Lesson #8 - Weebly · 2018-10-18 · hypnosis and physical torture” or building chemical weapons (201-2) CHAPTER NINE REVIEW

1984Lesson #8

INFORMAL QUIZ

1. What is inside Winston’s briefcase?

a. His diary b. The paperweight c. The book d. A letter addressed to O’Brien

INFORMAL QUIZ

2. According to Goldstein’s book, what are all of the three super-states ultimately fighting over?

a. Control of the seas b. Natural resources c. To protect their way of life d. A pocket of land where cheap labour is available

INFORMAL QUIZ

3. What does Winston notice about the prole woman who is always singing while hanging out her laundry?

a. That she is beautiful b. That she has had a very hard life c. That she washes clothes for a living d. That she must have many grandchildren

INFORMAL QUIZ

4. Without finishing the book, Winston realizes that Goldstein’s final message must suggest that __________.

a. Big Brother must be the first target b. There is no hope c. All must rebel together d. Hope lies in the proles

INFORMAL QUIZ

5. The iron voice heard in the room above Mr. Charrington’s shop is coming from __________.

a. Winston reading the book to Julia b. O’Brien c. A hidden telescreen d. The prole masses outside the window

INFORMAL QUIZ6. What difference does Winston notice between the Party prisoners and the regular prisoners?

a. The Party prisoners were silent while the regular prisoners fought back fiercely b. The Party prisoners wore much higher quality clothing than the regular prisoners c. The Party prisoners weren’t handcuffed whereas the regular prisoners were d. The Party prisoners, aside from himself, were all female whereas the regular prisoners were all male

INFORMAL QUIZ

7. What is likely to happen to most of the criminals that Winston is locked up with?

a. They will be vaporized b. They will be tortured for information c. They will be sent to forced-labour camps d. They will remain in prison until they die

INFORMAL QUIZ

8. Why does Ampleforth believe he has been captured?

a. Because he had read Goldstein’s book b. Because he was caught buying banned novels c. Because he was caught with a lover d. Because he allowed the word “God” to remain in a poem

INFORMAL QUIZ

9. Who else is captured and locked in the same cell as Winston?

a. Mr. Parsons b. Julia c. The singing prole woman who is always hanging out her laundry d. O’Brien

INFORMAL QUIZ

10. What method does O’Brien use to interrogate and torture Winston, believing that it will cure Winston of his “disease”?

a. Physical beatings b. Brainwashing c. Electrocution d. Sleep deprivation

INFORMAL QUIZ11. Why does O’Brien believe that other persecutions of the past, l ike the Inquisition, were unsuccessful?

a. Because they were performed in the name of religion b. Because they allowed their enemies to become martyrs c. Because past methods of torture and extraction were not as sophisticated d. Because the enemies hadn’t truly done anything wrong

INFORMAL QUIZ

12. What is the third stage of Winston’s re- integration?

a. Denial b. Understanding c. Learning d. Acceptance

INFORMAL QUIZ

13. According to O’Brien, why does the Party seek to maintain power?

a. To have access to resources and luxuries that the lower classes will never have b. To end the cycle of constant political upheaval that existed before the Party c. For its own sake d. For the good of the people that it rules over

INFORMAL QUIZ

14. “Nothing exists except through human __________.”

a. Interpretation b. Intervention c. Consciousness d. Will

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

• How do Winston and Julia’s reactions to the content of Goldstein’s book reflect their individual personalities?

•We previously discussed how the paperweight is a symbol of the “safe haven” that Winston and Julia have created in the room above Mr. Charrington’s shop. What is the significance of the paperweight shattering at the end of Part II?

