Lessons from Turkey Seden Yalinkilinc

Drought and Water Management Drought and Water Management

in Turkeyin Turkey

Seden YALINKILINÇSeden YALINKILINÇGeneral Directorate of State Hydraulic General Directorate of State Hydraulic

Works,TurkeyWorks,Turkey

22-24  February 2011 AMMAN/ Jordan 22-24  February 2011 AMMAN/ Jordan

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The relation between temporaray unstability of humidty at a region and water scarcity is defined as drought.

Drought is a natural climate action and it can be seen at any time and at any where.

There are 31 kinds of natural disasters and drought is placed at first.

There has been drought in our country since the past, it is not met first time.

2. DROUGHT

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Drought, generally is formed slowly and it shows a long term continuity. Among the atmospherical disasters, Drought is the most difficult to forecast and has the widest effects.

2. DROUGHT

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During Drought forecasting the long term average of balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (evaporation+transpiration) must be considered.

On Drought;Effects of Precipitation (Precipitation density, quantity) High Temperature, Strong winds and Low humidty,

Have effects.

2. Drought

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Drought is not only a physical or natural event. Because of humans’ needs on water resources it has several effects on society.

Dry air in long term cause to decrease plants,forests and water resources. Therefore there can be problems on environment,economy and social issues.

2. Drought

2.1. DROUGHT TYPES

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There are three types of drought;

2.1.1. METEOROLOGİCAL DROUGHT

It is defined as decreasing of precipitation under the average in long term.

2.1.2. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT

It is defined as lack of enough water which is need of plants.

2.1.3. HYDRAULIC DROUGHT

It can be defined as sharp decrease in the level of water in rivers,groundwater and lakes because of long term Meteorological Drought.

2.1. DROUGHT TYPES

3-THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT

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3.1. Effects on agriculture

3.2. Effects on floods

3.3. Effects on fresh water.

3.4. Effects on Energy Generation

3.5. Effects on Environment

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3.1. Effects On Agriculture

Because of drought efficiency decreases, irrigation can not be made, quantity and

variety of crops decreases.

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3.2. Effects on floods

Because of climate changes seasonal precipitation features change and especially short term heavy rains

causes the floods. In the last years precipitations expected in 3-4 months

period becomes in 48 hours and it leads to floods.

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3.3. Effects on fresh water

There can be problems about fresh water and usable water in the aspect of the quantity and

the quality.

If water scarcity and especially drought continues a few years it is thougth that

present dams will not be sufficient.

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3.4. Effects on Energy Generation

As it is known that generation of hydroelectrical energy is obtained by

harnessing of water power.

Decreasing in the water quantity will affect mostly generation of hydroelectrical energy.

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3.5. Effects on Environment

It is possible that, especially marshy areas will be dry and a decrease will be occur in the

plant species affected by drought.

Turkey is located on the crossroads of Asia and Europe

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WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL

LEAKAGE TO AQUIFERS

69 billion m3

GROUNDWATER RECHARGE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE FEEDING RIVERSFEEDING RIVERS

28 billion m28 billion m33

NEIGHBOR COUNTRIES7 billion m3NET:112 billion m3

SURFACE FLOW158 billion m3

PPRRECIPIT

ATION

ECIPIT

ATION

501

billio

n m

501

billio

n m33

EvaporationEvaporation

274 billion m274 billion m33EvaporationEvaporation

274 billion m274 billion m33

AQUIFERS

GW PUMPING 14 billion m3

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Turkey is located in a semi-arid region; Precipitation has uneven distribution

250 mm

2500 mm

Annual precipitation

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PRECIPITATION TRENDS

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

1941

1943

1945

1947

1949

1951

1953

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Years

Dep

artu

re

from

mea

n (m

m)

5-YEAR MOVING AVERAGE

1961-1990 mean: 643 mm

643 mm

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ARIDITY IN TURKEY

SEMIARID

SUB-HUMID

HUMID

VERY HUMID

Humidity Co efficiency

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WATER CONSUMPTION BY SECTORS

Yıl

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 2007 2030

Billion m

3 /

yea

r

TOTAL

IRRIGATION

DOMESTIC

INDUSTRIAL

Year

112

2020

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SOURCE OF FRESH WATER IS PRECIPITATION

The precipitation in our country is variable in hydraulic cycle.

Average annual value is 643 mm in long period.

