LESSON 3.2 The Brain

+SUN DEVILS BEAT STANFORD 26-10!

ASU is 5-1! Next up- @ Washington

How was your weekend???

Continuing the brain this week

+Learning Goals:

Students will be able to: Identify the structure and functions of the human brain

Today- using your book to READ and identify key features of the brain Reinforcing activity May do with partners Must finish in class

+Learning Goals:

Students will be able to: Identify the structure and functions of the human

brain. Discuss the ways the brain helps humans in their

daily life.

Quick activity: DRAW out the learning goal Stick figures please Show me that you understand what the learning

goal is trying to get you to do.

+

The Brain

Slide 4

+Pinkie and the Brain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM&list=PL02DaVPqFP-P5SNpVHyjLrdrxn7cTxL0M

+Who has the larger brain?

+

Facts about the Brain

Weighs approximately 3 pounds Mostly water - 78% Fat - 10% Protein - 8%

Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

Grapefruit-sized organ

+Three Major Areas of the Brain

Hind brain

Mid Brain

Fore Brain

+

Hindbrain

+Hindbrain

The hindbrain is the part of the brain found at the rear base of the skull that controls the most basic biological needs for life.

Slide 10

+Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

• Pons: above the medulla▫ Sleep and arousal

• Medulla: middle of spinal cord▫ Controls breathing, heart rate,

swallowing and digestion, upright posture

• Cerebellum▫ Regulation and coordination of

movement▫ learning

Slide 11

+Damage DAMAGE TO THE

CEREBELLUM

Results in deficits in balance, coordination, skilled movement.

Shake my hand…

DAMAGE TO THE BRAIN STEM

Results in the disruption of vital involuntary actions such as heart rate, breathing death

+

Midbrain

+Midbrain

The midbrain is the part of the brain above the hindbrain that plays a role in attention, stimulation, and consciousness.

+Reticular formation:

Regulation and maintenance of sleep and consciousness

Startled by loud noise- heightened arousal

Sleep through familiar sounds Damaged: may

have permanent coma

+Limbic System

Limbic System: inter-related doughnut shaped neural structures.

Two main structures: Amygdala: controls

fear and aggressionHippocampus: memory

formationRemoved for H.M.

Slide 16

+50 First Dates…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8I

+The Vow- Hippocampus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGjUAHS8pHY

+

Forebrain

+Forebrain

The forebrain is the part of the brain above the midbrain

+Thalamus

Thalamus: the brains sensory relay station. Sorts and sends

messages from the eyes, ears, tongue, and skin to other parts of the brain.

Kind of like sorting the mail…

Slide 21

+Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus: located under the thalamus▫ Provide homeostasis,

constant internal body state

▫ Regulates eating and drinking

▫ Eating, shivering, hunger, anger and emotion

+Are you hungry?

If yes, your blood sugar and body temperature are probably low.

The hypothalamus uses these cues, along with others, to tell us we’re hungry.

AS we eat our blood sugar level and temperature level rise, and our hypothalamus tells us that we are full.

This explains why we sometimes sweat when we eat. It also explains why we eat less when we’re warm.

Slide 24

+Activity: TED Talk

http://www.ted.com/talks/allan_jones_a_map_of_the_brain

+Block Day: WOO HOO!!!

Looking at the lobes of the brain

Lobotomies

Drawing out your brain

TWO WEEKS: project is due…

Will be in Seattle Friday- so will see you Monday

Hiking the Grand Cayon with Mrs. Gould November 14-15- want to join???

+

Brain Part II: The Lobes

Slide 27

+Retrograde Amnesia- Hippocampus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRzjur-rBvY

+Four Lobes of the Brain

FrontalParietalOccipitalTemporal

+Lobes of the Brain - Frontal

Where: The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull; they are the largestHigher mental processes:•Decision making•Emotional control•Planning•Social skills•Abstract thinking•Moods- positive and negative

+Damage to Frontal Lobe

Changes in awareness

Lack of understanding of or concern for past or future events

Decreased range of emotions

Lack of goal-directed behavior

Inappropriate behaviors or reactions, especially to social situations

+Possible Scenario

Someone with frontal lobe damage walks into the bedroom to make the bed, becomes distracted by the wallpaper, which he decides to be changed and rips it down!

