Lesson 6

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In poetry the sound and meaning of words are combined to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas.

The poet chooses words carefully.

Poetry is usually written in lines.

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Poetry Elements

Rhythm Sound Imagery Form

Writers use many elements to create their poems. These elements include:

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Rhythm Rhythm is the flow of the

beat in a poem. Gives poetry a musical

feel. Can be fast or slow,

depending on mood and subject of poem.

You can measure rhythm in meter, by counting the beats in each line.

(See next two slides for examples.)

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Sound

Rhyme Repetition Alliteration Onomatopoeia

Writers love to use interesting sounds in their poems. After all, poems are meant to be heard. These sound devices include:

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Rhyme Rhymes are words that

end with the same sound. (Hat, cat and bat rhyme.)

Rhyming sounds don’t have to be spelled the same way. (Cloud and allowed rhyme.)

Rhyme is the most common sound device in poetry.

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Rhyming Patterns

Poets can choose from a variety of different rhyming patterns.

(See next four slides for examples.)

AABB – lines 1 & 2 rhyme and lines 3 & 4 rhyme

ABAB – lines 1 & 3 rhyme and lines 2 & 4 rhyme

ABBA – lines 1 & 4 rhyme and lines 2 & 3 rhyme

ABCB – lines 2 & 4 rhyme and lines 1 & 3 do not rhyme

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AABB Rhyming Pattern

Snow makes whiteness where it falls.The bushes look like popcorn balls.And places where I always play,Look like somewhere else today.

By Marie Louise Allen

First Snow

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ABAB Rhyming Pattern

I love noodles. Give me oodles.Make a mound up to the sun.Noodles are my favorite foodles.I eat noodles by the ton.

By Lucia and James L. Hymes, Jr.

Oodles of Noodles

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ABBA Rhyming Pattern

Let me fetch sticks,Let me fetch stones,Throw me your bones,Teach me your tricks. By Eleanor Farjeon

From “Bliss”

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ABCB Rhyming Pattern

The alligator chased his tailWhich hit him in the snout;He nibbled, gobbled, swallowed it,And turned right inside-out.

by Mary Macdonald

The Alligator

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Imagery

Five Senses

Imagery is the use of words to create pictures, or images, in your mind.

Appeals to the five senses: smell, sight, hearing, taste and touch.

Details about smells, sounds, colors, and taste create strong images.

To create vivid images writers use figures of speech.

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Figures of Speech

Figures of speech are tools that writers use to create images, or “paint pictures,” in your mind.

Similes, metaphors, and personification are three figures of speech that create imagery.

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Simile 明喻 A simile compares

two things using the words “like” or “as.”

Comparing one thing to another creates a vivid image.

The runner streaked like a cheetah.

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Metaphor 暗喻 A metaphor compares

two things without using the words “like” or “as.”

Gives the qualities of one thing to something that is quite different.

The winter wind is a wolf howling at the door.

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Personification 擬人化 Personification gives

human traits and feelings to things that are not human – like animals or objects.

The moon smiled down at me.

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Lines and Stanzas Most poems are

written in lines. A group of lines in

a poem is called a stanza.

Stanzas separate ideas in a poem. They act like paragraphs.

This poem has two stanzas.

March

A blue day

A blue jay

And a good beginning.

One crow,

Melting snow –

Spring’s winning!

By Eleanor Farjeon

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Voice

Poet as speaker Human character in poem as speaker Object or animal as speaker More than one speaker

Hello! Hi!

“Voice” is the speaker in a poem. The speaker can be the poet himself or a character he created in the poem. There can be one speaker or many speakers.

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Mood Mood is the atmosphere, or

emotion, in the poem created by the poet.

Can be happy, angry, silly, sad, excited, fearful or thoughtful.

Poet uses words and images to create mood.

Author’s purpose helps determine mood.

Vocabulary1. rhyming (adj.) 關於押韻的There are some rhyming dictionaries on the Internet for you to look up rhyming words.rhyme (vi.) (vt.) 押韻；使押韻The word “December” rhymes with the word “remember.”Connie rhymed the word “June” with “moon” in her song. rhyme (n.) [C,U] 韻文；押韻I heard a boy singing the rhyme, “Rain, rain, go away. Come again another day. Little Johnny wants to play.”Shakespeare wrote many famous love poems in rhyme.

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Vocabulary2. poetry (n.) [U] a collection of poems, arranged in short lines that have certain beats and rhymes, using images, symbols, and some literary devices 　詩；詩歌（總稱）Our English teacher asked us to read more novels and poetry in English.poem (n.) [C] 詩On Valentine’s Day, people may send a card with a love poem to someone they love.

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Vocabulary

3. twinkle (vi.) to shine with a light that goes on and off 　On our small farm, you can see fireflies twinkle like stars on summer nights.