At drought period Minimum average is 525 mm,

At wet period Maximum average is 800 mm,

It is indicated that there is a deviation about at a level of %20 from the average.

In this situation;

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WATER SUPPLY IN DROUGHT AND WET TERMS

At drought period usable water: 90 000 hm3

At wet period usable water : 135 000 hm3

The Difference : 45 000 hm3

It indicates an oscillation about %50.

The demand in drought period is need to be met by less than %50 of water quantity in wet period.

There is a drought period in every six years and there is a very drought period in every eighteen years.

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Planning technique and strategy

During planning instead of average values drought period values must be used.

Long term operating model should be preferred in storage reservoirs operation. By this technique water in the high supply term can be transferred to low supply term.

If water resources are managed well it is possible to meet the needs.

In this case there are 3 measures;

-To increase the supply

-To decrease demand

-To protect the quality

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In our country, located in a semi-arid In our country, located in a semi-arid

region, it is essential that irrigation as well region, it is essential that irrigation as well

as fresh water and potable water. as fresh water and potable water.

Therefore increasing the storage capacity Therefore increasing the storage capacity

is very important. is very important.

A- MEASURES ABOUT INCREASING THE SUPPLY A- MEASURES ABOUT INCREASING THE SUPPLY

1-Increasing the storage capacity 1-Increasing the storage capacity 2-Water transfer between basins if needed 2-Water transfer between basins if needed

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1 – COMPLETING DAMS 1 – COMPLETING DAMS

The active storage capacity of present dams is The active storage capacity of present dams is 65 billion m65 billion m33

Thus in order to meet the need in drought periods active Thus in order to meet the need in drought periods active storage capacity must be increased in our country. storage capacity must be increased in our country.

Therefore at least dams under constructions must be Therefore at least dams under constructions must be completed immediately.completed immediately.

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ACTIVE VOLUME INCREASINGSACTIVE VOLUME INCREASINGS

65937

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6500

42090

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

<1971 1971-1980 arası 1980-1991 arası 1991-2007 arası

haci

m h

m3

YearsYears PopulationPopulation Storage Capcity (hmStorage Capcity (hm33))

19711971 36 215 00036 215 000 6 500 6 500

20072007 70 586 00070 586 000 65 937 65 937

IncreasingIncreasing % 51% 51 % 1 000% 1 000

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2 – WATER TRANSFER BETWEEN BASINS2 – WATER TRANSFER BETWEEN BASINS

Drought and global climate change is going to cause to change Drought and global climate change is going to cause to change

the precipitation types.the precipitation types.

It is possible that precipitation will increase in some regions and It is possible that precipitation will increase in some regions and

decrease in some other regions. Therefore transferring between decrease in some other regions. Therefore transferring between

the basins will be very important. the basins will be very important.

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General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works;General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works;

The Mavi Tunnel Project is an example of The Mavi Tunnel Project is an example of

tranferring water between basins for irrigation. tranferring water between basins for irrigation.

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MAVİ TUNNELMAVİ TUNNEL

Aim of the project; To derive the water from Göksu basin to Konya closed Aim of the project; To derive the water from Göksu basin to Konya closed basin by Bağbaşı Dam and Mavi Tunnel.basin by Bağbaşı Dam and Mavi Tunnel.

Derivation Tunnel Diameter is 4 m, length is 17 034 m. And Derivation Tunnel Diameter is 4 m, length is 17 034 m. And

About About 414 million m414 million m33 water will be transferred annually. water will be transferred annually.

Melen Project is an another example of Melen Project is an another example of

transferring water between basins for providing transferring water between basins for providing

big cities with water for fresh and usable water.big cities with water for fresh and usable water.

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Aim of the project; Aim of the project; ByBy Melen System, developed to meet İstanbul’s long term Melen System, developed to meet İstanbul’s long term fresh water and potable water need, firstly fresh water and potable water need, firstly 268 million m268 million m33 (8,5 m (8,5 m33/s) water and /s) water and then then 1,180 billion m1,180 billion m33 water will be provided and water need of İstanbul will water will be provided and water need of İstanbul will have been met till 2040. have been met till 2040.

Melen project is an integrated project. It was finished in Melen project is an integrated project. It was finished in 2010.2010.

MELEN SYSTEM MELEN SYSTEM

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Especially decreasing the water quantity Especially decreasing the water quantity

used in agriculture is possible by using used in agriculture is possible by using

advanced technology. advanced technology.

