Lessons from kashmir 2005 earthquake

LESSONS FROM KASHMIR 2005

EARTHQUAKE

PRESENTED BY

HASSAN Y. MAHMOUD

1101065

Cairo University Faculty of Engineering

SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

STRN437

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

• On October 8, 2005, at 8:50 a.m. local

time, a magnitude Mw = 7.6 earth-quake

struck the Himalayan region of northern

Pakistan and Kashmir. The earthquake

epicenter was located approximately 19

km north northeast of the city of

Muzaffarabad, the capital of the

Pakistani-administered part of Kashmir,

known as Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK).

• Kashmir 2005 earthquake is

similar in size to the 1906 San

Francisco earthquake, the

1935 Quetta earthquake, the

2001 Gujarat earthquake, and

the 2009 Sumatra earthquakes.

NUMBERS AND FACTS

• Over 1000 aftershocks were recorded; ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 on the Richter scale.

• left an estimated 3.3 million homeless in Pakistan alone.

• The total area affected was 30,000 km2. (66 times area of Cairo).

• included a range of unprecedented damage and destruction, such as:

1. 500,000 Houses

2. 365 Medical facilities

3. 13% of the power lines

4. 6083 Schools/Colleges

5. 1000 Hospital

• Total 780,000 structures were either destroyed or damaged beyond repair.

CAUSES OF THE EARTHQUAKE

• Seismic activity in South Asia is a direct

result of the collision of the Indian and

the Eurasian plates, which results from

the northwestern motion of the Indian

Plate at the rate of 4-5 cm per year.

• The resulting collision has fractured the

Indian plate into several slices beneath

the Kashmir Basin and is known as the

Indus-Kohistan seismic zone.

• The main identified feature in this zone

is the Balakot-Bagh fault, which is the

likely source of the earthquake.

Why did the earthquake happen there?

CAUSE OF DAMAGE

"In the known historic and recent records, not

one of the earthquakes in the Himalaya has

ever produced a surface rupture, not in Nepal,

or India, or anywhere. This rupture was the

first one.“

-Robert Yeats

CAUSE OF DAMAGE

• Sudden and rapid releases of seismic stress can cause

large earthquakes. And sometimes, an abrupt

movement along a shallow fault can rupture the surface,

as happened during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This

surface rupture extended for seventy-five kilometers

and was a first among earthquakes in the Himalaya

seismic zone.

CAUSE OF DAMAGE

• 30-45 seconds of strong shaking.

• The reported focal depth for this event ranges from13km (MSSP), to 20km (USGS), to 26km (IGS).

• Strong motion records in Abbotabad (35 km fromrupture zone), Murree (34 km), and Nilore (54 km) showmaximum horizontal peak ground accelerations (PGA)of 0.231g, 0.078g and 0.026g, re-spectively; andvertical PGAs of 0.087g, 0.069g and 0.03g, respectively

• Within the surface rapture zone mentioned previously:

1. Muzaffarabad suffered great damage (IX-X on MMIscale)

2. The city of Balakot was almost totally destroyed (X onMMI scale).

• The distribution of subsequent after-shocks, in theBalakot, Batagram, Allai, and Beshram Qila areas,suggests that the fault rupture extended in the NWdirection.

LANDSLIDES

• Landslide concentrations along the rupture zone were

very high, but quickly dissipated within as little as 2 km of

the surface projection of the fault.

THE EFFECTS OF THE

EARTHQUAKE

• As Saturday is a normal school day in the region, most

students were at schools when the earthquake struck.

• Many were buried under collapsed school buildings.

• Many people were also trapped in their homes and, because it

was the month of Ramadan, most people were taking a nap

after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape

during the earthquake.

THE EFFECTS OF THE

EARTHQUAKE

Buildings were destroyed, people injured and

ended up without homes.

THE EFFECTS OF THE

EARTHQUAKE

• Roads buried in rubble hampered reliefefforts in many remote villages and manyaffected areas remained inaccessible.

• Numerous aftershocks that continued torattle the region affected rescue effortsput rescue workers in danger

• In many areas power went out whilepeople also lacked adequate food orwater

• The danger of disease spreading,including measles increased dramatically.

• On October 13, snow started to fall onthe Indian side of Kashmir. Many regionsfaced an increasing threat of being cut offfrom help as snow forces closures ofeven more roads in the mountainousregion.

STRUCTURES

• Most building damage resulted from ground shaking

• large number of buildings located mostly on or near slopes were destroyed by ground failure due to landsliding or subsidence

• Most of the buildings in the affected area are of nonengineeredunreinforced masonry (URM) wall construction

• The smaller villages also contain adobe structures that, as expected, performed poorly in the earthquake.

• The only steel reinforcing found in most of the bearing wall construction is in lintels (window ordoor headers).

• The performance of the URM wall buildings in the earthquake was varied

STRUCTURES

In areas of strong shaking, most stone masonry-bearing wall

structures collapsed or suffered severe damage.

STRUCTRUES

• Framed construction: A small

percentage of buildings in the area

• The floors are mostly of beam and slab

construction supported by columns

resting on pad foundations.

• There is no lateral force resisting

system

• After the earthquake a lot of these

framed structures were resting only and

entirely on “nonstructural” infill walls

while the columns had failed just below

the first elevated floor.

STRUCTURES

• Within the earthquake-

affected zone, the most

prevalent bridge type was

suspension bridges.

• The suspension bridges

are typically for pedestrian

use.

• Damage to suspension

bridges ranged from

shearing of the tower

foundation to complete

collapse of the towers.

POOR POST-EARTHQUAKE

ASSESSMENT

• A major hospital in Abbotabad, the Ayub Medical College, was

a critical care facility lost due to lack of a proper post-

earthquake assessment process.

• Due to lack of qualified personnel, a num-ber of homeowners

uncertain about the safety of their homes temporarily relocated

to distant towns or tents, even though their homes did not

appear to have any significant damage.

SEISMIC PLANNING

AND CODE

• The area that suffered in the earthquake was either notclassified or was deemed to be Zone 2 (equivalent to UBCZone 2: low to moderate risk).

• This classification was not done according to the criteriamentioned in the UBC.

• According to the criteria these areas are in zone 4.

• Seismic hazard is not given a great deal of attention in urbanplanning and policy decisions, and seismic design does notappear to be high priority, except for major or high profileprojects.

• the development of a proper national building code withappropriate seismic design provisions had been out-sourced tolocal consultants after that catastrophic loss.

RECONSTRUCTION

• In late 2006, Pakistan approved $20 billion development

scheme for reconstruction of the earth-quake hit zones in Azad

Kashmir. A land use plan for Muzaffarabad city had been

prepared by Japan International Cooperation Agency.

Pakistan established the Earthquake Reconstruction &

Rehabilitation Authority to rebuild the area

ANY QUESTIONS?

/hassanyahya92

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