Lessons Learned 39 Ambush Operations, 11 MAR 64 (OCR)

8/7/2019 Lessons Learned 39 Ambush Operations, 11 MAR 64 (OCR)

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I B R A R ' r

MAR 25 1964

L\RMY WAR COLLEGE


2/21

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3/21

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1 ' . . 1 J LI T j : , . ~ . 1 . Y j ~S S I S t i . l / ' . !" c n j V I SO H Y C ", : . 'L O i ~ r, VI:c rl 'H.4.1f

r..:20 143, Sa n. E ' -T ~ 'n c i s c o ,

Cri l i f o rn ia

sumiCC'i': Less ons Learne d Nwnber 39: ..' ~ ,

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4/21


5/21

UNCLASSIFIED1 ) : 6 b t ~ " A L J . ~ O ] ) I l L , i l l Hii.HDLIlfG ATyri-IORIZhD

MAGAR-OT (SM.)SUBJ

~ C T : Lessons Lea rnco_ ITc';')ber 39:

a . General. Ambush opera :;i_ons aloe dependent on cur ren t i n f o r -rna t i on of th" va loca t i on , l'lOVGl'lent .fE

~ t e l ' n , anc,_ s i z e of his fo rces . 0ince

the bulko . ~

ve :llovc::1ent i s a tn i _ ' ~ ' h t ,

most of' ~ h e

ambush 0pGI'at ions a re ex .. ecuted a t n i g h t . Units pa t ro l d u r i n ; th u day an d s e t 8'lbusi1es a t n igh t .'rIw s i z e o f o h o 8mbush 1)orc9 to be e!'!ployed and method of exocut ion dependpri" ,sr i1y on i t s )urpose; L e . , vihethor tho ambush i s -GO harass o r des t roytho enQl'ly b;,- use of a do l i bera to al'lbush or an aJ"bush of opportuni ty .

b. I,'Tissions lJurfoTIwd by ambush f o r c e s .

(1) Cal)tr,.riYlb o r destroyine: VC 8\ ; tack or r a i d fo rces i n thev i c i n i tS' of popula ted a r e a s .

(2 ) L:.'lbushes u t i l i z e d as a dofonsj.ve measure i n pro tec t inghamlcd;s and. v i l 1 R ' ~ Q s .

(3) Capturj.ng 01" destroying gTOi:.pS of VC as they2 t - ~ e ~ 1 p t

toleave o r r e - e n t e r -c11oir

' ~ l a r zones .

(4) Anbushes executo,'l i n order -Co cay-turo or ,=i l l VC l e a d e r s .

(5 ) Am;'usl1es s " t Cly s tay-beh ind forcGs i n conjunc-Gion -;1i tht a c t i c a l op'cra t i on s .

(6 ) I n search ancl cIGar opcra t ions ambushes ar B s t to i n t e rC8;,t the: ono;'.1Y be ing dr iven in to tile ambush pos i t ion by th,j sGarching GJ,em0nt.

'.chis 8l'l,msh mission can bo used i n conjunct ion wi th Uw " f i r e f lush" an dlI ra bbi t huntllt e c h n i ; ~ u e s

of scarch:Ln.:s an a r aa .

(7) Ambushes conducted "csaJnst t a rge t s of ojJportuni ty .

c . IrY;?0S o f 2iJnushcs. 111:1 0 tno general typos of ar!lDushes employeda re d e l i bera to

a E ~ b u s h " ~ : ' s 0110. ambushes of O;?)Ol"'"b,,;:.w. t:". " . l ; h G ~ " can be employed

Bt,'"Binst 'Joth veh.:- c u l e r 811d. purso:1n81 t a r g e t s .

(1) b. do l i ,,01"3 te cL1h,-,',sh i s eno i n ;'.':rich th.;.; amJush uni , t i sassi:m(Jd a

S P C C L ~ 1C ,1.i.ss:i.on.

