Lesson 3

UB 00902:MEANING IN COMMUNICATION CONTEXT

LESSON 3:Meaning and Morpheme

WHAT IS MORPHEME ?

Morphology, which deals with morphemes (the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning), and how they make up wordsMorpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a languageIt can be a phoneme, affix or word/lexicon

WHAT IS MORPHEME ?

What is the relationship between words and morphemes? It's a hierarchical one: a word is made up of one or more morphemes. Most commonly, these morphemes are strung together, or concatenated, in a line

BASE MORPHEME & AFFIX

base: a morpheme that gives a word its meaning. The base morpheme cat gives the word cats its meaning: a particular type of animal. affix: a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme. Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. eg: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions are able, like, and less. prefix: an affix that comes before a base morpheme. The in in the word inspect is a prefix. suffix: an affix that comes after a base morpheme. The s in cats is a suffix

BASE MORPHEME & AFFIX

Suffixes can also be used to tell the part of speech of a word. The following examples show the parts of speech indicated by the suffixes in the chart. Nouns: -ance, -ful, -ity, -ment, -ness, -tion Verb: -ate Adjectives: -able, -ful, -less, -ly Adverb: -ly

TYPES OF MORPHEMES?

Bound Morphemes cannot occur on their own, e.g. de- in detoxify, -tion in creation, -s in dogs, cran- in cranberry.Free Morphemes can occur as separate words, e.g. car, yes.

INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME Inflectional morpheme can only be a suffix An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. eg: The s in cats plural; the d in invited past tense.

INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME The seven inflectional morphemes in English and their meanings: -s (plural)-s (possessive) noun inflections-s ( 3rd-person singular)-ed ( past tense)-en (past participle) verb inflections-ing ( present participle) er (comparative) -est (superlative) adjective & adverb inflections

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME

Derivational morpheme can be prefix or suffix. Derivational morpheme changes the meaning of the word or the part of speech or both. It creates new words. eg. un- added to invited not; -less added to useless without.Here are more meaning of derivational morphemes in English:

PrefixMeaningEg of Wordsad-to, towardadjudgecircum-around, aboutcircumscribecom-with, togethercommunityde-away from, offdetachdis-away, apartdisagreeex-from, outexchangein-notinconsideratein-in, intointoxicantinter-betweenInterracial, interfacemis-wrongmisjudgepost-afterpostnatalre-back, againrearrangesub-beneath, underSubtitletrans-acrosstransportun-notunfriend

SuffixMeaningeg of Words-able (-ible)capable of beingcapable-ance (-ence)the act ofattendance-atemaking or applying-fulfull ofhelpful-itythe state of beingethnicity-lesswithoutuseless-lyin a certain waybadly-mentthe result of beingmovement-nessthe state of beinghappiness-tion (-ion, -sion)the act of or the state of beingreaction

ALLOMORPH, HOMONYM & HOMOPHONEallomorphs: different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. eg: The final morphemes in the following words are pronounced differently, but they all indicate plurality: dogs, cats, and horses. homonyms: morphemes that are spelled the same but have different meanings. eg: bear (an animal) and bear (to carry), plain (simple) and plain ( a level area of land). homophones: morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. eg: bear, bare; plain, plane; cite, sight, site.

JOURNAL 3

a)Identify and label the parts of the following words as: bound or free, derivational or inflectional, and base or affix. Indicate the number of morphemes in each word. 1. postgraduate 2. citizen 3. potatoes 4. inescapable 5. driven 6. largest 7. misfortune 8. unlikely

JOURNAL 3

b)Identify and label the parts of the following words as: bound or free, derivational or inflectional, and base or affix. Indicate the number of morphemes in each word. 1. datang 2. disukai 3. gangguan 4. memasuki 5. terlupa 6. mendahulukan 7. terbang 8. anaknya

JOURNAL 3

c)What is the meaning of the prefixes in Malay? Berikan makna imbuhan awalan berikut:

Imbuhan AwalanMaknaContoh perkataanke-di-se-meN-beR-ter-peR-

JOURNAL 3

d)What is the meaning of the suffixes in Malay?Berikan makna imbuhan akhiran berikut:

Imbuhan AkhiranMaknaContoh Perkataan-kan-an-i-nya

JOURNAL 3

e) Is there any homonyms and homophones in Malay? Give 2 sets of example each.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993. Kolln, Martha, and Robert Funk. Understanding English Grammar. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Hacker, Diana. The Bedford Handbook for Writers. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1991. Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., Grammar and Composition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982.