Radar Principles and Radar Principles and Systems Systems Part I Part I
Oct 27, 2014
Radar Principles and Radar Principles and SystemsSystems
Part IPart I
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Comprehend basic operation of a simple Comprehend basic operation of a simple pulse radar system and a simple pulse radar system and a simple continuous wave radar systemcontinuous wave radar systemKnow the following terms: pulse width, Know the following terms: pulse width, pulse repetition frequency, carrier pulse repetition frequency, carrier frequency, peak power, average power, frequency, peak power, average power, and duty cycleand duty cycleKnow the block diagram of a simple pulse Know the block diagram of a simple pulse radar systemradar system
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Comprehend the concept of Doppler Comprehend the concept of Doppler frequency shiftfrequency shift
Know the block diagram of a simple Know the block diagram of a simple continuous wave radar system (amplifiers, continuous wave radar system (amplifiers, power amplifiers, oscillators, and power amplifiers, oscillators, and waveguides)waveguides)
Comprehend the use of filters in a CW Comprehend the use of filters in a CW radar systemradar system
Two Basic Radar TypesTwo Basic Radar Types
Pulse TransmissionPulse Transmission
Continuous WaveContinuous Wave
Pulse TransmissionPulse TransmissionPulse Width (PW)Pulse Width (PW)– Length or duration of a given pulseLength or duration of a given pulse
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) – Frequency at which consecutive pulse are transmittedFrequency at which consecutive pulse are transmitted
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF)Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF)– Time from beginning of one pulse to the nextTime from beginning of one pulse to the next– Inverse of PRFInverse of PRF
PW determines radar’s PW determines radar’s – Minimum detection rangeMinimum detection range– Maximum detection rangeMaximum detection range
PRF determines radar’s PRF determines radar’s – Maximum detection rangeMaximum detection range
Pulse Radar ComponentsPulse Radar Components
SynchronizerSynchronizer TransmitterTransmitter
Display UnitDisplay Unit ReceiverReceiver
PowerPowerSupplySupply
ANT.ANT.DuplexerDuplexer
RF Out
Ech
o In
Antenna Control
Continuous Wave RadarContinuous Wave Radar
Continual energy transmissionContinual energy transmission
Separate transmit/receive antennasSeparate transmit/receive antennas
Relies on “DOPPLER SHIFT”Relies on “DOPPLER SHIFT”
Doppler Frequency ShiftsDoppler Frequency Shifts
Motion Away: Echo Frequency Decreases
Motion Towards:Echo Frequency Increases
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Continuous Wave Radar Continuous Wave Radar ComponentsComponents
Discriminator AMP Mixer
CW RFOscillator
Indicator
OUTOUT
ININ
Transmitter Antenna
Antenna
Pulse Vs. Continuous WavePulse Vs. Continuous Wave
Pulse EchoPulse EchoSingle antennaSingle antenna
Gives range, usually Gives range, usually altitude as wellaltitude as well
Susceptible to jamming Susceptible to jamming
Range determined by Range determined by PW and PRFPW and PRF
Continuous WaveContinuous Wave
Requires 2 antennaeRequires 2 antennae
Range or Altitude infoRange or Altitude info
High SNRHigh SNR
More difficult to jam but More difficult to jam but easily deceivedeasily deceived
Can be tuned to look Can be tuned to look for frequenciesfor frequencies
RADAR Wave ModulationRADAR Wave Modulation
Amplitude Modulation– Vary the amplitude of the carrier sine waveVary the amplitude of the carrier sine wave
Frequency Modulation– Vary the frequency of the carrier sine waveVary the frequency of the carrier sine wave
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation– Vary the amplitude of the pulsesVary the amplitude of the pulses
Pulse-Frequency Modulation– Vary the Frequency at which the pulses occurVary the Frequency at which the pulses occur
AntennaeAntennae
Two basic purposes:Two basic purposes:
– Radiates RF energyRadiates RF energy
– Provides beam forming and energy focusingProvides beam forming and energy focusing
Must be 1/2 the wave length for maximum wave Must be 1/2 the wave length for maximum wave length employedlength employed
Wide beam pattern for searchWide beam pattern for search
Narrow beam pattern for trackingNarrow beam pattern for tracking
Beamwidth Vs. AccuracyBeamwidth Vs. Accuracy
Beamwidth vs Accuracy
Ship A Ship B
Determining Azimuth Angular Determining Azimuth Angular MeasurementMeasurement
Azimuth Angular MeasurementRelative Bearing = Angle from ship’s heading.True Bearing = Ship’s Heading + Relative Bearing
NShip’s Heading Angle
Target Angle
Determining AltitudeDetermining Altitude
Determining Altitude
Altitude
Angle of Elevation
Altitude = slant range x sin0 elevation
Concentrating Radar Energy Concentrating Radar Energy Through Beam FormationThrough Beam Formation
Linear ArraysLinear Arrays– Uses following principlesUses following principles
Wave summation (constructive interference)Wave summation (constructive interference)
Wave cancellation (destructive interference) Wave cancellation (destructive interference)
– Made up of two or more simple ½ wave antennaeMade up of two or more simple ½ wave antennae– Example – Aegis RadarExample – Aegis Radar
Quasi-opticalQuasi-optical– Uses reflectors and “lenses” to shape the beamUses reflectors and “lenses” to shape the beam
Wave GuidesWave Guides
Used as a medium for Used as a medium for high energy shielding.high energy shielding.
Uses magnetic field to Uses magnetic field to keep energy centered keep energy centered in the wave guide.in the wave guide.
Filled with an inert gas Filled with an inert gas to prevent arcing due to to prevent arcing due to high voltages within the high voltages within the wave guide.wave guide.
Questions?Questions?