4. wonder (vt.) (vi.) to think about something that one wants to know 　想知道；疑惑I wonder if you would like to come to my birthday party.Some young people who wonder about their future will ask their parents or teachers for advice and help.

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• wonder (n.) 奇蹟 , 驚嘆 , 驚奇The sight of the Grand Canyon filled them with wonder.The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny Ferrari.• wonderful (adj.) 奇妙的It's a wonderful painting. I love the richness of the

colors.

1. sb. + wonder + what/who/when/why/where/if/whether…I wonder what we can do to help the homeless.I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area?2. No wonder (that) … 不意外地，…No wonder you're hungry; you didn't have any breakfast.

Vocabulary

5. diamond (n.) [C,U] a very hard and bright stone of great value, often used in jewelry 　鑽石Many large diamonds are found in Africa but sold in countries around the world.Diamond is the hardest stone on earth.

♠ Spades ♥ Hearts ♣ Clubs ♦ Diamonds

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Vocabulary6. magic (n.) [U] a strange power that makes something impossible become real 　魔法After taking the medicine, he felt much better. It did work like magic.magic (adj.) 魔術的Uncle Joe performed a magic trick that made all the kids laugh happily.magical (adj.) 奇妙的We can never forget that magical night when we watched many shooting stars crossing the sky.

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• magician (n.) 魔術師

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Vocabulary

7. pleasant (adj.) enjoyable and lovely 　令人愉悅的Cindy has a beautiful voice, and her singing is pleasant to the ear.please (vt.) (vi.) 使高興；取悅Although she really wanted to be a writer, Fiona took a degree in law just to please her parents.Jenny is easy to please; just buy her a cup of coffee and she will be happy.

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• pleased (adj.) 愉悅的 , 高興的We're so pleased that you're able to come to the

wedding.I'm really pleased with your work this term.I'm pleased to hear you're feeling better.• pleasure (n.) 愉快 , 令人高興的事It’s my/a pleasure.

Vocabulary

8. sound (n.) [C,U] something you hear 　聲音Students are asked not to make a sound when they are taking an English listening test.Sound travels faster in water than in air.sound (vi.) 聽起來It sounds like a good idea to have a birthday pool party.

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• sound (adj.) 健全的 , 完好的 After three days of searching for them, the hikers were found

safe and sound.

Vocabulary

9. poet (n.) [C] a person who writes poems 　詩人Li Po, a well-known Chinese poet, wrote many poems that are still loved by a lot of people today.poetic (adj.) 詩歌的；詩意的To win Julie’s love, Leo wrote a poetic love song for her.I've always admired his poetic use of language.

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Vocabulary10. encourage (vt.) to make people feel confident and believe in themselves 　鼓勵；打氣Jason is interested in cooking, and his teacher encourages him to be a cook in the future.encouragement (n.) [U] 鼓勵Cathy always gives me lots of encouragement when I feel sad.encouraging (adj.) 鼓舞人心的；令人振奮的Mom always says some encouraging words to me when I feel like giving up.

31• encouraged (adj.)

Vocabulary11. attention (n.) [U] an interest or a thought one gives to something by looking at or listening to it 　注意力；關注The teacher encourages his students to pay more attention to international news.

12. pattern (n.) [C] 模式These children’s poems are written in a simple rhyming pattern, so they are easy to read and learn.

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• patterned (adj.) with a design made from repeated lines, shapes, or colors on the surface:

patterned wallpaper

Vocabulary13. whole (n.) [C] (usually sing.) something as a complete and single unit 　全部；全體The farmer will only sell his farm as a whole.whole (adj.) 完整的 (=entire)Judy bought the whole farm and turned it into a beautiful garden, open to all.

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• On the whole (adv. phr.) generallyYour work, on the whole, is quite good.• the whole of sth. (=all of sth.)The whole of the school had come to the fair.

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Vocabulary

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• wholehearted (adj.) 全心全意的The plan was given wholehearted support. • wholesale (adj.) 批發的wholesale prices

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whole VS all 1. I studied the whole day. 2. I studied all day.

1.定冠詞與所有格位置的不同all + (the/ 所有格 ) + N. ： all my friendsthe/ 所有格 + whole + N. ： the whole world

2. 意思的不同all 是指「全部」，所有的東西；而 whole 是指「整個」，整件事、一個完整的東西。 (1) I studied all day.→ 我整天都在讀書。中間有休息，讀 一讀，休息一下，再讀一讀，再休息一下。 (2)I studied the whole day. → 我一整天不斷地讀書。這代 表中間完全沒有休息，一直一直讀。

Vocabulary14. appreciate (vt.) to enjoy something by carefully examining it 　欣賞 ; 重視 ; 領會 , 了解 ; 感激 You may learn to appreciate the beauty of English poetry from nursery rhymes.I appreciate that it's a difficult decision for you to make.

