166 LESSON 1: Goofy Putty 166 LESSON 1: Goofy Putty You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166 You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166 You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166 You Be The Chemist ® Activity Guide | page 166 LESSON 13: Capillary Carnations ESTIMATED TIME Setup: 5–10 minutes | Procedure: Allow at least 24 hours to make periodic observations. • DESCRIPTION Place white carnations in colored water to make the flower petals change color. • OBJECTIVE This lesson demonstrates capillary action in plants and introduces the forces involved in the process. Students use food coloring to help visualize the movement of water into and through a plant. The lesson can be extended to discuss the molecular structure and properties of water. • CONTENT TOPICS Scientific inquiry; states of matter; properties of matter; attractive forces (surface tension, adhesion, cohesion) • MATERIALS o White carnation flowers o Clear plastic cups o Water o Food coloring o Scissors and/or knife Always remember to use the appropriate safety equipment when conducting your experiment. Refer to the Safety First section in the Resource Guide on pages 391–393 for more detailed information about safety in the classroom. Jump ahead to page 169 to view the Experimental Procedure. OBSERVATION & RESEARCH BACKGROUND Matter exists primarily as a solid, liquid, or gas on the earth. Solids have a definite volume and a definite shape. Examples of solids are chairs, books, and trees. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. Examples of liquids are water and orange juice. Gases have no definite shape and no definite volume. Examples of gases are the oxygen we breathe and the helium that fills balloons. Along with differences in shape and volume, the different states of matter have other unique properties. For example, capillary action and surface tension are unique properties of liquids. Capillary action, or capillarity, is the movement of liquids upward through a narrow tube, cylinder, or permeable substance because of the cohesive and adhesive forces interacting between the liquid and the surface. Cohesion is the attractive force that exists between like particles in a certain liquid. (It’s the attraction that causes like molecules to stick together.) Thus, water molecules are attracted to other water molecules. Likewise, surface tension is a property of liquids that describes the attraction of liquid particles at the surface. The strong attraction (cohesion) of particles at the surface of the liquid creates a surface “film” that makes NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION STANDARDS SUBJECT MATTER This lesson applies both Dimension 1: Scientific and Engineering Practices and Dimension 2: Crosscutting Concepts from “A Framework for K–12 Science Education,” established as a guide for the updated National Science Education Standards. In addition, this lesson covers the following Disciplinary Core Ideas from that framework: • PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter • PS2.A: Forces and Motion • LS1.A: Structure and Function • ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World (see Analysis & Conclusion)
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166LESSON 1: Goofy Putty 166LESSON 1: Goofy PuttyYou Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 166You Be The Chemist® Activity Guide | page 166
LESSON 13: Capillary CarnationsESTIMATED TIME Setup: 5–10 minutes | Procedure:Allow at least 24 hours to make periodic observations.
• DESCRIPTIONPlace white carnations in colored water to make theflower petals change color.
• OBJECTIVEThis lesson demonstrates capillary action in plants andintroduces the forces involved in the process. Studentsuse food coloring to help visualize the movement ofwater into and through a plant. The lesson can beextended to discuss the molecular structure andproperties of water.
• CONTENT TOPICSScientific inquiry; states of matter; properties ofmatter; attractive forces (surface tension, adhesion,cohesion)
• MATERIALSo White carnation flowers
o Clear plastic cups o Water o Food coloring o Scissors and/or knife
Always remember to use the appropriate safetyequipment when conducting your experiment.
Refer to the Safety First section in the Resource Guide on pages 391–393 for more detailed information aboutsafety in the classroom.
Jump ahead to page 169 to view theExperimental Procedure.
OBSERVATION & RESEARCH
BACKGROUNDMatter exists primarily as a solid, liquid, or gas on the
earth. Solids have a definite volume and a definite shape.
Examples of solids are chairs, books, and trees. Liquids
have a definite volume but no definite shape. Examples of
liquids are water and orange juice. Gases have no definite
shape and no definite volume. Examples of gases are the
oxygen we breathe and the helium that fills balloons.
Along with differences in shape and volume, the
different states of matter have other unique properties.
For example, capillary action and surface tension are
unique properties of liquids.
Capillary action, or capillarity, is the movement of liquids
upward through a narrow tube, cylinder, or permeable
substance because of the cohesive and adhesive forces
interacting between the liquid and the surface. Cohesion
is the attractive force that exists between like particles
in a certain liquid. (It’s the attraction that causes like
molecules to stick together.) Thus, water molecules are
attracted to other water molecules.
Likewise, surface tension is a property of liquids that
describes the attraction of liquid particles at the surface.
The strong attraction (cohesion) of particles at the
surface of the liquid creates a surface “film” that makes
NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION STANDARDS SUBJECT MATTERThis lesson applies both Dimension 1: Scientific and Engineering Practices and Dimension 2: Crosscutting Conceptsfrom “A Framework for K–12 Science Education,” established as a guide for the updated National Science EducationStandards. In addition, this lesson covers the following Disciplinary Core Ideas from that framework: • PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter • PS2.A: Forces and Motion • LS1.A: Structure and Function • ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World (see Analysis & Conclusion)
You Be The Chemist® Activity Guide | page 167
LESSON 13: Capillary Carnationsmoving an object through the surface of a liquid more
difficult than moving the object when it is completely
submerged in the liquid. Surface tension is also the
reason liquids tend to keep a low surface area. For
example, water droplets will tend to form into a sphere
rather than spreading out flat.
