Let’s Get to Know the Parietal Lobes! A brief primer on parietal lobe function (as it relates to memory). By Rebecca Emily Martin Brodmann Areas associated with parietal lobes BA 3, 1, 2, 5 - somatosensory BA 7 - visuo-spatial imagery , self- processing BA 23, 29, 31 - Retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate BA 39 - reading, visuo-language processing BA 40 - supramarginal gyrus BA 43 - parietal operculum 1 2
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Let’s Get to Know the Parietal Lobes!
A brief primer on parietal lobe function (as it relates to memory).
By Rebecca Emily Martin
Brodmann Areas associated with parietal lobes
BA 3, 1, 2, 5 - somatosensory
BA 7 - visuo-spatial imagery , self-processing
BA 23, 29, 31 - Retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate
BA 39 - reading, visuo-language processing
BA 40 - supramarginal gyrus
BA 43 - parietal operculum
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2
The Parietal Lobes can be divided into 6 main regions
medial
lateral
The Parietal Lobes can be divided into 6 main regions
dorsal
ventral
3
4
The Parietal Lobes can be divided into 6 main regions
anterior
posterior
The Parietal Lobes can be divided into 6 main regions
posterior
(This presentation focuses on posterior parietal cortex, PPC)
began as soon as the search instructions were given and continued throughout the search period, whereas VPC activity was greater than DPC activity when the target was detected66. Thus, DPC activity mediates preparatory top-down attention, whereas VPC activity is associated with the capture of bottom-up attention by behaviour-ally relevant stimuli. Activity that is associated with bot-tom-up attention can also be captured using unexpected (spatial and non-spatial) stimuli67–72. When a relevant stimulus that was out of the current attentional focus appears, the VPC sends a ‘circuit breaker’ signal to the DPC, which shifts attention to the previously unattended
stimulus73. The right VPC is also the most frequent loca-tion of lesions that cause neglect, which can be described as a deficit in bottom-up attention: patients with neglect can voluntarily direct attention to the contralesional side and can use cognitive cues to anchor attention to the left visual space, but they have a deficit in detecting stimuli that are outside the focus of ongoing processing23.
Parietal cortex, attention and episodic memoryCould the distribution of episodic-retrieval activations in FIG. 4c be associated with the allocation of top-down and bottom-up attention to memory by the DPC and the
Figure 4 | Ventral–dorsal dissociations in activity. a | In a functional MRI (fMRI) study of the remember–know paradigm60, the ventral parietal cortex (VPC) showed greater activity for remember than for know trials, whereas the dorsal parietal cortex (DPC) showed the opposite pattern. b | In an fMRI study of confidence during recognition memory63, the VPC showed greater activity for high- than for low-confidence hits, whereas the DPC showed the opposite pattern. c | A meta-analysis of parietal activity during episodic retrieval. The images plot the peaks of activations in two kinds of event-related fMRI studies (for a list of studies and coordinates, see Supplementary information S3 (table) and S4 (table)). A first group of peaks (red and dark blue dots) is from studies that identified activity related to recollection or familiarity by using the remember–know paradigm, by distinguishing successful from unsuccessful source-memory retrieval, or by comparing the retrieval of items encoded under deep versus shallow study tasks48,49,51,58,59,96,100–102,109–118. A second group of peaks (yellow and pale blue dots) is from studies that investigated recognition confidence61,62,81,119. In general, recollection and high-confidence recognition were associated with VPC activations, whereas familiarity and low-confidence recognition were associated with DPC activations. Part a modified, with permission, from REF. 60 (2006) American Physiological Society. Part b modified, with permission, from REF. 63 (2007) Pergamon Press.
fronto-parietal control systemanatomically interposed between the two systems: anterior PFC, dorsolateral PFC, anterior cingulate, anterior insula, anterior inferior parietal cortexmediates the dorsal attn. and hippocampal-cortical memory systems
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Memory and the Parietal LobesEncoding (Uncapher and Wagner, 2009)In a remember/know task:
successful remembering was associated with dorsal PPCi.e. the more you “pay attention” during a task, the more likely you are to remember something
forgetting associated with ventral PPCi.e. if you are “spacing out” your default network is probably more active, and you are less likely to remember...
Memory and the Parietal LobesRetrieval (Hutchinson, Uncapher, Wagner, 2009)
theories out there but no certainty...more research neededdoesn’t mirror the dual attention hypothesismain conclusion: attentional mechanisms more involved in encoding than in retrievalSuccessful remembering associated with ventral regions while less successful remembering associated with dorsal regionsdorsal system primarily left-lateralized
specialized role for IPS? (visual mapping)ventral system primarily right-lateralized (spatial reorienting)
default network also part of the ventral system
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Don’t forget the medial parietal regions!
Retrosplenial Cortex (Rsp or RSC)considered an intermediate “translation” zoneinvolved in hippocampal-dependent function (many reciprocal connections with MTL regions) (Vann, Nat Rev Neuro, 2009)
Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)considered hub of the default network“evaluative” region (as opposed to being an “executive” region like the ACC) (Vogt, Cerebral Cortex, 1992)
Precuneusactivated during source memory retrieval along with lateral PPC (Cavanna, Brain, 2006)
Nature Reviews | Neuroscience
Prefrontal cortexExecutive, scene manipulation
Retrosplenial cortexScene translation
Parietal cortexBody-oriented information
Occipital cortexVisual information
Allocentric framework
Egocentricframework
ATNHead direction, theta
Perirhinal cortexObject-based information
ParahippocampalScene-based information
HippocampusEvent within a scene,scene construction
key questions could be addressed by assessing patients with RSC damage on their ability to imagine ficti-tious and future experiences and on how they process scenes, and by using fMRI studies with task designs that specifically target the RSC. The RSC has too long
been the poor relation of cognitive neuroscience. It is our hope that the RSC will now become a major focus of dedicated research, and our belief that defining its role will prove pivotal in understanding a range of crucial cognitive functions.
Figure 3 | The key anatomical and functional relationships of the retrosplenial cortex. Effective episodic memory, navigation and future thinking all require the ability to integrate and manipulate different frameworks of information, for example egocentric (self-centred) and allocentric (world-centred) frameworks. By virtue of its principal connections, the retrosplenial cortex is uniquely placed to enable translation within these domains. ATN, anterior thalamic nuclei.
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