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注注注 appreciate 注注注注注注(1)appreciate + V-ing/NWe really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend.I appreciate your making the effort to come.(2) 受詞不可為「人」

Vocabulary

appreciation (n.) [U] 欣賞 ; 感激Ben is interested in modern art and is now taking a

class on art appreciation.He took them to a restaurant to show his appreciation

for letting him stay.

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• show/express/display one’s appreciation of/for … 注…注注注注注注

Vocabulary15. beauty (n.) [U] the quality that makes people, places, or things look attractive 　美；美麗 ; 美人We sat by the window and enjoyed the beauty of the mountains.

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Vocabulary16. create (vt.) to make something new 　創造J.K. Rowling has created many interesting stories in the Harry Potter series.creation (n.) [U] 創造The beauty of Nature is God’s creation.creative (adj.) 有創意的With many creative ideas, Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse and Disneyland.

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Vocabulary17. melody (n.) [C] a song or a piece of music 　歌曲；曲調Amy was singing a melody that she created on her own.

18. brighten (vt.) to make something full of light 　使⋯⋯變得明亮Bill painted the wall light green to brighten up the living room.

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• bright (adj.) 明亮的 ; 顏色鮮豔的 ; 聰明的 ; The lights are too bright in here; they're hurting my eyes. He said hello and I felt my face turn bright red. They are bright children, always asking questions.

Vocabulary19. chilly (adj.) unpleasantly cold 　寒冷的On a chilly winter night, the boy built a fire to warm himself.

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• chill (v.) 變冷 , 使降溫 ; 放輕鬆 (n.) 寒冷 ; 害怕的感覺I've put the beer in the fridge to chill.. There was a chill in the air this morning. The violence used against the students sent a chill

through the whole country.

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Do you like poems? Have you ever read a poem in English? Try this one.

Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are.

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky.

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are.

—Jane Taylor* (1783-1824)—

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How 引導的強調句型 ( 如何 + 形容詞 / 副詞 )How + a(an) + 單數可數名詞 + S. + V.How + many/much/little/few + 複數或不可數名詞 + S. + V.How + adv. + S. + V.How blue the sky is! How quickly you walk!

What 引導的強調句型 ( 什麼 + 名詞 )What + a(an) + 單數可數名詞 + S. + V.What + 複數或不可數名詞 + S. + V.What a lovely day (it is)! What a silly thing to do! What hardworking students you are!

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「間接問句」： wh- 疑問詞 + 主詞 + ( 助動詞 ) + 動詞 例句：你介意告訴我你為何離開上一個工作嗎？Do you mind telling me? Why did you leave your last job? 用「間接問句」併成一句時： Do you mind telling me why you left your last job ？

I wonder what you are.

Isn’t this a song? Yes, but it is also a poem. We can also call it a nursery rhyme, a kind of short poem or song that is written for children. Nursery rhymes are easily remembered, even by young children. This is not only because they are short but also because they rhyme. Rhyming is the magic that makes poems and songs so pleasant to the ear. And because we enjoy their sounds, we learn to read them easily.

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• call + O. + OC.His real name is Jonathan, but they've always called him Johnny.

Writing rhymes is a kind of wordplay. It is not only a job for poets; in fact, it is a game for everyone. And if you want to try it by yourself, you are encouraged to read more poems first. When you read them, remember to pay special attention to the rhyming words. Here is another one for you to enjoy.

I Heard a Bird Sing

I heard a bird sing

In the dark of December

A magical thing

And sweet to remember.

“We are nearer to Spring

Than we were in September,”

I heard a bird sing

In the dark of December.

—Oliver Herford (1863-1935)—49

Did you enjoy listening for the rhyming words? And did you notice their pattern? Unlike “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star,” this poem rhymes in every other line.

However, don’t forget to read the poem as a whole in order to appreciate its beauty. With a few simple words, the poet creates a beautiful picture. Just imagine this: on a cold winter night, a bird is singing a sweet melody to tell everyone that spring is coming. And this good news is just like magic. It not only brightens up the world but also warms people’s hearts on such a dark and chilly night.

Poetry is beautiful. With rhymes, it is more fun. Would you like to read more poems or even create poems of your own?

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listen for. 留心聽…Annie will come in any moment ； we are all listening for her footsteps．

such + a/an + 單數名詞That's such a good film.

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Examples1. This is not only because they are short

but also because they rhyme.2. It not only brightens up the world but

also warms people’s hearts on such a dark and chilly night.

3. Not only Ken but also Peter will go to the party.

課本句型SentencePattern I..

I. not only...but also...

對等連接詞就像一個吊秤，兩邊東西的詞性結構要一樣才會平衡喔！因此所接的 A 、 B 兩項必須是詞性、結構上相同的字詞、片語或子句。

補充

A 、 B 詞性 範例名詞 • Shelly loves not only music

but also good food.

