Prepared and Taught By: Auk Sochan Tel: 010774677 Email: [email protected]41 Definition: ន ុ ងអង់លេសបោល Question Tag លឺបោលសំនួរមួយដ៏េ ីដដល ឈរៅទីតំងងចុងបោល។ ើយចំ Question Tag លឺបោលដដល បើន ុ ងរនិោយចើនងរសរសរ។ Question Tagដបងដចចញបី : 1. Positive Statement 2. Negative Statement 3. Imperative Statement ោលរណ៍បោល Question Tag 1. រូវ់សា “ , ” រំងរងបោលងមុ និង Question Tag។ 2. បើងមុបោលសប Question Tag សំនួរបដិសធ។ 3. បើងមុបោលបដិសធ Question Tag សំនួរធមមត។ 4. បើបោលងមុនិរិោពិសស Question Tag រូវយិ រិោស័ពវបងក ើរសំនួ រ។ 5. បើបោលងមុមិននិរិោស័ពវពិសស រូវយ (Do Does) មបងក ើរសំនួ រន ុ ង Question Tag។ 1.1 Positive Statement After positive statements, we use a negative tag. Your father was at school, wasn‟t he? They were on holiday, weren‟t they? It was a super show, wasn‟t it? It is a big garden, isn‟t it? can swim well, can't he? I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (not “ amn't I”) Susie has phoned you, hasn't she? 2.1 Negative Statement After negative statements, we use a positive tag. Example: I am not surprised, am I? Tim and Ted aren‟t rich, are they? They weren‟t at the cinema, were they? That isn‟t Ben, is it? You are not a policeman, are you? We aren‟t lucky, are we? Mustapha isn‟t at home, is he? They are not with us, are they? She is not study at KohNorea Pagoda, is she? They are not doing assignment for teacher Sochan, are they? Younde was come from country side, is he? (-)Positive Statement, (+) Negative Question Tag Question Tag Question Tag (+)Positive Statement, (-) Negative Question Tag
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Prepared and Taught By: Auk Sochan Tel: 010774677 Email: [email protected]
2. គ្បើខាងមុខ្ជាប្បគ្ោលស្សប Question Tag ជាសំនួរបដិគ្សធ។
3. គ្បើខាងមុខ្ជាប្បគ្ោលបដិគ្សធ Question Tag ជាសំនួរធមមត។
4. គ្បើប្បគ្ោលខាងមុខ្មានកិ្រោិពិគ្សស Question Tag
ប្រូវយក្កិ្រោិស័ពវបគ្ងកើរជាសំនួរ។
5. គ្បើប្បគ្ោលខាងមុខ្មិនមានកិ្រោិស័ពវពិគ្សស ប្រូវយក្ (Do Does)
មក្បគ្ងកើរជាសំនួរក្នុង Question Tag។
1.1 Positive Statement After positive statements, we use a negative tag.
Your father was at school, wasn‟t he?
They were on holiday, weren‟t they?
It was a super show, wasn‟t it?
It is a big garden, isn‟t it?
can swim well, can't he?
I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (not “ amn't I”)
Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?
2.1 Negative Statement After negative statements, we use a positive tag.
Example:
I am not surprised, am I?
Tim and Ted aren‟t rich, are they?
They weren‟t at the cinema, were they?
That isn‟t Ben, is it?
You are not a policeman, are you?
We aren‟t lucky, are we?
Mustapha isn‟t at home, is he?
They are not with us, are they?
She is not study at KohNorea Pagoda, is she?
They are not doing assignment for teacher Sochan, are they?
Younde was come from country side, is he?
(-)Positive Statement, (+) Negative Question Tag
Question Tag
Question Tag
(+)Positive Statement, (-) Negative Question Tag
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3.1 Imperative Statement Imperative statement commonly used to ask someone to do something. It usually called command. It can also used to prohibit someone.
Question tags are also used in imperative statements. “Will or would” is used as the tags.
· Come here, will you?
· Open the window, would you?
· Don‟t tell me about it, will you?
· Go and get it, will you?
“Won’t” is used in imperatives when we want to show politeness (polite requests).
· Sit down, won‟t you?
· Give me some money, won‟t you?
· Don‟t get mad at me, won‟t you?
“Shall” is used when we use “Let’s”.
· Let‟s take a bus, shall we?
· Let‟s not talk about it anymore, shall we?
· Let‟s go to the office earlier, shall we?