Conversely, adhesion is
the force of attraction
between unlike
molecules. It’s the
force that causes
water molecules to
stick to the inside
of a glass. The
forces of capillary
action are strong
enough to move the liquid
upward against the force of gravity.
All plants need water to survive, and most plants get
that water from the soil. Capillary action helps to move
water, and the nutrients dissolved in the water, up into
the plant’s roots and through all parts of the plant.
The water gets into the plant’s roots and adheres to the
plant tissue. The plant tissue attracts the water molecules
(because of adhesion), pulling the water up into the
plant. As one water molecule climbs, the cohesive
attraction to other water molecules pulls those molecules
up the stem as well. Why does all the water move
upward in the entire stem, rather than just some water
molecules moving upward along the edges? The surface
tension of the water keeps the surface intact, so the
whole liquid surface is dragged upward, pulling the rest
of the water molecules upward behind it.
HYPOTHESIS
uWhen the stems of white carnation
flowers are placed in colored water, the
colored water will move up through the plant,
causing the petals to change color.
CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THECHEMIST CHALLENGE
For additional background information, please
review CEF’s Challenge study materials online at
http://www.chemed.org/ybtc/challenge/study.aspx.
• Additional information on states and properties ofmatter, including surface tension, can be found inthe Classification of Matter section of CEF’sPassport to Science Exploration: The Core ofChemistry.
DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CLASSROOM
LOWER GRADE LEVELS/BEGINNERSPerform the experiment as described on page 169, butspend more time on the states and properties of matter.Show pictures of different items—a chair, milk, a balloon.(A balloon is solid, but what fills the balloon?) Ask thestudents to identify the state of matter for each substanceand describe the differences between the states.
Likewise, focus more on the different properties of matter,specifically the properties of liquids. Pour a little water ona desk to illustrate the cohesive attraction of watermolecules. The water will form droplets. Then tilt thedesk slowly so the water flows off the edge. Does it lingerat the side of the desk before falling to the ground?Discuss how cohesion and adhesion play a part.
Fun FactIn ancient Greece,
carnations were used to
make ceremonial crowns.
In this experiment, the adhesive and cohesive forces
pull the water up into the carnation against the force of
gravity. This action can be proven by using food
coloring. The food coloring is drawn upward into the
plant and its petals with the water.
FORMULAS & EQUATIONSWater is a liquid substance that is essential to the
survival of plants and animals.
The chemical formula for pure water is H2O.
This formula illustrates that a molecule of water is
comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
HIGHER GRADE LEVELS/ADVANCED STUDENTSDESCRIPTIONPlace white carnations in colored water to make the
flower petals change color.
OBJECTIVEThis lesson demonstrates capillary action in plants and
explores the structure of plants and properties of water.
Students use food coloring to help visualize the
movement of water into and through a plant.
OBSERVATION & RESEARCH Matter exists primarily in three states on the earth—solid,
liquid, or gas, and each state of matter has unique
properties. The properties of matter are characteristics
that describe a particular substance. For example, solids
have a definite shape. Likewise, liquids are often
described by certain unique properties, such as surface
tension.
Capillary action, or capillarity, is the movement of liquids
upward through a narrow tube, cylinder, or permeable
substance because of the cohesive and adhesive forces
interacting between the liquid and the surface. Cohesion
is the attractive force that exists between like particles in
a certain liquid. (It’s the attraction that causes like
molecules to stick together.)
Surface tension is another property of liquids that results
from cohesion. The strong attraction (cohesion) of
particles at the surface of the liquid creates a surface
“film” that makes moving an object through the surface
of a liquid more difficult than moving the object when it
is completely submerged in the liquid. Surface tension is
also the reason liquids tend to keep a low surface area.
For example, water droplets will tend to form into a
sphere rather than spreading out flat.
Conversely, adhesion is the force of attraction between
unlike molecules. It’s the force that causes water
molecules to stick to the inside of a glass. The forces of
capillary action are strong enough to move the liquid
upward against the force of gravity.
All plants need water to survive, and most plants get that
water from the soil. Capillary action helps to move water,
and the nutrients dissolved in the water, up into the
plant’s roots and through all parts of the plant. The water
is attracted to the plant’s roots as a result of adhesion.
It then moves across the root cells to a certain type of
plant tissue called xylem. Xylem is a complex plant tissue
made up of vessels (or small hollow tubes) that transport
water and dissolved minerals through the plant. Xylem
also provides structural support to the plant.