My uncle….

Slide 32

+Lobotomies…

+The Lobotomist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

+ Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe

• Where: The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep in front of the occipital lobes, behind the frontal lobe.

Higher Mental Processes: -Spatial awareness and perception-Touch sensation-Perception

+Damage to Parietal Lobe

astereognosis (objects can not be recognized by touching them).

+Hemi spatial neglect

If an entire hemisphere of the parietal is damaged, the result is

hemi spatial neglect: where an individual is oblivious to one half of their visual field.

+

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymKvS0XsM4w

+ Prosopagnosia

Damage to the back of the parietal on both sides may result in prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces. You can still

recognize objects, and features of faces, but you can not put the features together to recognize a face.

+

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwCrxomPbtY

+Occipital Lobe

How do you paint or create art?Do you visualize the art before you

begin? Does your mental image change as the

process progresses?

It is the occipital lobe that helps us visualize something even before it exists!

Slide 45

Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe

Where: The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located behind the parietal lobe.

Primary function:•Processing of shapes, colors and motion• integration•interpretation of VISION and visual stimuli.

Damage:•Can cause blindness even if the eyes are healthy.

Temporal Lobes Where: Located on the sides of the brain, on the underneath of ‘everything else’, near the temples.

Primary Function: - Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation)-Hearing and language

Damage:- To the left, can have trouble with differentiating what words and sentences mean.

+Broca’s Area

+Damage to Broca’s Area Damage to Broca’s Area results in Aphasia (the inability

to use spoken language properly).

They often omit small words such as "is," "and," and "the." For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog,"

meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table."

People with Broca's aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well.

Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated.

+

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM

+Wernicke’s Area

+Damage

results in problems in receptive language (you can not understand what you hear.)

may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create made-up words. For example, someone with Wernicke's aphasia may say, "You

know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.“

As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say.

+

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKTdMV6cOZw

+Activity: Draw your own brain

Trace your partners head on TWO sheets of paper.

On one side, label the parts of the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain, including the medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus.

On the other side: Lake the occipital, parietal, frontal and occipital lobe.

Draw images that represent the function of that part of the brain.

Slide 54

+Monday, October 27th

Welcome Back!

ASU Won 24-10 Against Washington in Seattle VERY tired today

Great JOB Chandler Football- I’ll be at the dinner Thursday M-looking at the Split Brains/ Brain Review T- L/R side of brain W/TR- Endocrine System F- Halloween Psych Special BRAIN DAY: NEXT WEEK

+Collect your brain diagrams now

+

Brain Part III: Split Brain Patients and Hemispheres

Slide 57

+

The Corpus Callosum

Slide 58

•The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

•connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.

+Split-Brain Patients

Split brain patients: had the nerves of their corpus collosum surgically cut to help with epileptic seizures. Helped the

seizures; kept personality intact

Right and left hemispheres had no longer a direct connection

Slide 59

+Take out two pencils or pens

With your right hand draw a circle on a piece of paper WHILE you are drawing a square on a piece of paper.

Your corpus collosum is intact!

If it wasn’t, the right and left hemisphere could work independently like split brain patients.

Slide 60

+Severed Corpus Collasum

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc

+Tuesday, October 28th

Welcome Back!! Notes and an

activity today REMINDER: BRAIN

DAY NEXT THURSDAY

Get out your notes please!

+The Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex is the thinking center of the brain that coordinates and integrates all areas of the brain into a fully functioning unit.

Slide 63

Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes.

Cerebrum

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

+ Cerebral Features:

• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri

– Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe

• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain

• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.

Gyri (ridge)

Fissure

(deep groove)

Sulci (groove)

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

+Hemisphere Removal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MKNsI5CWoU

+Split Brain patients

+

+

Phineas Cage

Phineas CagePhineas Gage: Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century living in Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges in large rock in order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain.

