a) ultrasonicsb) liquid penetrantc) magnetic particlesd) radiography


The term defect or flaw indicates

a) a minimum or maximum sizeb) suitability of a part for a given purposec) nature of the faultd) none of the above


Ultimately the cause of any crack is

a) corrosionb) re-crystallizationc) stressd) strain


Localized heating of metal objects can result in

a) "crazy" cracksb) grinding cracksc) are strike cracks

d) all of the above


In a valve casting, sponginess


71/82

a) could result in a leakb) could be found using liquid penetrantc) is easiest found using ultrasonicsd) both a and b


The term pipe refers to

a) a forging defectb) a weld defectc) central shrinkage in an ingotd) a central blowhole in a casting


A surface breaking crack located by ultrasonics

a) will be easily located using eddy currentsb) may not by located by another NDT methodc) will be shorter if located with LPId) will be longer if located with LPI


If a procedure fails to take into consideration a significantvariable, such as temperature, the result will be

a) unreliable inspection resultsb) missed defectsc) lack of repeatabilityd) over sensitivity


If it is possible to automate a previously manually performedscan, you can always expect

a) faster inspectionsb) more accurate resultsc) improved flaw detection reliabilityd) all of the above


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When dealing with ultrasonic nondestructive testing the lettersPZT stand for

a) Paul Zamphir Tait, the discoverer of the piezo-ceramicsb) lead zirconate titanatec) phosphoric zirconate tungstenated) none of the above


The most commonly used backing used in ultrasonic transducersused in NDT is

a) airb) spur's epoxyc) epoxy resin filled with tungsten powderd) brass


The material added to epoxy resin to increase acoustic impedanceof the probe backing is usually

a) Rochelle salt

b) iron filingsc) tungsten powderd) PbO (lead oxide)


The backward moving energy in an ultrasonic probe is damped by

a) natural attenuation of airb) defocusing lenses

c) scattering by tungsten particlesd) none of the above


The least difficult aspect of a defect to determine usingultrasonics is


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a) lengthb) heightc) elastic constantsd) yield stress reduction on the component


In time of flight diffraction techniques, the first wave toarrive at the receiving probe is the _________ wave.

a) Rayleighb) diffractedc) laterald) reflected


The longitudinal blurring of ultrasonic B-scan images thatresults due to ultrasonic beam width can be reduced by

a) using a lower frequency probeb) synthetic aperture focusing technique (saft)c) increasing the soundpathd) using immersion methods.


Using a contact probe with lucite wedge designed to produce a 70shear wave in steel, which material could you not inspect usingshear waves generated from this probe ( V lucite = 2.68mm/sec Vsteel (transverse) = 3.2 mm/sec)?

a) Aluminum (Vl = 6.32mm/sec Vt = 2.49 mm/sec)b) Brass (Vl = 4.28mm/sec Vt = 2.03 mm/sec)c) nickel (Vl = 5.63 mm/sec Vt - 2.96 mm/sec)d) titanium carbide (Vl - 5.63 mm/sec Vt = 5.16 mm/sec)


Given a wedge meant to produce a 60 refracted shear wave insteel (Vl = 5.66 Vt = 3.12 mm/sec), which material would you beable to also use this wedge for a 60 refracted shear wave?


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a) aluminium 2117T4 (Vl=6.50 Vt=3.12mm/sec)b) beryllium (Vl=12.9 Vt=8.88mm/sec)c) iron (Vl=5.9 Vt=2.32 mm/sec)d) nickel (Vl=5.66 Vt=2.96mm/sec)


The angle of incidence from lucite Vl=2.76mm/sec to produce a60 refracted shear wave in steel (Vl=5.9 Vt=3.2mm/sec) is

a) 23.1b) 34.6c) 48.3d) 58.1


In Snell's Law, there will be no first critical angle if the

a) incident angle does not exceed 89b) acoustic velocity in the refracting medium is less than in the incident mediumc) acoustic impedance of the refracting medium is greater than 1d) none of the above, there will always be a first critical angle


The inverse sine of the ratio of the acoustic velocity in theincident medium to refracting medium's acoustic velocity gives

a) the first critical angleb) the second critical anglec) the third critical angled) the critical angle, which critical angle depends on the mode velocity used


The inverse sine of the ratio of the _____ velocities gives thefirst critical angle.

a) refracted long. and incident shearb) incident long. and refracted long.