Question tags are also used in a short answer to show surprise or disbelief. A: I haven‟t eaten since this morning, you see. B: You haven‟t, haven‟t you?
Usage of question Tag
If the statement has “be” as an ordinary verb, we use a form
of be in the tag. Tags are always used with pronouns.
After positive statements, we use a negative tag.
Your father was at school, wasn‟t he?
They were on holiday, weren‟t they?
It was a super show, wasn‟t it?
It is a big garden, isn‟t it?
After negative statements, we use a positive tag.
They weren‟t at the cinema, were they?
That isn‟t Ben, is it?
You are not a policeman, are you?
We aren‟t lucky, are we?
Mustapha isn‟t at home, is he?
They are not with us, are they?
If the statement has a modal, it is repeated in the tag.
Kara can go herself, can‟t she?
You should get up early, shouldn‟t you?
You wouldn‟t do that, would you?
We must help them, mustn‟t we?
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Question Tag use in tense.
Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?
Present simple other
verbs They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't
he?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't
we?
Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect
continuous
She's been studying a lot recently,
hasn't she?
Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?
Future continuous They be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't
they?
Future perfect
continuous
She'll have been cooking all day, won't
she?
Negative sentences, with positive tags
Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?
Present simple other
verbs
She doesn't have any children, does
she?
Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did
they?
Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect
continuous
He hasn't been running in this weather,
has he?
Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had
we?
Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous He'll be studying tonight, won't he?
Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will
He is blind but can walk straightforward on the road.
They are deaf but can make gesture very well.
He is disable leg but plays football very well.
He is short man but win the award.
3. Conjunction “or”
He likes coffee or like beverage.
She stays home or stays outside.
She writes a book or reads a book.
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What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of related word that has subject and finite verb
and expresses a complete idea meaningful is called a sentence.
Sentence has 4 main character:
1) Start with capital letter.
2) Mush has Subject and finite verb.
3) Mush has completed meaningful.
4) Mush end with (.) full stop (?) Question mark (!) exclamation mark.
Example:
Mum: What are you doing in here in the bathroom, Alice? Alice: I‟m standing on a chair. Mum: Why are you standing on the chair? Alice: I am looking into the mirror, mum. Mum: But you‟ve got your eyes closed, Alice. Why are you doing that? Alice: I want to see what I look like when I‟m sleeping!
I. Assertive Sentence
Assertive or statement/declarative sentence are a sentence that is
used to give information about somebody or something. It is divided
into 2 kinds:
1. Affirmative Sentence
2. Negative Sentence
1.1 Affirmative Sentence is a sentence in positive meaning.
Form:
1.2 Negative Sentence is sentence in Negative meaning.
Form:
Example:
Mrs. Tida is an ESL teacher. She works in the computer lab at an adult
education center. She is seven months pregnant with her first child. Mrs. Tida is
worried because her husband started a new business, and it is not making much
money. They have been using her income to pay the bills, but it isn‟t enough.
They can‟t afford to pay for health insurance much longer. Her husband wants
her to take three weeks off work after the baby is born and then look for a full-
time job with health insurance. Unfortunately, there are only a few full-time
ESL teaching jobs. Most ESL teachers are hired part-time, and they don‟t have
health insurance.
Subject + Finite Verb + Complement
Subject + Auxi.V. not + Complement
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6. WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing
between alternatives)
Which drink did you order – the rum or the beer?
Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
Which is better - this one or that one?
7. HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to
know the way)
How do you cook paella?
How does he know the answer?
How can I learn English quickly?
8. Whom is use to describe the person as an object
Whom are you going to invite?
Whom did he blame for the accident?
Whom did he hire to do the job?
2.1 Yes/no interrogatives are questions that can be answered with a yes or a no
response. You probably ask or are asked these questions every day.
Mister, can you spare a dime?
Did you take your vitamin this morning?
Do you have your homework ready?
Are you ready to go?
2.a BE
Use the verb be to ask about identity, description, location, and present or past
activities and situations.
Identity / Description
You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask about the identity or description
of a person, place, or thing.
Am I your best friend? Yes (you are).
Is this interesting? No (it is not).
Are these islands part of Greece? Yes (they are).
Was his idea good? No (it wasn't).
Were they happy? Yes (they were).
Location
Be plus a prepositional phrase asks about present or past location.
Am I near your house? No (you aren't).
Is he in Panamá? Yes (he is).
Are we at the border yet? No (we're not).
