Lesson 40 Organic Chemistry Objectives: - The student will explain why carbon chemistry is classified separately from inorganic chemistry. - The student will list the first ten straight chain alkanes. - The student will list the six common organic functional groups. - The student will classify compounds, given as names or structures, as containing one of the six common organic functional groups. PA Science and Technology Standards: 3.4.10.A; 3.4.12.A; 3.1.10.C
Lesson 40 Organic Chemistry. Objectives: - The student will explain why carbon chemistry is classified separately from inorganic chemistry. - The student will list the first ten straight chain alkanes. - The student will list the six common organic functional groups. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lesson 40 Organic Chemistry
Objectives:
- The student will explain why carbon chemistry is classified separately from inorganic chemistry.
- The student will list the first ten straight chain alkanes.
- The student will list the six common organic functional groups.
- The student will classify compounds, given as names or structures, as containing one of the six common organic functional groups.
PA Science and Technology Standards: 3.4.10.A; 3.4.12.A; 3.1.10.C
I. Carbon and bonding
a. Carbon often forms bonds with four other atoms.
b. These reflect a tetrahedral type of geometry
c. They often form long chains of atoms also
II. Carbon can form covalent networksa. Carbon forms two common compounds, graphite and
diamondb. These two substances have properties both similar to
covalent compounds and unlike most covalent compounds.
c. Both are considered network solids. i. In diamonds, the atoms are arranged in a network
where each carbon is bonded to four other carbons. ii. In graphite, the carbons are bonded to three other
carbons in layers, and then London forces hold the layers together.d. Their properties are very different, though
i. Diamonds are one of the hardest substances we know of
ii. Graphite crumbles easily and is a good lubricant
III. Organic Compounds are important to life
a. All major molecules in living things, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, contain carbon backbones.
b. Organic compound – a compound containing carbon
c. More than 6,000,000 organic compounds have been identified and named.
IV. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compoundsa. Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and
hydrogen.b. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes, and their
names end in –ane. All of these mentioned are straight chains.
c. The general formula for these is CnH2n+2
i. methane – CH4
ii. ethane – C2H6
iii. propane – C3H8
iv. butane – C4H10
v. pentane – C5H12
vi. hexane – C6H14
vii. heptane – C7H16
viii. octane – C8H18
ix. nonane – C9H20
x. decane – C10H22
d. You need to know these for the test!
e. Examples – stick figure drawings:
V. Functional groups determine properties of organic molecules.
a. Most organic molecules are bonded to nitrogen or oxygen molecules, along
with the carbons and hydrogens.
b. Functional group – group of atoms that determines an organic molecule’s
chemical properties.
c. The compounds in each class have similar chemical properties because of the
functional groups that they possess.
d. The name also identifies the functional group
e. Functional groups: (name, group, ending for compound names)
i. Alcohol – C-OH – (-ol)
ii. Ether – C-O-C – (ether)
iii. Aldehyde – CH=O – (-al)
iv. Organic acid – COOH – (-oic acid or –ate for ionized form)
v. Ketone – C=O – (-one)
vi. Amine – Contains a C-N bond – (-amine, amino-, -ine, or azo-)
vii. Ester – COO in the middle of a molecule – (-oate on the
second name)
viii. Aromatic – Contains a benzene ring – these can be a completely
separate class of compounds, or the rings can be used as functional groups in a compound.
Structure of Benzene
f. Know these for the test!
g. Some compounds have more than one functional group – such as amino
acids, which contain an amine (C-N) group and an organic acid (COOH) group.
h. Naming organic compounds with functional groups involves using the alkane name, and adding the
prefix/suffix for the functional group.
VI. Carbon atoms can also form ring structures
a. Examples:
b. A special kind of ring structure is the benzene ring. We have seen
this above.
c. Remember that benzene also contains several resonance structures.
VII. Organic compounds are often abbreviated
a. In organic structural formulas, carbons and
hydrogens are not represented.
b. This simplifies the drawing, as well as making it easier to find functional groups.
c. Example of different types of abbreviated drawings.