Frontal

Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is still some debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he reached a doctor approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and normal vision, and following a short period of rest, returned to work several days later. However, he was not unaffected by this accident.

+Contemporary Phineus Cage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK1sj4JEJ2o

+

Right Brain/ Left Brain?

+Are you left brained or right brained?

In general, the left and right hemispheres of your brain process information in different ways. We tend to process information using our dominant side.

However, the learning and thinking process is enhanced when both side of the brain participate in a balanced manner.

This means strengthening your less dominate hemisphere of the brain.

+Dominance Activity

Write LEFT, RIGHT, or NO PREFERENCE to these questions: Which hand do you write with? Which hand holds scissors? Which hand holds a hammer? Which arm goes first into a jacket? Which arm goes first into a loop of a book bag? Which hand is on top when you clap? Which hand deals out cards? Which foot kicks a ball?

Slide 76

+Tests

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYZ1INWueKM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CEr2GfGilw

+Right Brain/Left Brain

Cross eyesLook at Center

Watch the cross on the third circle. Every few seconds, it will change from a horizontal line to a vertical line and back. This is because the hemispheres of your brain are alternating in dominance for this activity. When the right hemisphere is dominant you see the blue circle and vertical line on top; when the left hemisphere is dominant, the red circle and horizontal line are on top.

+

+Known For:

Processes things more in parts and sequentially

Musicians process music in left hemisphere

Language and Logic

Left Right

• Recognizing faces, analyzing visual-spatial information.

• Geometry, chess. • Higher-level

mathematicians, problem solvers, and chess players actually have more right-brained activity, but beginners use more left brain.

+ Rub your stomachs with one hand and pat your heads with another.

Can you do this??? This illustrates that we really have two hemispheres that

control opposite sides of the body. It also shows how well the two hemispheres work together.

It’s rare for your hands to get confused, as in this activity. It’s also interesting to note that the brain will quickly

adapt to dual tasks like this. Any musicians in the class? What was your coordination like

when you first started? Those who type? Text? How was your coordination at first?

Another example: write your name and rotate your leg at the same time- see if you can do it!

Slide 82

+Learning Style

 Learning Style

If you are left brain dominant, then you probably like to work through learning step by step.

You will prefer to start work on a broad goal or project, and fill in the detail, the specific skills you need as you go.

Left Right

Verbal Vs. Nonverbal

Left Brain

Little trouble expressing themselves in words

Right Brain

Know what they mean but often have trouble finding “right” words.

+Reality-Based Vs. Fantasy-Oriented

Deals with the way things are—reality

Adjust to thingsWant to know

rules and follow them. If none, want to make up rules to follow.

Try to change environment

Not aware anything wrong

Need constant feedback and reality checks

Left Right

+

+

+Learn best by…

Left brains learn by hearing.

They find the lecture system just fine.

Right brains need to see something done--show me, to feel, and to actually experience the process--then, they remember.

Lecture style is a challenge for a right brain.

Left Right

+Planning

Lefts plan days in advance and are prepared for weekends, parties, and going to the movies.

Rights decide things on the spur of the moment.

Left Right

+Neatness Lefts usually have a tidy personal space and know where things

are.

+Neatness

Rights have a "piling" system that they use quite often.

They sometimes say, "Don't touch my piles. I know where everything is."

+Punctuality

Lefts will be on time and even early for everything. They are the ones in the theatre before anyone else gets there.

Rights, on the other hand, are usually only on time for the most important things. Rights are likely to be on time for church if in the choir. If not in the choir, it is probably optional to be on time.

Lefts Rights

+Gestures

Lefts speak with few gestures and are not very animated.

Their voice does not fluctuate much.

Rights can not talk without using the hands.

Their facial expression and voice may both be quite animated and entertaining.

Lefts Rights

+Activity: Split Brain

You have a split brain in front of you

On each of the sides, draw 8 different characteristics of the right and left side of the brain, for a total of 16 pictures.

Make sure to label these pictures as to what each side does.

When you are done, color each side of the brain.

+Left/ Right Review

What does your L & R side control?

What is the L side more like?

R side?