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•Winston is reading Goldstein’s book entitled The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism - Oligarchy: A small group of people having control of a country, organization or institution OR a state governed by such a group - Collectivism: The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it

• Then moves on to describe how the three superstates came to be

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• Three superstates are permanently at war and have been for the past 25 years: - Unable to destroy one another - No material cause for fighting - Not divided by any ideological difference (193)

• Eurasia is protected by its vast land spacesOceania is protected by the width of the Atlantic and PacificEastasia is protected by the fecundity (quick reproduction rates) and industriousness of its inhabitants (194)

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• Each state is so vast that it can obtain all of the materials it needs within its own boundaries (194)

• War over cheap labour power from the “disputed” territory, where a fifth of earth’s population can be found (194-5)

• Even this labour is not necessary to the world’s economy - everything they produce is used for purposes of war (196)

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• The progress of science & technology has halted (because of war and the government controlling thoughts) - the world of 1984 actually more primitive (197)

• War is intended to be destructive - destroy those materials that would allow the masses to become too comfortable and thus too intelligent (198-9)

• Being constantly at war “makes the handing-over of all power to a small caste seem the natural, unavoidable condition of survival” (199-200)

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•Two aims of the Party (201): - To conquer the whole surface of the earth - To extinguish the possibility of independent thought

• Scientific research is based on studying in great detail “the meaning of facial expressions, gestures and tones of voice, and testing the truth-producing effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis and physical torture” or building chemical weapons (201-2)

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• Atomic bombs: Hundreds had been dropped on industrial centres (Europe, Russia and North America). Ruling powers came to realize that dropping any more “would mean the end of organized society, and hence of their own power”. No formal agreement was made, but no more bombs were dropped. All three superstates continue to produce atomic bombs and store them, believing that a decisive opportunity to use them will come (202-3)

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•None of the superstates “ever attempts a manoeuvre which involves the risk of serious defeat” (203)

• Some potential invasions do not occur because all superstates want to preserve cultural integrity: - E.g.: “If Oceania were to conquer the areas that used once to be known as France and Germany, it would be necessary to either exterminate the inhabitants, a task of great physical difficulty, or to assimilate a population of about a hundred million people” (204)

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• The conditions of life in all three superstates are the same: - Oceania = INGSOC (English Socialism) - Eurasia = Neo-Bolshevism - Eastasia = Death-Worship (205)

• The three philosophies are largely the same and “the social systems that they support are not distinguishable at all”: - Pyramidical structure - Worship of a semi-divine leader (like Big Brother) - Economy existing by and for continuous warfare

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• “Three kinds of people” throughout all of history - the High (Big Brother & Inner Party), the Middle (Outer Party) and the Low (proles) (192, 209-10): - High want to remain where they are - Middle wants to change places with the High - Low (largely unaware) want to abolish distinctions of class

• Identified the cyclical pattern of upheaval and ideologies formed with the purpose of arresting progress and freezing history at a chosen moment (212)

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• With progress in technology, human equality (removal of all class distinctions) had become a possibility, and those groups who were at the point of seizing power realized that achieving human equality was no longer an ideal, but a danger to be averted (212)

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• Claims that all totalitarian governments of the past failed because they could control action but not thought (214): - Print and news media began to be used to manipulate the masses - Constant supervision was added

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• “Big Brother is infallible and all-powerful. Every success, every achievement, every victory, every scientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, all virtue, are held to issue directly from his leadership and inspiration. Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born. Big Brother is the guise in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to act as a focusing point for love, fear and reverence, emotions which are more easily felt towards an individual than towards and organization.” (216-7)

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• “Physical rebellion, or any preliminary move towards rebellion, is at present not possible”: - The proles will continue to work, breed, and die without any impulse to rebel or the power to grasp that the world could be other than it is (219) - Party members have been (because of a constant fear of being accused of thoughtcrime) taught to behave as the Party expects them to almost instinctually (220)

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• The alteration of past records is necessary for two reasons (221-2): - So that Party members tolerate present-day conditions because they have no standards of comparison - To safeguard the infallibility of the Party (i.e.: in order for the masses to allow the Party to maintain all power, they must be certain that the Party is never wrong)

• Because the Party controls all records of the past and the minds of all of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it (222)

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• Doublethink is at the centre of all of this. It is what makes any of the Party’s transgressions possible.