~ _ t i s normal ly basud on d8mi lwd i n t c l l i g 6 n c 8 ,

to J.l1Clllc.e s i z e , cO!!lposi t ion an d organ iza t ion of "Gl1o 0i.1Un.y forcG, an d thetime the fo rce '. r i l l rCclch ccr tGin ) o in t s or a r ea s . ".ill.un t h i s il1i'Ol'mationi s not ava i la . , lo an arG8 ambUSh may bo Gsta'u11shed Yl i th s e v e r a l de l i be r a t ep o i n t a;,11':'1lshus l oc8 tcd along th e

P l ~ o .) a b l o avenues of appr08.ch .Also, s t a y

behind )8 . t r o I sc [ : ~ n

os ta b l i s h an area ambushb ~ ; '

l.Jlacingd e l L ~

or a to ambushposi t ions on sev0l"al O'iJ;:c:ct:1,VCS t h a t have boon

, r e v : L o u s l . ' ~ " c lea red . De l ibe ra te

[[;"bu3h0s a l so arc; o;,,')lo:\"od outside s t r at e , ~ . c

hEL,lcts fo r c',ofonse of the; h a n l e tan d to ' ::2I'n of an a -c-eock.

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HODU'IGD HAlmLDlG icU'1'II01{lLfD UNCLASSIFIED

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UNCLASSIFIED

U. ;3. Lit.::f[S l ~ c r r I O I T

TTILITA::{YA S , S I S ~ ! ~ : j :

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V I g i l ~ T L J I APO 143, Sa n 1 ' r anc i sco , C a l i f o r n i a

MAGAR-OT( S , ~ A )

11 Much 1964

SU1lJEC'r; Lessons Learned Number 39: Ambush Opera t i o n s (u )

See D i s t r i b u t i o n

1 . (n) Ill'rROmJC'TlOlT: This e d i t i o n of "Lessons Learned" i s concernedwi th 8Iilbush ope:-8

t ~ . o n s em.ployed i n connter insurg 'ency opera t i ons by

t ~ i e Army of the Repu:)l ic of Vietnam (A,dVn). Prev ious ly

) r ~ ; J l i s h e d LesGons

Learned cn -Ghis s u b j e c t (ElL-lllers 1 0 , 15 and 21) a r e s t i l l consiclei"edv a l i d ; the l e s s o n s

c o v e : ~ e d here in should be cons2.o .. e:r'eo. as

a ~ l b ' 1 : 1 e n t i n 6 previ.ol:'..s coverage.

a . Def in i t i o n . An aubush i s as U ~ ' > ~ J r i s e

a t u : c k upon a l;'lovil'l[;'o r ten1l)()rari ly h a l t e d enemy T!i th the miss ion of

d e s t l ' > o ~ ; i n g 0:::' capturini;;;'

the enemy f o r c e .

b . Genera l .

(1) Based_ on th e f!_>equency o f use by ARV:rJ f o r c e s , the8E!bush can be cons ide red a s a bas ic technique i n cOl l i l t e rgue r r i l l a Viar-fElre. ;rhe ambush wa s a l s o a . T i m a r y technic:,ue used by the Dri t i s h i nf i g h t i n c c ; u e r r H l a s i n I h l a y a .

(2 ) 'fhe use of ambushes should n o t be cons ide red a s ad e f e n s i v e t a c t i c . \Then proper ly planned and agi ' , r8ss i ve ly 8m.ployed theyr e p r e s e n t an e ffec t i ve offens ive opera "ci on a 1 means of ( e fea ting> enemyfo rces 8 n d . l i m i t i n h is freedom o f

~ ; 1 o v e n e n t . I n Vietnam, where Vi e t

Cong (ve) move,"ent i s L ' e q u e n t l y under the c o v e r o f


7/21

UNCLASSlF\EO

;,IAGAR-OT (S&A)SUB.n.;CT: lessons Learn ed Number 39: Ambush O pe radons (u)

(2) An e:"b u s h of oppo r t un i ty i s one i n which ava i la bl e i n f or -mation of enemy a c t i v i t y

