LESSON 4 DYNAMICS OF MEDICAL VOCABULARY …player.360training.com/ICPfilesystem/PersistentAssets/149888/262464... · LESSON 4 ‐ DYNAMICS OF MEDICAL VOCABULARY AND WORD STRUCTURE
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Next, Table A shows English prefices, adding a root, making a word, and listing the word meaning.
Table B shows a list of medical prefices.
A. PREFICES – ENGLISH
Prefix Root Word Meaningpre‐ school preschool before school mis‐ spell misspell incorrect spelling inter‐ lock interlock hook together hyper pituitary hyperpituitary overactive – too much pituitary dys‐ trophy dystrophy degeneration of or defective uni‐ lateral unilateral affecting only one side
NOW YOU TRY IT.
Make words with the following prefices and roots. pre‐ existence
pre‐ certify
mis‐ appropriate
mis‐ apply
inter‐ mingle
inter departmental
MEDICAL PREFICES Next is a table of common medical prefices, meanings, and completed words. Read each one.
PREFIX EXERCISESUse the prefix a‐ (not, without), make the new word, and define it in two or three words (feel free to use your dictionary or the Internet).
ANSWERS —PREFICES 1. atypical not typical 2. asymptomatic without symptoms 3. aseptic without sepsis; without pathogenic microorganisms 4. anaerobic without presence of oxygen 5. anosmic absence of sense of smell 6. anovular without ovulation 7. abnormal away from normal/not normal 8. abirritant away from irritant/an agent that relieves irritation 9. antepartum before partum; predelivery, before childbirth 10. antebrachium before the brachium; the forearm 11. antecubital before /in front of the elbow 12. antibiotic destruction of life /drug that kills bacteria is most common meaning 13. antibody against the body; an immunoglobin 14. anticholinergic blocking passage of parasympathetic nerve impulses 15. biochemistry life organisms and their processes 16. biology study of living organisms 17. biokinetics movements of living organisms 18. bradyarrhythmia slow, irregular rhythm (heart rate) 19. bradyesthesia slow or dullness of perception 20. bradyphemia slowness of speech 21. contraindicate against what is indicated; not indicated 22. contraception prevent conception/pregnancy 23. contralateral pertaining to or affecting the opposite side 24. decentralization away from the center 25. decapitation removal of head 26. decannulation removal of cannula 27. dislocate not located properly; displacement of a joint bones 28. disease not at ease; pathological process with signs and symptoms 29. disorder not in order 30. dystocia difficult childbirth 31. dystonia impaired muscle tone 32. dystrophy disorder from defective or faulty nutrition 33. hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the body 34. hemipylorectomy excision of half of the pylorus 35. hemispasm spasm affecting one side only 36. hemocytoma tumor containing blood cells 37. hemodynamic pertaining to blood circulation 38. hemocyte any blood corpuscle formed 39. hydrometry measurement of fluid 40. hydrophobia frightened of water 41. hydrothorax collection of fluid in the pleural cavity 42. hyperactive too active 43. hyperostosis too much bone 44. hyperparathyroid too much parathyroid gland secretion 45. hypothyroid too little thyroid production 46. hypodermic under dermal layer of the skin 47. hyponatremia too little sodium in blood 48. polyuria too much urine /increased frequency of urination 49. polycellular multicellular; pertaining to many cells 50. polycentric many centers
C. SUFFICES As described earlier, suffices are the endings attached to root words. In medicine, when the suffix used begins with a vowel, it is simply added. Examples are card‐itis, and cardi‐ectomy. When the suffix begins with a consonant, e.g., ‐dynia or ‐logy the new word requires an ‐o‐, to connect the word parts as in cardi/o/logy.
Root Suffix Word Meaning
thyroid ‐ectomy (removal) removal of thyroid
conscious ‐ness (state of) state of being aware, awake
encephal ‐itis (inflammation) inflammation of the brain
encapsul ‐ation (process) enclosing something in a covering
Examples of various suffices are listed below. Just read through them to familiarize yourself with
how they work. Remember, at this point, you are not trying to memorize anything.
‐tripsy stricture in surgery intentional (crushing)
NOW YOU TRY IT.
