Lesson 2-Sad303 -Hardware,Software and Peopleware

LESSON 2HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND

PEOPLEWARE

THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

• HARDWARE

• SOFTWARE

• PEOPLEWARE

HARDWARE

• It is the physical components of the computer. It also refers to the tangible parts of the computer system.

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. PROCESSOR

2. MEMORY

3. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

PROCESSOR

• The processor is the “BRAIN” of the computer.

• It is the part that interpret and carries out instructions.

Central Processing Unit

• It is used loosely to refer to a computer’s processor, whether the latter is a set of circuit board or a single microprocessor.

• It also contains the intelligence of the machine and it is where calculations and decision take place.

2 Basic Parts of CPU

1. Control Unit• Function is to coordinate all the computer’s activities.

It serves as Traffic cop that directing the flow of data around the CPU and computer.

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit• Function is to perform the arithmetic and logic

instructions that encounters by the control unit.• It includes a group of registers built directly into the

CPU that are used to hold that data are being processed by the current instruction.

MEMORY

• It function is to hold a piece of information while it works with them.

• These piece of information are represented electronically in the memory chip’s circuitry, and while it remains in memory, the computer can access it directly.

• Physically, memory consists of some chips either on the motherboard or on CPU to store and retrieve data very quickly.

2 TYPES OF MEMORY

1. ROM (Read Only Memory)• It is nonvolatile. The data in them can’t be

change. The data in this chips can only be read and used.

2. RAM (Random Access Memory)• It is volatile. The data in them can be change. The

purpose of RAM is to hold programs and data.

Input and Output Device

Input Device• Accept data and instructions from the user.

Output Device• Return data, that is, information back to the

user.

Common Input Devices

Keyboard

• Is just a collection of switches, albeit neatly hidden beneath keycaps.

4 Groups of Key

1. Alphanumeric Keyso The part of the keyboard that looks like a

typewriter are arranged the same way on virtually every keyboard. This common arrangement is sometimes called the QWERTY layout.

4 Groups of Key

2. Numeric keyo Located on the right side of the keyboard, is the

part that looks like an adding machine, with its ten digits and mathematical operators.

4 Groups of Key

3. Function Keyo Arranged in a row along the top of the

keyboard, allow you to give the computer commands without typing along string of characters.

4 Groups of Key

4. Cursor Keyo Let you change the position of the cursor on the

screen.


Mouse

It is convenient for entering certain types of input. It lets you position the cursor anywhere on the screen quickly and easily, without using the cursor movement keys.


Pens

It is commonly used for electronic signature or messages that are stored and transmitted as a graphic image.

5 Mouse Operation

1. Pointing

2. Clicking

3. Dragging

4. Double Click

5. Right Click

Common Output Devices

Monitor

It is the most important because they are output devices that people interact with most intensively.

Basic Types of Monitor

1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)The typical monitor that you can see on

desktop computer; It looks a lot like a television screen, and works the same way. It is standard for use with desktop computers because they provide the brightest picture. There are two major disadvantages associated with CRT monitors: They’re BIG and they required LOT OF POWER.

Basic Types of Monitor1. Flat Panel Monitor

Commonly used with notebook computers. Most of these employ liquid crystal display(LCDs) to render images. The LCD monitors creates images with special kind of liquid crystal that normally transparent, but becomes opaque when changed with electricity. Disadvantage of LCD monitors is that, the liquid crystal does not emit light, so there is not enough contrast between the images and their background to make them legible under all conditions.

Common Output Devices

Printer

It provide hardcopy on what you’ve seen in your monitor.

Common Type of Printer

1. Dot Matrix

This printer have a print head that travels back and forth on a bar from the left edge of the paper to the right. Inside a print head are a number of pins that can extend from the head to strike the paper through an ink ribbon.


2. Laser Printer

Are more expensive than the other types of printers, their print quality is higher. They’re also much faster and are very quiet. As the name implies, a laser is the heart of there printers.


3. Ink-Jet Printer

It create an image directly on paper by spraying ink through as many as 64 tiny nozzle. It also have a high quality images. Like laser are quiet and convenient.

Hard disk

• It is the secondary storage for all computers. It is also called mass-storage device along with tape, optical disks, and other media that can store a great deal of data.

CD ROM

• The familiar compact disk is popular medium for storing music.

Storage Devices

• refers to computer components andrecording media that retain digital data.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing)

SOFTWARE

• IT REFERS TO THE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN IN CODE THAT COMPUTERS CAN UNDERSTAND AND EXECUTED.

Categories of Software

1. System Software

2. Application Software


System Softwareo contains programs that perform task needed for

computer hardware to function efficiently. It directs the display of information on the screen, storing data on disk, generating the report to the printer, interpreting commands issued by the user/s and communicating with other peripheral devices.

Classification of System Software

1. Operating Systemso Controls the computer’s use of its hardware

resources and this includes basic input and output operations, detects equipment failure, allocate system resources, managing storage space, and maintain security.