~_o e s n o t per m it _,)lan n i ng or e s t ab l i sh ing an ambush

a t a spec i f i c time , poin t or i n a :JBrt i cu l a r a r e a . 'This type ambush i snormally e"' ? loye d wh :,n f r i en dly fo rces see the enemy f i r s t a nd quickly e sta :) l i sh an

a " , ~ u s h t o su r p r i se and de s t r oy h im. The cou r se of a c t i on to

follow i s determined a t th e t ime the opportuni ty fo r ambush a r i s e s . Uni t smus t be th or oug hly t r a ined i n the techniques of r ap id l y e s t ab l i s h i ng ambu s hpos i t ions . Al s o , IXltrols may be di rec ted to move to an a r e a , es tab l i s h anambush, an d a :ilbush th e f i r s t proLi ta e l e ta r g e t -


8/21

UNCLASSIFIED

: 'A G A R -O ~' (SM)

SU :; JECfr: Lesso ns IJ8arn edl ~ U J ; : bo r

39': il;;)bus h Opcm t ion s

t royed . Na t u r a l o h s t a c l e s n r e nU:-,1(:?T OU S i n Vie tnaJl1 f o r 8mbus h p o s i t i o n s ,such as c l i f f s , s t r eams , or.1ba n..\mc n t s , an d norro'.! t r a i l s e nd r r r ; ds wi thcana l s on e i t he !' s i d e e Ln indi:c o c t aplJroac b Sh0 12Jd at? use d to e n t e r th eambus h s i t e , o t uGl"'lcuse th e VC w i l l d e tec t the f r i e n d l y Movemen t an d e mploya n ambush a f ~i n s t GVN f o r c Gs . loi.. t t im e s usc o f c i r eu i t ou s rou t e , ElB.,Y r equirethro:--, to fo u r days to r each the 8nbush s i ce . i t

~ t r o l rnny be fo rcud to occupy

an or:1Jus h s i t e ')01 1 ahead of the ar l" iv f.ll of' ~ b G

t a r g e t . Pat ien ce i s eSS 0nt i e l i f s oc r e cy i s to be

r J 2 i n t a in e ( ~ . Jrh8re fo ru , un i t s must bo prepared t o

rOF13 i n i n 8 r.:l:)ush rn "oClS f o r a r:rl.nir!1UIn o f 0 week r,nd o f t e n a s l ong as 8 mo n t h .

f . Ambus h f0112][1t i ons . Typi ca l a!n bu s h f oro o t i o n sb G in , ~;

run,?l oyedi n VIr ar G l i n u a r , il1" shope, " V"

s r . . a ~ J e, an d IIPim"h ec l " f o r mati o ns . 1' hc se

for!Tlntions Ct.'!1 o ec i "~ )l o y c d

c f f ec t iv ; : ; l y os d e li1Jc:;:'D"Ge 81'lbuohos o r ar:1busheso f o ) ) o r t un i 1i,\T . An expl 0lna t :!.on n i t h sk o tc h os of these f O:rrn.::l t i o ns i s a tIn c los n r Gs 2 trJ'oE ch 5.

g . Ambushes emp lo y ed i n de fense o f c!h a : ~ . 1 1 e t. 3 !" : t .~ 1 1

s i z e ambushesa r e es ta blj . s hccl ou t s id e ft ha rllJ. c t to ':la r n of th e d i r e c

~ io n of c: VC a

" ~ t . 3 c : :.

'l' hese ambushes a re l o ea ted 50 0 to 100 0 met e r s f r o m oo e h corn e r or s i d e ofthe ru-,ml e t and o n

l i ~'; :l ~l y VC avenues o f 8 IJi;rooch . 1111cs e po s i t i on s a r e va r i ed

an d~i l QV c d

on e o r more t i De s t o prec lude s e "Gt i n g a pEt ti.;e:rn .. In a d f i t i o nto these a i"!1DUsh p o s i t i ons , c.mbu shcs ar G pJ.snncd. i n s i d e "t";..tc b2f,1 1 e t wi t h E\plannod and r ehea r sod