Was his apartment above a bakery? Yes (it was).
Were the demonstrations downtown? No (they weren't).
Current activity / situation
To ask about a current activity or situation, use the present progressive: present
tense of be + present participle (verb+ing).
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Am I going with you and Tom? Yes (you are).
Is England adopting the euro? No (it isn't).
Are we seeing a play tonight? Yes (we are).
Is she working today? No (she isn't).
Past activity / situation
To ask about a past activity or situation, use the past progressive: past tense of
be + present participle.
Was it raining? Yes (it was).
Was Anna cooking? No (she wasn't).
Were the prisoners rebelling? Yes (they were).
Were they singing? No (they weren't).
Past event
To ask about something that happened to someone or something, use the passive
voice: past tense of be + past participle (verb + ed or en):
Was he given a reward? Yes (he was).
Was I chosen? No (you weren't).
Were you driven home in a taxi? Yes (we were).
Were dinosaurs killed by meteors? No (they weren't).
2. b HAVE
Use the verb has /have to ask if some action has taken place or whether
somebody has done something.
Notice that the auxiliary verb have is in the present tense* and the main verb is
always a past participle.
Has your brother left? No (he hasn't).
Have you flown before? Yes (I have).
Has the party started? Yes (it has).
Have the guests eaten? No (they haven't).
*It is possible to ask a yes/no question with had, but this is done in very specific
situations and will be explained in a future lesson.
2. c DO
Use the verb do to obtain facts about people, places, or things.
Do is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the infinitive without to.
Do they smoke? No (they don't).
Does Bogotá get cold? Yes (it does).
Did it work? No (it didn't).
Do flying fish really fly? No (they don't).
Does running hurt your knees? Yes (it does).
Did teaching challenge you? Yes (it did).
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2. d MODALS
Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties.
Modals are always followed by verbs in the infinitive without to.
Can we stay? Yes (we can stay).
Could this be true? Yes (it could be true).
Should they stop? No (they shouldn't).
May I help you? Yes (you may).
Will it rain? No (it won't rain).
Would you go with me? Yes (I would).
Remember: When asking a question with do or a modal verb, the main verb
remains in the infinitive without to.
Incorrect Correct
Do you to drink coffee? Do you drink coffee?
Does she to work here? Does she work here?
Can I to go with you? Can I go with you?
Should we to email her? Should we email her?
However, if there are two verbs in the infinitive after do, the second infinitive
must use to.
Incorrect Correct
Do you want drink coffee? Do you want to drink coffee?
Does she like work here? Does she like to work here?
3. Alternative Question\ OR Question
Definition:
Alternative Question is a question which is used to ask for choice and
it‟s led by Auxiliary verb or Special Verb with conjunction “OR”.
Do you wish to study English or computer? Will you go to school or stay home tomorrow? Are you learning English to work for a company or to run business
yourself? Can you help me or not?
Note that! Never answer YES\NO, but you are able to use WELL to be
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Definition:
Imperative Sentence is a sentence that is used to refer to the second person/people (you) so as to show:
1. Command/ Order Pick the toy, please.
Turn the TV off, please.
Do clean the yard up.
Please take off your boots.
Do let the dog out.
2. Offering
Here is your hamburger.
Drink a glass of water with me.
You can use my phone.
Sleep on my bed.
Eat the food on the table.
3. Prohibition
Don‟t touch my computer.
Don‟t touch this status.
Don‟t play in here.
Don‟t use the phone in the class.
4. Good Wish
Have a nice weekend.
Be happiness in your life.
Buddha blesses you!
Have a good travel.
Have a nice day!
5. Instruction / Direction
A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where Koh Norea market is?
B: Go straight along the road, you‟ll see on the right hand.
A: How can I get to Koh Norea pagoda?
B: Go through this way and turn right.
Take this medicine two times a day.
Put this capsule in cool water and stir before drink.
Try to do exercise in the morning regularly.
Keep it least one day before eating.
6. Plea
Help me!
Please forgive me.
Set us free, we won‟t commit it again.
Please give me another chance.
Oh darling! Don‟t leave me here.
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7. Warning
Be careful! A ladder is falling.
Watch out! There is a boom.
Mind your head.
Don‟t panic! You can do it.
8. Request
Asking friend to do something
Can you………………?
Will……………………?
Can you help me get the lesson copy?
Will you turn it down?
Can you pick your jacket up?
Will you turn down the radio?
Can your clean up the mess?