SUFFIX EXERCISES The word carcinoma is based on the Greek word karkin, meaning crab or cancer (think of the Zodiac). The root is carcin; then the suffix is added, ‐oma, meaning tumor or swelling. The new word, carcinoma, indicates a malignant growth. In the following sentences we will use the root, add the suffix and make a new word. You may be able to figure out what the new word means without much trouble. If you don’t know, look it up in a dictionary.
Formula: Root + suffix ‐oma = Word formed by adding ‐oma Example: carcin + ‐oma = carcinoma 1 lymph
17 If ‐ectomy means removal of, then appendectomy means removal of the _________________.
18 If ‐otomy means cutting into, then laryngotomy means ______________.
19. If gastrium (for our purposes, gastr since we are dropping the ium) means stomach, make words that mean the following; changing the ‐i‐ to ‐o‐ (refer to the above suffix surgical listing ‐ just before #17): a Make a hole in the stomach (cut into)
b Bring an opening from the stomach to the outside of the body
c Remove the stomach
d Repair the stomach
20. If hyster means uterus, make words that mean the following:
a Remove the uterus
b Make a hole in the uterus
21. If arthr means joint, make a word that means the following:
a Perform plastic surgery on the joint
b Fix the joint
22. If pleur means lung, make a word that means removal of fluid from that organ.
17. appendix 18. cutting – making a hole in the larynx 19.
a) gastrotomy; b)gastrostomy b) gastrectomy c) gastrorrhaphy
20. a) hysterectomy b) hysterotomy
21. a) arthroplasty b) arthropexy
22. pleurocentesis
EXERCISE BASED ON YOUR ANSWERS ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE In your dictionary or online, look up each of the words in the answer list on the previous page (1 through 22). Write down the meanings. This exercise is done to allow you to see the logic of the root words and how expanded words make new meanings. This exercise will also allow you to spend some time doing research. Pay attention to the roots. 1
D. NOUNS As in English, in medical terminology, a noun is a word used to identify a person, place, thing, quality, condition or an action. A noun can also be an action not as it relates to being a verb, but in this way: Operate is a verb in the following context: James operates that lever; but a noun in the following: The operation was a success. As well, in both Greek and Latin, adding ‐um, ‐y, ‐a, ‐ia, or ‐ is to a root word (at the end of the word) changes it into a noun.
F. MULTIROOTED COMPOUND WORDS We warned you about this ‐‐ all the same rules and methods apply that you read regarding compound words, so we needn't beat this one to death. Multiple rooted compound words used in medicine may combine words until they have 25 or more root words (not likely, but it could be done).
The rules are really funky here. We dropped the r, but added ato, then dropped one ‐e‐ from spleen, and added an ‐o‐ to hook to the third word. All you really have to know is how to spell hepatosplenomegaly. As you hear or see compound words, you will get the hang of how to spell them based on your analysis of the component words. The combinations are used over and over in medical reports. Knowing why is important but not critical. Knowing which letters are used to combine word parts is critical. Most of the time it is the letter ‐o‐. Check this one out: cricus + larynx + pharynx = cricolaryngopharynx Or try this one on for size: lymphangiothyroarytenovasculohumerocartilaginous
(limf‐angee‐oh‐thigh‐row‐a‐writ‐n‐oh‐vask‐you‐low‐humor‐oh‐car‐till‐adj‐in‐us) Get it? Try to pronounce it.
You will probably never see or hear this word, but you get the point.
G. ADVERBS Adverbs are words used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. In English adding ‐ly or ‐ially or ‐ally makes a word an adverb, adverbially speaking. Adapting the Latin‐Greek words to make adverbs works similarly (similar‐ly), though there are some other possibilities. Using the word and word extensions below, adverbs are made.
Word Extension Adverb
anterior ‐ly anteriorly
posterior ‐ly posteriorly
bilateral ‐ly bilaterally
oblique ‐ly obliquely
superior ‐ly superiorly
inferior ‐ly inferiorly
cephalic ‐ally cephalically
caudad ‐ally caudally
peripheral ‐ly peripherally
oblique ‐ly obliquely
subliminal ‐ally subliminally
ADVERBS EXERCISE Add the appropriate extension ("‐ly,” or "‐ally") to make the adverb.