c or ~ r SG of Ect ion f o r cc ch ":Jos;:;i: , l c s i 1.."118tionA

~ i lplo.l'!1


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UNCLASSIFIED

iIAGAR-O'.i' ( S&A)SUBJECT: Lcnsons Lcc rn c:o. lTUlnbe r 39 : Anbush

(4) Plnc or18nt o f l!i n " s m Id / o r ch (' rg os . ( Nur:lb er of mines tocop loy i s dO :\Jvnd2nt u po n s iz..:; o f w. rgc t . )

j . rTi g h t ambush . 'l'heIr i n c i~ )l o s

of T .:: :u :Jh OIL")r E:t i o n s d i s cusseda bo v e a pply t o n i g h t 2 f!lbush cs 2 S ~{ c l l a s dey DJ:tbus h0S . Hm"leve r ,

D t n i g h t80 ;"',0 mod i f i e D t i o n s may be req u i r (;d . Concc Blr,, 0 n t i s ;. l vn t i f u l G t nig'ht , b u tob s c rva-ci.on i s l i m i t e d end f i r o i s

l " ' ;l ', ~ s 8CCU T8 tO .

~ h o r e f o r , - " Y,'ea p o ns I!1ust

DO j)ro}J I.::cl y s i tod to ensu r e com pl u tu co v orc, gu oft n .~ :,

k i l l in g zon e rd, th f i r e ,

~ . , r c : c pon f i 'J1 0.s of f i T :.; s hould b L f i x e d by s tr:k cs . P os j. t i ons sh o u l d D2 c l ose r

tog e t ' . c r f or t -. t t o r co n L-o l . Ambu sh pos i h o n s nh o :.. lo. :) 8 occu


10/21

UNCLASSIFIED

; ".GAR- OT( : ) M ~ )

SUBJ ..JCT: Les s on sL 0~ _ r nc d ! , \~ U :l ~ ) C r

39: An bush O)U l"'12'c ions (u)

r c lDy in g~ i ! \' ; :O p 0 1 1 S

i n [t ".?[; tor, '"!,::.,:r OL\ , ) l l S h .l ~ t

eb b-:~ i d o ,

bo n tsr . \ ' ~Y

bo s t rend ud ,o r sonG "d t hdrc .l8 1 r o u t es

:x ' .~ t 'v. eOT.!\..: to o s h e IloH f o r usc: .

T ~ ( . ; d i r e c t i o n

of 8 Pljr o0.c h~ f

0n c:1Y -bo r. t :3 ",' !t! y be J;.-,s ,.:..d on~ h . . ;

d i r oc t io n of c u r r en tf l o~ :

.~h c s o

f [!c to r s n u s t 2 11 b o con s i d e r cd i nc h o o s i n: ~'

th e. 1 0 c :J t i on , ti:i :1C: , e nd

' 1c th od of ~ 'r ~: ) U s h.

1 . F '..r c d c t 2 i l Qd d i s cuss ion ofc n ~ ) u s h

0.oc t r i n (; end t c : c t i c s ,so'c FY: 31-16 , "Countor i , u o r r i l l a upcrn t i on s " ,

~ ' ; , ! 21-75 "nO.

t h ~ "1 'cct ics

en d~ ~ G c h n iq u C ' s

of Count 0 r i n su r go n t Op ;:..r o tl.on.s l lL l [ 1 l1 l 1 . ~ 1 .

4 . (C!'iHi, ) lS30RSi l l~ R : l C :j ).

Tho f o U o li in gs i~ i fi c Q nt

l e ssons l ec rn edi n n ubus h opera t i o n s , a 1 t houGh i t l ? l i0G. i n

' ch ~ f o r eg o i n g' d i s c u s s i o n s , :.n:;r rn n t

r u s t ..'1 t i ng :

.;; .~ eh o [ ; r . 1 ~~ )u s h

i st h ~ .:.

b8Sic tc-:ctic r: l tochniqu 0 i n co u ntdrgu e r r i l l c~ .7 0

rfo I ' C .

b . As ARVE r c ~i n s c o n t r o l of r::rt,;C: s t:11d (:st8b l i s h us h.:n:11 2 t s ,th o VC l'; i l l he v e to r """, i n ',lob il e i n orcl e r t o

c o n t , , ~ c t t h "

l o c ~l popu l c: t i on .