Will you take out the garbage?
Can your turn on your laptop?
Asking for someone is older than you to do something.
Could you ……………….?
Would you mind + Ving ………..?
Could you lend me twenty dollars?
Can you get me a sandwich?
Would you mind not sitting here?
Could you move your car from my space?
9. When you want to be polite
1. Do you think you could……………………..?
2. I wonder if you’d mind………………………?
Examples:
1. Do you think you could speak loudly?
2. I wonder if you‟d mind staying in Cambodia for a few days?
3. Do you think you could come in and meet the direct?
4. I wonder if you‟d mind making a communication with her?
YES
1. OK/ All right.
2. Yes/ Sure.
3. Certainly. (Formally)
NO
1. Sorry, but………………….
2. I can‟t really………………
3. I‟m sorry……………………
Other Expressions
Requesting:
Would you mind…………………………………?
Could you please …………………………………?
Agreeing to request:
It would be my pleasure. Yes, of course.
By all means. Certainly.
I‟d be glad to.
Say YES/ NO to a request
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Definition:
An exclamation sentence is a sentence used to state “Sudden
feeling” without expecting!
Exclamations with What:
A/
Example:
What a beautiful girl! (NOT What beautiful girl!) What a lovely song! What a rude man! What a nice day?
B/
Example:
What a fool you are! (NOT What a fool are you!) What a charming girl she is! (NOT What a charming girl is she!) What a nice day it is! What a pretty girl she is?
Exclamations with how:
A/
Example:
How big the fish is! How cold it is! How clever she is! How wise they are! How clever he is! How beautiful my wife is!
B/
Example:
How slowly the boy walks! How well he speaks English! How fast your family talks! How loudly you shout! How beautifully she sings!
Exclamations with so and such
So /such +adjective
You are so sweet! She is so tall! They are such kind people! (NOT They are so kind people!) He talks such rubbish! (NOT He talks such a rubbish!)
What a/an + (adjective) + singular countable noun!
What a/an + (adjective) + Noun + Subject Pro. + Be
How + (adjective) + subject + Be
How + Adverb + subject + Lexical verb!
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Type of sentence is divided into four kinds:
1. Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence is a sentence which is used when the user want to
express only one idea.
For example
Every day I get up at _____o'clock.
Then, I eat my breakfast.
I go to work/class at _____ o'clock.
I usually finish work/class at _____o'clock.
In the evenings, I like to watch television.
I always go to bed at 10:30 p.m.
Ask your partner about his/her daily activities.
Example
A: Where do you work?
B: I work at Penny's.
A: When do you (usually) start work?
B: 9:00 (a.m.) I finish at 5:00 (p.m.)
A: What do you do after school?
B: I play soccer with my friends.
A: Where do you play?
B: I played at Koh Norea village.
A: Who did you always play?
B: Mostly, my all classmate who study with at school.
Notice on Sentence
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Definition
A compound sentence is made by joining two or more independent
clause which is joined by coordination conjunction.
What is conjunction?
Conjunction is a word used to link words to words, phrases to
phrases & clause to clause with the same form and part of speech.
: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so, and; Coordinating conjunctions
F = for reason / cause
A = and the addition of a closely related idea
N = nor choice joining two negative statement
B = but contrasting idea
O = or choice between two possibilities idea
Y = yet contrasting idea ( formal in writing)
S = so result
Example:
I love my mother, and I wish for her to get happiness in her life
forever.
I try to advise him, but he still not follows my word.
Do you learn in Koh Norea pagoda? Is it good, or bad?
He wants to study here, for he wants to know English well.
He is often absent from the class, so he is going to stop to work.
He tries to study English every day, yet he can‟t get the lesson.
I am not at meeting, nor was I at the working.
Example
She is young, and her shoes are old. She wears them to work,
for she goes to work five days a week. She loves her work. She is a
waitress. She works at a restaurant. The restaurant is near her
home. She walks to the restaurant. She stands up all day long. She
is young and strong, but her shoes are not. They are old. She saw
an in the paper. All shoes were on sale at the shoe store. She walked
into the store. She looked around. She saw some black shoes. They
looked good; she tried them on. They were very comfortable. They
felt good. They were only $25. She paid cash. She wore them home.
She felt good. She was ready for work the next
Main Clause +, coordination Conjunction + Main Clause
Main Clause + Semicolon (;) + Main Clause (Sometime)
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Run-on sentences are made of two or more independent clauses
that are not separated with comma with coordination conjunction, a
colon, semicolon, or period.