B- THE MEASURES ABOUT TO DECREASE THE B- THE MEASURES ABOUT TO DECREASE THE DEMAND DEMAND

1-1- Using Modern irrigation systems Using Modern irrigation systems 2- Decreasing the loss in the city and irrigation network. 2- Decreasing the loss in the city and irrigation network. 3- Integrated River Basin management.3- Integrated River Basin management.

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1 - Using modern irrigation systems 1 - Using modern irrigation systems

DSİ, unlike in the past, changed the strategy of DSİ, unlike in the past, changed the strategy of irrigation systems in last 2003 and since then it has irrigation systems in last 2003 and since then it has

been using sprinkler system and dripler system which been using sprinkler system and dripler system which provide us with water saving.provide us with water saving.

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Kanalet48%

Klasik46%

Borulu6%

Kanalet16%

Klasik24%

Borulu60%

NETWORK TYPES UNDER OPERATIONNETWORK TYPES UNDER OPERATION

NETWORK TYPES UNDER NETWORK TYPES UNDER CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

Kanalet46%

Klasik43%

Borulu11%

BEFORE 2003BEFORE 2003 CURRENT SITUATIONCURRENT SITUATION

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a)a) Open Channel(% 43)Open Channel(% 43)

c) Pipe System(% 11)c) Pipe System(% 11)

1 817 734 ha

b) b) Small Channel (% 46)Small Channel (% 46)

207 150 ha

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IRRIGATON EFFICIENCYIRRIGATON EFFICIENCY

If dripler irrigation If dripler irrigation system is used there system is used there is increase up to is increase up to %48 %48 in efficiency relative in efficiency relative to surface irrigationto surface irrigation

If sprinkler system is used If sprinkler system is used there is increase up to there is increase up to

%38 %38 in efficiency relative in efficiency relative to surface irrigationto surface irrigation

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AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF WATERAVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF WATER

Dripler irrigation Dripler irrigation system system 4 000 4 000

mm33/ha/ha

Surface irrigationSurface irrigation

10 000 m10 000 m33/ha/ha

Sprinkler system Sprinkler system 6 500 6 500 mm33/ha/ha

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Decreasing the loss of network; Decreasing the loss of network; Especially in several cities fresh water losses reaches up Especially in several cities fresh water losses reaches up to %60. It means 60 mto %60. It means 60 m33 of every 100 m of every 100 m33 is lost at is lost at underground. To decrease this loss of water to the least underground. To decrease this loss of water to the least the networks of cities must be renewed immediately. the networks of cities must be renewed immediately.

Renewing the irrigation network;Renewing the irrigation network;Some irrigation systems are old and primitive, delivery Some irrigation systems are old and primitive, delivery loss is a lot therefore it is neccesary to renew the loss is a lot therefore it is neccesary to renew the networks. networks.

2 – Measures about 2 – Measures about decreasing the loss in the city and decreasing the loss in the city and irrigation network. irrigation network.

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A strict water management is needed against A strict water management is needed against

drought.drought.

Therefore, in order to generate water budget, it is Therefore, in order to generate water budget, it is

essential that the basin must be essential that the basin must be managed managed

completelycompletely and groundwater and surfece water and groundwater and surfece water

resources must be handled together. resources must be handled together.

3- BASIN WATER MANAGEMENT3- BASIN WATER MANAGEMENT

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1- It is necessary to protect water quality. 1- It is necessary to protect water quality.

Nobody has a right to contaminate scarce and Nobody has a right to contaminate scarce and

fresh water resources. fresh water resources.

2- Waste water threats the fresh water resources. 2- Waste water threats the fresh water resources.

Each drop of water which is used turns into Each drop of water which is used turns into

waste water. Therefore it is important to save waste water. Therefore it is important to save

water for less waste water. water for less waste water.

C C – Protecting the water quality– Protecting the water quality

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3-Regaining of waste water, using it in 3-Regaining of waste water, using it in

agriculture or grass irrigation must be provided. agriculture or grass irrigation must be provided.

4- All of the water consumers must use the 4- All of the water consumers must use the

water consciously, must avoid from misuse and water consciously, must avoid from misuse and

this must be recognized as a sign of a good this must be recognized as a sign of a good

citizen. citizen.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

[email protected]

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