'~ h . ; r 0 f o r 0 t h e VC ':Ti l l

b w c o r. ~ ...:

~. :o r( ; vu ! n urn 1..10 t o ARvlf 2:::lbush Op0r'u t i on s .

Sinco th o VC i s f o rc ed to nove i n Si:lr:l l g ro u ps n t n i : ;h t , i t i sn l ~ c e s s a r y

to0n ploy

n i . ~h t a n ~ J us h Q s .

c . Hi ,:::h t c.!::,.bush -.:.'s u nployod outs id 0( : m. ) ~

p l cnncd ins ide (){'oL j t se re offcc t :Lv o

T l ~ 2S U r C S i n defuns() of

h .~ nl , ....t s

."" ~ . "

d . Y!hen th u VC i s r eq u i r e d t o I ::O V t f ro c l h is wo r zo n vs to c ontc.c tthe 11.,o pl c , ARVE ":,,, us hc s c r ;] e f f uctl. v 0 \ 'scA n s t t h e, VC Hi t hin [, n d wi th o u t

t h ~ lxn ' lph c r j ' of t:,:, ,oc r zo n " . \ '

11 I n e las

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Genem 1 , USA

UNCLASSIFIED


11/21

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12/21

ao,.d, Trai lor epen Area

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1 f t f t(R:Ules &

A u t ~ t 1 c Veapops)

(60 _ Mortar, t,aDes, Booby)(Traps, Cl.a7JIOre Mines, )

. (Grenade Launchers. )

(Assault and Support Elements)

Securi t7-( A u t _ t i c Weapons)

_ S e c u r i t y ,( A u t _ t i c Weapons)

Ine l 2

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- - _ .. - - - - --_ .. _ - - _ ...... _ .. .


13/21

(

SHAPEF O R M ~ T

ION

Security

Rifles

and

Automatic Weapons

Security

Incl :3

Road ' or Trai l

fI,

Enemy

t t ij.... .,,;WRifles and

Automat ic Weapons

'tONI 16iftT."

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Security

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14/21

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15/21

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\UNCLASSIFIED

(COMBINATION OF "V"F : O ~ T I O N S ) "'.lI'ltS . -

? '{~ ., . . . -.,-

.May be ellPloyed a t road or t r a i l junctions. or i n j1lDgle areas ';En8ll\r can be &lllbuahed from 8.llY direction.

*2/ '

5itu. t ion

"/ ' "/ ' "-/

"IDe. Situation CD

0

Inc15

" / ''" / '" / '" . /

Ambush leader

I n theee~ i t u a t 1 o n a

#1 and 1/2 assault e l e a n t . switch to preselectedalternate poai t i _ _1;O engage th e en- . r.

\ i1"

In order to provide support~

a l l directions the support ele . . nt i sdeJ)lo7ed i n center of the /IIIlJiish ,poaition . '..

~ , .

- ,-- - - - - --- - ,- - - - - - - - - - - - - '- . ~ - -- -

r


16/21

o

o

o

o

VC Deception~

0

(Ambush) L

oo

oo

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UNCLASSIFIED

Road

o 0 0 0 o 0

F o u r.Blocking

Force

~

(

(Ambush)

~ Art i l le ry Concentrationso o o o o

o

, ( . erve 0Dunit ot 8 0

Control 1_ thCenter a _ hine 0f:. t sun) "

t , .' 0o

oo

o

o

o

. ...,

o 0 0 0 o 0 Four to s ix M I l &lllbuehJ to warn o t direc t ion/ ot VC at tack .

_ _ _ _ ; _ - - . / J.o4tp.ted 500 . e t e r s to11'H frOlll each cornero1'"t he haIIlet

.'1 ".