The girls played basketball the boys played tennis.
Titanic is my favorite movie I love eating popcorn.
Americans shake hands when they meet the Japanese bow.
My car broke down I need to buy a new one.
How to Fix Run-Ons sentence There are three ways that you are allowed to separate two independent
clauses.
1. Semicolon
My dog is cute its name is Lucky. ( Run-On Sentence)
My dog is cute; its name is Lucky. (Compound Sentence)
He is my student he is a clever student in the class. ( Run- On)
He is my student; he is a clever student in the class.
She is mild she never she never make an argument with other.
She is mild; she never makes an argument with other.
2. Comma + Coordinating Conjunction
She is very good at student in the class she never comes early.
She is very good at student in the class, but she never
comes early.
She showed a natural aptitude for the work she also show personal
ability to the public.
She showed a natural aptitude for the work, and she also
show personal ability to the public.
They have much idea they have no to show it out.
They have much idea, but they have no time to show it
out.
3. Period
All of my student speak English slowly they can speak clearly.
All of my student speak English slowly. They can speak
clearly.
They are good children they always respect their teacher.
They are good children. They always respect their
teacher.
She is an active student in the class she always ask the question.
She is an active student in the class. She always ask the
question.
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Definition
Complex Sentence is a sentence that has a main clause and at
least one sub-clause.
Example:
I've got to go talk to my counselor when I get out of class.
I looked at my email as the students worked on their papers.
He returned in the application after he finished filling it out.
I can pay off my car since we received a bonus in our paycheck.
She waited until the restaurant closed.
When I get out of class, I've got to go talk to my counselor.
As the students worked on their papers, I looked at my email.
After Henry finished filling the application out, he turned it in.
Since we received a bonus in our paycheck, I can pay off my car.
Until the restaurant closed, she waited.
Definition:
Complex Sentence is a sentence has two or more Main Clause and
at least one sub-clause.
Example:
He called the security guard, and he checked the room for items
which have been stolen.
Jackie came to our house today, but she did not tell me when she
is going aboard next week.
The young man was considered a hero, for he was successful in
arresting the murderer who had killed an old woman.
If you think you can do it, just go and do it, but do not complain
later that I didn't warn you.
He left and I never saw him again, nor did I regret that I lost him.
Main Clause + sub – Clause
Sub Clause, + Main Clause
Main Clause, FANBOY+ Main Clause + sub-clause
Sub-Clause, + Main clause, FANBOY+ Main clause
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Quiz on Type of sentence
I. Please choose the correct answer that sentence right with its types.
1. Pauline loves to go to the beach, and spend her days sunbathing.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in
the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
3. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting
mosquitoes, and cooking over a woodstove.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
4. Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets nasty sunburn.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
5. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting
sand in his swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
6. This year, after a lengthy, noisy debate, they decided to take separate
vacations.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
7. Bruno went to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Pauline went to
Cape Cod.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
8. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant contact on the
internet.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Prepared and Taught By: Auk Sochan Tel: 010774677 Email: [email protected]
80
What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words that include subject and form sentence
or part of sentence. There are two main types:
1. Main Clause (Independent Clauses)
An independent clause is a clause that contains a subject and
Finite Verb and expresses a complete thought, and it can stand alone by
itself.
For example: The door opened. The man walked in.
Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form
complex or compound sentences.
Coordinating Conjunctions
and but for
or nor so
yet
Example:
Harry put the phone down (and) he stood up.
I gave him my address, (but) he didn't contact me.
We could go to the cinema (or) we could stay at home.
Prepared and Taught By: Auk Sochan Tel: 010774677 Email: [email protected]
81
A dependent (subordinate) clause is a clause that contains a subject and Finite Verbs. It is meaningless, so it need Independent clause to complete its meaning. It cannot stand alone by itself.
Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.
Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as because
before even if even though if
in order that once provided that rather than
since so that than that
though unless until when
whenever where whereas wherever
whether while why
Example:
Sunday is the only day when I can relax.
There are times when I wonder shy I do this job.
Although the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm.
Although small, the kitchen is well designed.
I will only stay if you offer me more money.
I did it because he told me to.
Just because I don’t complaint, people think I’m satisfied.
You are not going until you’ve finished this.
Until she spoke I hadn’t realize she wasn’t Koh Norea villager.
Nominal Clause function as a noun, and it is led by Who Whom