The attraction of the water molecules to the xylem
causes the water to adhere to the sides of these tiny tubes,
climbing up the sides as more water molecules move
toward the tissue. The water, however, does not just move
upward along the sides of the xylem. It moves up through
the entire tube. The surface tension of the water keeps the
surface intact, so the whole liquid surface is dragged
upward. Cohesion then causes the rest of the water
molecules below the surface to be pulled upward as well.
In this experiment, the adhesive and cohesive forces pull
the water up into the carnation against the force of
gravity. This action can be seen by using food coloring.
The food coloring is drawn upward into the plant and its
petals with the water.
DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CLASSROOM
CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THECHEMIST CHALLENGE
For additional background information, pleasereview CEF’s Challenge study materials online athttp://www.chemed.org/ybtc/challenge/study.aspx.
• Additional information on states and properties ofmatter, including surface tension, can be found inthe Classification of Matter section of CEF’sPassport to Science Exploration: The Core ofChemistry.
Use the questions from the activity sheet or your own
questions to discuss the experimental data. Ask students
to determine whether they should accept or reject their
hypotheses. Review the information in the Scientific
Inquiry section on pages 14–16 to discuss valid and
invalid hypotheses.
ASSESSMENT/GOALS
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able
to …
• Apply a scientific inquiry process and perform anexperiment.
• Differentiate between the different states of matter.
• Describe capillary action and the attractive forces ofcohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.
• Explain the importance of capillary action in nature.
• Explain the purpose of xylem in plants (see Differentiation in the Classroom).
MODIFICATIONS/EXTENSIONS
Modifications and extensions provide alternative methods
for performing the lesson or similar lessons. They also
introduce ways to expand on the content topics presented
and think beyond those topics. Use the following
examples or have a discussion to generate other ideas
as a class.
• Before the lesson, take a paper towel and hold thebottom of it in a cup of water. Have the students watchas water rises up the paper towel. Ask your students ifthey know how this is possible. Discuss how water canrise up against the force of gravity. Most will knowthat the water is being absorbed by the paper towel,but they may not know that it is because of capillaryaction. The water adheres to the fibers in the papertowel and climbs up the paper towel, pulling otherwater molecules upward as well because of cohesion.
• After the experiment, cut the stems of the carnationsand have the students observe the tiny tubes in theplant. Magnifying glasses may help them to see thetubes.
REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS
• Most plants get the water they need to survive throughtheir roots. While some plants can absorb waterthrough their leaves, water from the ground generallycontains other nutrients that are useful to the plant. By obtaining water from the ground, the minerals andnutrients dissolved in the ground water are pulled upinto the plant as well. As a result, it is important towater the ground where plants grow. If you only waterthe leaves or top of the plant, the plant will not getenough water to survive.
• Blood is mostly water, so the forces of adhesion,cohesion, and surface tension, and therefore capillaryaction, can be observed with blood. If you prick yourfinger, the blood will form droplets. Likewise, if theedge of a sterile gauze pad touches the blood, the bloodwill quickly move up through the fibers of the gauze.
COMMUNICATION
Discuss the results as a class and review the activity sheet.
Review the information in the Scientific Inquiry section on
pages 14–16 to discuss the importance of communication
to scientific progress.
You Be The Chemist Activity Guides | page 171You Be The Chemist® Activity Guide | page 171
LESSON 13 ACTIVITY SHEET: Capillary Carnations
OBSERVE & RESEARCH
1. Write down the materials you see. ____________________________________________________________________
3. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an
image of the example.
Term Definition Example (write or add image)
Solid A state of matter characterized by a definite volumeand definite shape.
LiquidA state of matter that has a definite volume but nodefinite shape; a liquid will take the shape of thecontainer that holds it, filling the bottom first.
GasA state of matter that has no definite volume orshape; a gas will take the shape of the containerthat holds it, filling the entire container.
Capillary actionThe ability of a substance to be drawn (possiblyupward) through a tiny tube or vessel due toadhesive and cohesive forces; also known ascapillarity.
CohesionAn attractive force that holds atoms or ions of asingle body together; an attraction betweenparticles of the same kind.
Surface tensionA property of liquids that describes the attraction ofliquid particles at the surface; the strong attractionof particles at the surface of a liquid creates asurface “film.”
Adhesion An attractive force that holds atoms or ions ofdifferent substances together.
4. Consider what will occur if white carnations are placed in colored water and why.
uWrite your hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________
EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE—ADVANCEDHave students complete this section if you used the advanced differentiation information, or challenge them to find the answers to these
questions at home and discuss how these terms relate to the experiment in class the next day.
1. Define the following key term. Then, provide an example of it by writing the example or drawing/pasting an image
of the example.
Term Definition Example (write or add image)
XylemA complex plant tissue made up of networks of vessels (or small hollow tubes) that transport water and dissolved minerals through the plant; provides structural support tothe plant.
You soak the soil around the plant with water because plants absorb water through their roots, which are in the ground. The water is
then transported throughout the plant by tiny vessels. If you just sprinkled the water on the plants’ leaves, the plant may not absorb enough
water to survive.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. The chemical equation for the reaction is
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight (energy) g C6H12O6 + 6O2. This process occurs within the chloroplasts found in the plant cells.