- The concept of the plan i s to l f r cet h e v c .~ nt j

attempting a hasty witldrawal throughthe t ront gate . I t the VC atta;'i:k1ng torce at tempts to withdraw through the gate theambush element by the gate with arbille1'7 . support Wi l l deetroy thea . I t the

e n e ~ chooses to breakout to t h e i r l e t t the /llines v U l stop i;belll and they v U l be i n across t i r e trom the blocking an d ambuA torce. I . t ' the ' l[C 'H"1es to back-out by returning through the breach i n the wal l he v U l be

s t o ~\" ' ~ i l l e r y and the outside

~ u s h force. This type ambush can be Planne . d

t o r a A t ~ o n or cornero t the hamlet .

l '

~ _~" 8 q u a d

can cOlllbat a VC platoon wi th tllill e t tec t iv i ;"PJ,an., iInc l 6

u ~ ~ = L A S S i F : -._- ._ ---.

MOD


17/21

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HAHLET

~ ~ --.

~ Ambuah Force~ '

~

--:-;

AREA

J

-~ Aabuh Force

~ I f th e VC

a t ~ ~ ~ t o change di rec t ion th e ambush farces on e i t h e r side

of th e entrance can ' block and take them under f i r e .

I n e 1 7

t ~~' .,""\LAS "'"",-I r- ,""

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18/21

J~ ~ ~ l W ~

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19/21

"..' ,

JNCLASSJFIEC

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(2-60 or 8 1 _ Mortar shella aa aiDea e lec t r1ca l4 detonated)

Road or Trai l

'\ ',-"

Se':uritlrer / 'AutOlll&tic Weapon

* PareciOIl

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t

Pua4O .

,t

A I I ~ I & U l i f t Element aM Support. 1lA!'"lt

Detonating(Wire) HLne

. ~ ! ' . o - ' : ' -

n e t _ t i n e(Wire)

POllitiona of the 811bu8h e l _ n t l l are fle!d.ble . ince th87can be placecl bel1incl th e aiDea or on the flank of the aiDell; 'Tbe paraciOIl def lect . th e lII1nea exploaiTEI power in the dell1reddirection, into the k 1 l l 1 n g zone.

--- ......

--- SecurityAutOll&t-.c. Weapon

* l'arad01l. The excavated llpoil or bank behind a trench or fo x hole tha t proteCtllperllonnel from f i re an d from beine aeen againet the aqline. Ia CODjllllctiOJt-v1thJUnell the spoi l i8 packed behind the aiDe to control the direct ion of the

~ llidn all i t OCcur8 'IQ 'm:The 11-18,

Ino l 9l i o n

UNClASSIFIED

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20/21

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'"

& ~ [ ; 3 M ~ [ g ] @W

@ [ P [ P @ ~ I J M ~ U 1 iWlllflXl Wrn: w

~ ~ ~ ~ $

UN SSIFiED

. ,'i/.

6cma Kortar rd .Hasty Hine

- - 7 Friendly Forces/

// '

Blocking posi t ion and...... - - r Base of f i r e placed here.

. . Hasty Jlline 6 C . Kortar roUJid

VC lIIIIneuver e18lllllnts

AmbIlsh of opportunity executed ld th use of 6


21/21

"

/' .... l i t H

'NCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

(6Cla1111mortar

rOUDi s )

" .

B a t t e r i "~ ~ . )

, (Detonat)!g wire 1s'Wrapped arOund

the b ~ o r i n a r0lot0n lIoldiersback) ,, ' ,

. , ~.

Mines are pre-wired except for ,~ l ~ t ~h l a e n t

to the bat t ' i riell aDd. CaD beelllpl.o7ed

~ i a t e l T . Mine i s set and., as the soldier I I O f t I l to th e r e v th e

wire i l l _ u n d . an d prepared for f i:rirtg' . '

I n e l 11

UNCLASSIfIED

MO

- '

Lessons Learned 39 Ambush Operations, 11 MAR 64 (OCR)

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