形容詞 • Dan is not only tired but also hungry.

副詞• Young people not only in the

U.S. but also in Taiwan enjoy fast food and cold drinks.

補充A 、 B 詞性 範例

動詞 • Kevin not only lent his neighbor some money but also helped him build the house.

名詞子句• The police found out not only

where the jewels had been hidden but also who had stolen them.

副詞子句• Jamie plays the piano not only

when he is in a good mood but also when he feels sad and depressed.

2. not only...but also... 連接兩個動作時，前後時態必須一致。 • He not only painted the walls in the kitchen but

also repaired the sink.另外，若用於連接兩個主詞時，因為重點在 B ，故其後動詞要和 but also 後的主詞（即 B ）一致。 • Not only you but also your brother has to help

clean the garden.

補充

Practice ACombine the following sentences using “not only...but also....” The first one has been done for you.

課本練習

1. Sam ordered pizza.Sam ordered spaghetti, too.

→ Sam ordered not only pizza but also spaghetti.

課本練習2. Julie will invite her classmates to her

birthday party.Julie will invite her neighbors to her birthday party, too.

→_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. You have to do the dishes.Your younger brother has to do the dishes, too.

→_________________________________________________________________

課本練習 4. Sandy has watched all the Harry Potter movies.Sandy has read all the Harry Potter novels, too.

→________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The police asked the thief what he stole from the shop.The police asked the thief why he did it, too.

→________________________________________________________________________________________________

Examples1. I heard a bird sing.2. Mom watched the baby sleep beside her.3. The small café is a good place to listen

to the pianist playing old favorites.

課本句型

II.

seesmellwatchhearfeellisten to...

+ O + VRV-ing

SentencePattern II..

(1) 以 VR 為受詞補語時，強調動作發生的「事實」、整個活動或事件「從頭到尾的過程」。 • I saw Kerry walk across the street.→ 我看到 Kerry 穿越馬路的整個過程。(2) 以 V-ing 為受詞補語時，強調動作仍在進行、尚未結束，或動作之反覆性。 • I saw Kerry walking across the street.→ 我看到 Kerry 時，她正走在馬路中，所以我知道她正穿越馬路。2. 受詞若與受詞補語間的關係為「被動」時，受詞補語則用過去分詞。 • Laura saw her daughter awarded the first place

medal. • We saw Macbeth performed by a drama club last

week.

補充

3. 另外，感官動詞由主動語態改為被動語態時，受詞補語的原形動詞必須改為 to VR ，但 V-ing則繼續沿用。

• Someone saw Fiona run up the stairs with tears in her eyes.

→ Fiona was seen to run up the stairs with tears in her eyes.

• Someone heard Debby shouting for joy in her room thirty minutes ago.

→ Debby was heard shouting for joy in her room thirty minutes ago.

補充

4. 其他用法補充：(1) S + find/leave/keep + O +

OC （ V-ing/p.p./adj. ）find 在此意為「發現、覺得」； leave 為「造成某種結局、使……處於某種狀態」；keep 為「保持某種狀態」。 V-ing 表主動、進行； p.p. 表被動、感到……的； adj.則表受詞的特色、狀態。

補充

Example:補充Detective: What did you see last night when you

were here?Witness A:

I saw a man walk over to the lady and talk to her in a loud voice.

Detective: What did you see?

Witness B:

When I walked by this area, I saw the lady lying on the ground in a pool of blood.

Detective: Did you see anything special?Witness C:

I saw something burning and also heard these two people arguing loudly.

Practice ARewrite the sentences using “see/smell/watch/hear/feel/listen to... + O + VR/V-ing” and the key words given. The first one has been done for you.

課本練習

1. On her way home, Lisa saw.... (A boy fell off his bike.)

→On her way home, Lisa saw a boy fall off his bike.

課本練習2. While Mom was driving me to school this

morning, I saw.... (Peter was waiting for the bus.)

→_____________________________________________________________

3. Last night, I heard.... (Someone cried for help.) But when I looked out, I didn’t see anything.

→_____________________________________________________________

課本練習4. While Pam was watching TV in the living

room, she smelled.... (Something was burning in the kitchen.)

→________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Sally was sleeping when the earthquake hit last night. She then woke up and felt.... (The bed was shaking.)

→________________________________________________________________________________________________

課本練習

6. On Christmas Day, my family goes to church and listens to.... (People sing Christmas carols there.)

→________________________________________________________________________________________________

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1 2 3 4 5 6

When Christmas New

Year’s Eve

Tomb Sweeping Festival

Moon Festival

Valentine’s Day

Halloween

Where In theprison

At the airport

In Hogwarts

On Mars Under the sea

In heaven

Who Minions College students

Dogs that talk

Disney princess

Wizards and witches

Aliens

Ending Hugs Fights Laughter Dances Tears Love

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