Leukocytes Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are found within the bone marrow (BM),the peripheral blood, and the tissues. Leukocytes are among the essential elements of the hematopoietic- lymphoreticular-immune system, which functions to protect the human body from nonself cells (infection) and altered- self cells (cancer).
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Leukocytes Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are found within the bone marrow (BM),the peripheral blood, and the tissues. Leukocytes are among the.
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Leukocytes
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are found within the bone marrow (BM),the peripheral blood, and the tissues. Leukocytes are among the essential elements of the hematopoietic-lymphoreticular-immune system, which functions to protect the human body from nonself cells (infection) and altered-self cells (cancer).
NoNNeopLastic DisorDers
• Quantative evaluation
• Qualitative evaluation
Neutrophilia
Mechanisms: (1) the rate of inflow of cells from the BM (2) the proportion of neutrophils in the marginal granulocyte pool
(MGP) and the circulating granulocyte pool (CGP) of the blood (3) the rate of outflow of neutrophils from the blood.
Determinants:1) Certain host factors 2) Microorganisms factors3) Drugs
Neutrophilia
Physiologic
Pathologic
Neutrophilia with a left shift can be seen in response to infection or inflammation
Neutropenia
Neutropenia is a reduction in the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below ˜1.5–2 × 10*9/L for white adults and below ˜1.2–1.3 × 10*9/L for black adults.
Mechanisms: (1) the rate of inflow of cells from the BM (2) the proportion of neutrophils in the marginal
granulocyte pool (MGP) and the circulating granulocyte pool (CGP) of the blood
(3) the rate of outflow of neutrophils from the blood.
Causes of Neutropenia
Drugs
Radiation
Causes of Neutropenia
Intrinsic defects1. myeloid hypoplasia or a proliferation defect Fanconi’s anemia (FA) Kostmann’s syndrome Schwachman-Diamond syndrome cyclic neutropenia
• Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in neutrophils (in azurophil/primary granules) and monocytes (in lysosomes) but is not present in promonocytes and tissue macrophages.
• (H2O2 + Cl- → H2O + ClO-)
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)
• LAD-I: a mutation in the ß2-subunit (of CD18)
• LAD-II: mutation affecting fucose transport, leading to the impaired expression
of selectin ligands on leukocytes (CD15a or sialyl Lewis X)
• LAD-III: defect in integrin activation (via endothelial chemokines) caused by a
mutation in leukocyte-expressed G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Specific Granule Deficiency (SGD)
• present with multiple bacterial infections, atypical bilobed nuclei within neutrophils, and lack of secondary/specific cytoplasmic granules within neutrophils on Wright’sstained peripheral blood films.