Example: Windows10, Windows7, Vista, XP, LINUX, DOS


2. Device Driverso Helps the computer control a peripherals device.

It comes in the form of a diskette or a CD and have to be installed in your computer before you can use a new peripheral device.

Example: Driver for Video card, Sound card, LAN card etc.


3. Utilitieso Enhance the OS by allowing the user to control

the allocation and use of hardware resources.

Example: McAfee, Avira, AVG, Norton, Nod, etc..


4. Programming Languageso Allows the programmer to write computer

instructions and are usually in English-like form. This instructions are translated into a format that the computer can understand and follow.

Example: Turbo Pascal, C, C++, COBOL, Foxpro< Dbase, fortran, Visual Basic, JAVA, etc.


2. Application Softwareo Are programs that are designed for a specific

computer application.

Classification of Application Software

A. Document Production Softwareo Assist you in creating, editing, designing, and

printing documents.

3 Common Types of Document Production Software

1. Word-Processing Software• A computerized version of typewriter, used in

producing documents such as report, letter, manuscripts, thesis paper, novel, stories, research paper, business reports, memos, marketing materials, etc. Some of its important features are spell check, lay-out formatting, thesaurus, and a lot more.

Example: MS Word, Claris Word Perfect, Lotus WordPro.


2. Desktop Publishing Software• Enhance the word-processing capabilities by providing

more sophisticated features in order to produce professional quality output for newspaper, magazine, brochures, newsletter, books, etc..

Example: Adobe PageMaker, Corel Draw, MS Publisher.


3. Web Page Authoring Software• Helps you design and develop customized Web pages

for the internet by providing tools to compose the text for a Web page, Assemble graphical elements, and automatically generate HTML tags .

Example: MS Front Page, Claris Home Page.


B. Accounting and Finance Softwareo Keeps record of monetary transaction and

investments..

Types of Accounting and Finance Software

1. Personal Finance Software• Keeping track of bank accounts, credit cards,

investment, and bills of individual finances.

2. Online Banking Software• Using a computer and a modem, you can

download transactions directly from the bank, transfer funds among accounts, and pay bills.

Example: Peachtree complete accounting, Intuit's QuickBooks.


C. Entertainment Softwareo Includes all sorts of computer games, software toys,

and software for hobbies and leisure activities.

Categories of Entertainment Software

o Action

o Adventure/role playing

o Classic/puzzle

o Simulation

o Strategy/war games


D. Business Softwareo Helps organizations efficiently accomplish

routine task.

Categories of Business Software

1. Horizontal-Market Softwareo A generic software package for different

companies.Example: Payroll Software, Account receivables

and payable software etc.

2. Vertical-Market Softwareo Designed for specific business or markets.Example: Software for estimating cost of labor

and material in constructing a new building, software that accounts the time spend by a lawyer for every case.


E. Education and Training Softwareo Helps you learn and perfect new skills.

Educational Software ranges from the young ages to adult.

Example: Learning Math Software, Keyboard Master


F. Presentation Softwareo Provides tools for combining text, graphics,

graphs, animations, sounds that can be placed into a series of electronic slides which is used during presentation.

Example: MS Powerpoint, Lotus Freelance graphics


G. Graphics Softwareo Helps you create, edit, and manipulate images.

Common Use of Graphics Software

1. Photo

2. Painting

3. Drawing and 3-D Objects

4. Animation and Videos

Example: Paint, Adobe photoshop, Adobe illustrator, CorelDraw.


H. Numeric Analysis Softwareo Simplifies task such as constructing numeric

models of physical and social systems, then analyzing those models to predict trends and understand patterns.

Types of Numeric Analysis Software

1. Spreadsheet Software• Are considered to be number crunchers. You can input text,

numbers or formula into a cells to create worksheet, a kind of computerized ledger.

2. Graphing Software • Transform complex data into meaningful graphs that allow you to

visualize and explore data.

3. Statistical Software• Offer a full line of sophisticated statistical analysis tools for large

set of data to generate patterns and relationship.

Example: MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, SPSS


I. Data Management Softwareo Helps in storing, retrieving, finding, updating,

organizing and generating reports regarding gathered and stored data. It has a personal search engine to help you find the information that you need within your databases files.

Example: MS Access, Lotus Approach, Claris File Maker


J. Information and Reference Softwareo Provides a collection of information and a way to

access that information. It stores massive amounts of data that ranges from encyclopedia to medical/law references, from map software to trip planner, for cookbooks to telephone directory,etc..

Example: MS Encarta, IBM’s World Book Encyclopedia, Grolier’s encyclopedia, Compton’s Encyclopedia, Britannica CD.


K. Connectivity Softwareo Connects your computer to a local computer or the

internet with the help of tools in order to share and gather information.

Types of Basic Communication Software

1. Remote Control Software

2. E-mail

3. Web Browser

Lesson 2-Sad303 -Hardware,Software and Peopleware

Documents

flow of data

output devicereturn

desktop computer

computer commands

common input devicespens

common input deviceskeyboardis

common input devicesmouse

certain types of input