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c) incident long. and refracted sheard) incident long. and reflected long.


Given water, density=1g/cc Vl=1.5mm/sec and lead,density=11.4g/cc Vl=2.16mm/sec. The second critical angle ofsound moving from water to lead is

a) 7.8b) 14.4c) 28d) not possible to determine from this information


Given the acoustic velocities Vl=1.5mm/sec for water and Vl=2.16Vt=0.70 mm/sec for lead. What is the second critical angle fora longitudinal wave from water to lead.

a) 43.9b) 33.9c) 27.5d) none of the above


In the welding process, removal of weld metal and base metal fromthe opposite side of a welded joint to ensure completepenetration upon welding from that side is called

a) de-weldingb) bevelingc) back gougingd) joint preparation


The preferred welding term for a blowhole is

a) tunnelingb) gusherc) porosityd) gas pocket


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The purpose of backing material at the root of a weld is

a) to support molten weld metalb) a heat sinkc) to prevent lack of fusiond) all of the above


In welding processes, a preplaced filler metal which is fusedinto the root of a joint and thereby becomes part of the weld is

a

a) chillb) chapletc) consumable insertd) covered electrode


A crack occurring in the depression at the termination of a weldbead is called a

a) hot tearb) termination crackc) heat check crackd) crater crack


In a welded joint, the minimum distance from the root to the weldface is the

a) hypotenuseb) legc) effective throatd) length of weld



77/82

The purpose of flux material in welding is

a) to stabilize the welding arcb) to protect the molten weld from atmospherec) both a and b

d) none of the above


In welding, the area of base metal melted as determined on across-section of the weld is the

a) heat affected zoneb) fusion zonec) dead zoned) twilight zone


The portion of base metal that has not been melted but whosemechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by heatof welding or cutting is called the

a) fusion zoneb) heat affected zonec) dead zone

d) twilight zone


In a welding process using inert gas as a part of the operation,the purpose of the inert gas is to

a) react with the filler metalb) provide a protective atmosphere over the weld puddlec) increase the heat at the arc

d) harden the weld metal deposited


The protrusion of weld metal beyond the toe, face or root of aweld is called


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a) overlapb) undercutc) passd) bead


Another term for the welding phenomenon called "suck-back" is

a) undercutb) blow-throughc) concave routd) overlap


Cracking occuring in the heat affected zone that does not usuallyextend to the surface of the metal is

a) transverse crackingb) underbead crackingc) laminal crackingd) post weld heat treatment cracking


In tig welding the electrode manipulated by the welder is

a) made of tungstenb) not consumedc) both a and bd) none of the above


When inspecting a curved surface with a contact probe it isadvised to use

a) circular probesb) rectangular probesc) large probesd) small probes


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A sharp narrow signal whose amplitude remains constant when

orbited and drops off quickly with probe rotation is probably

a) lack of fusionb) an isolated porec) slagd) a transverse crack


A ragged, cluster of individual spikes is located and determined

to be a defect. Sound path varies, amplitudes vary with rotationand orbiting with the probe. But the defect does not drop offcompletely when orbited. It is most likely a

a) crackb) slag inclusionc) porosity clusterd) lack of fusion


A sharp narrow defect signal is located during a standard A-scanof a weld. Rotation and orbit of the defect cause it to drop offquickly with lateral probe motion the signal remains constant inboth amplitude and sound path. It is most likely a

a) slag inclusionb) crackc) lack of fusiond) pore


Given a butt weld in a 55mm thick plate, ground flush, you locatea large sharp narrow reflector with a soundpath of 154mm and exitpoint 128mm from the weld centreline using a 45 probe. If ithas length of 20mm the flaw is likely

a) lack of penetrationb) mis-match


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The indirect shear wave in the 30-70-70 mode conversion method is

formed off the

a) 70 Long. waveb) creeping wavec) direct shear waved) damping material on the front of the probe shoe


Which is a limitation of the 30-70-70 mode conversion method?

a) It cannot be performed with conventional probesb) It requires special calibration blocksc) Parallel surfaces are needed for mode conversiond) All of the above

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Level 2 Ut Questions

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