Leucocytosis: A raised WBCs count. Due to elevation of a single lineage. Neutophilia: A) Physiologic causes: Pregnancy, newborns, after parturition or after exercise. B) Pathological causes: 1- Infections: pyogenic bacteria. 2- Neoplasia: all types. 3- Hge / haemolysis. 4- Corticosteroids. Blood cells Disorders . Rania Alhady 1
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Leucocytosis: A raised WBCs count. Due to elevation of a single lineage. Neutophilia: A)Physiologic causes: Pregnancy, newborns, after parturition or.
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Leucocytosis:A raised WBCs count.
Due to elevation of a single lineage.
Neutophilia:A) Physiologic causes:
Pregnancy, newborns, after parturition or after exercise.
B) Pathological causes:1- Infections: pyogenic bacteria.2- Neoplasia: all types.3- Hge / haemolysis.4- Corticosteroids.
Blood cells Disorders
Dr. Rania Alhady 1
Left shift:
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood.
A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a leukemoid reaction.
Neutophilia may be associated with the presence of
toxic granulations and Dohle bodies.
Leucocytosis
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Leucocytosis
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Eosinophilia:Eosinophilia is a condition in which the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood exceeds 450/ cm in P.B.
Causes:
1- Allergic disorders• Asthma• Drug allergies• Allergic skin diseases
2- Parasitic infections
3- Some forms of malignancy• Hodgkin's lymphoma• Some forms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
3- Systemic autoimmune diseases (e.g. SLE)
Monocytosis: An increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood
Causes:
1. Chronic inflammation: tuberculosis, syphilis and malaria
2. Blood and immune causes: Myeloproliferative disorders.
3. Malignancies: Certain leukaemias, such as chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) and monocytic leukemia.
typhoid fever.- Protozoal infections: toxoplasmosis and malaria
2. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
3. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Lymphocytosis, peripheral blood smear
Leucocytosis
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Leucopenia:Reduced total leucocytic count.
Neutropenia:Reduced neutrophil count < 2000 / cm
Classification:Classify the severity of neutropenia based on the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
measured in cells per microliter of blood:
Mild neutropenia: minimal risk of infection
Moderate neutropenia: moderate risk of infection
Severe neutropenia: severe risk of infection.
Signs and symptoms Neutropenia can go undetected, but is generally discovered when a patient has developed severe infections or sepsis.
Fevers and frequent infections. These infections can result in conditions such as mouth ulcers, diarrhea, a burning sensation during urinating, or a sore throat.
Leucopenia
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Causes of Neutropenia:Causes can be divided into the following groups:
I. Decreased production in the bone marrow due to:• Aplastic anemia• Cancer, particularly blood cancers• Certain medications• Radiation
Blood film with a striking absence of neutrophils,
II. Increased destruction: leaving only red blood cells and platelets
{Felty syndrome: R.A., splenomegally, prominent neutropenia, lymphopenia}• Chemotherapy treatments, such as for cancer and autoimmune diseases
Leucopenia
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III. Drugs induced neutopenia:
Medications are very common cause of neutropenia.such a Flecainide (anti-arrhythmic drug)
Once drugs stopped, neutrophil recovery in 4 -7 days occur provided that precursors cells are normal.
IV. Congenital neutropenia syndromes:1- Kostmann‘s Syndrome:
Severe chronic neutropenia with frequent pyogenic infections. Eosinophil and basophils are normal or increased. Progression of leukemia (Very poor prognosis) Marrow transplantation may be curative.
Neuropathy Recurrent Infections, esp Staph aureus Granules in granulocytes, monocytes and
lymphocytes Treatment: BMT
3- Reticular Dysgenesis: Thymic aplasia. Inability to produce neutrophil. Patient die at early age from bacterial and viral infections. BMT should be considered
Thrombocytopenia or thrombopenia :is a relative decrease of platelets in blood
Symptoms and signs:
Bruising, particularly purpura in the forearms, petechia (pinpoint hemorrhages on skin and mucous membranes), nosebleeds and/or bleeding gums.
1. Auto-Abs ITP (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura) 2ry to SLE & AIDS
2. Allo-Abs Post- transfusion Post- natal Post transplatation
3.Drug – induced:e.g. Quinin, sulphonamide
Thrombocytopenia
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Thrombocytopenia
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(II) Non – Immune Thrombocytopenia: 1. Excess platelet consumption (DIC) 2. TTP- HUS 3. Sever burn or snake venom 4. Structural platelet defects (short life span)
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP):Immune disorder characterized by: Thrombocytopenia. B.M.: normal with normal megakaryocytes in number, or even increased number with
defective budding. Evidence of Abs against platelets Spleen in NOT enlarged.