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luhtlllttl'll tu thc ('i% il I n}; Inccttny I'tuytuntntc

ui I'. utrtl I ullitlntcut of ihC Itckluttcnlcttts

lilt tltc I)CyICC 114010"1 of 0 low')

(('I% II htgIUcct illy. )

I 7n1%ct+itt I cIºttt'lugs I'ctrýýtta+

lia1ulat cri 1'441041

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I'cIA Patul k uliua)t

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: \luýýsus ('r: r.., u ;k William

A hn+ýc4t di. settatiutt %libillittc(l to 111C ("i%il hnpincctittp. I'tuFiaiiunr

Iýni% crati I ckrnoIori I'I" I I: ( tN: 1ti it) hattial Iullilºncººl uI the rcºluirenºent Iur the

Itadhclur of 1 nlýincrrinf, tI low. )

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I'toicct I%uhct% 1u11

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I I-N)tio ýI I. I'I It: 1h

('F'. IZ I IFI('ATION OF ORI(: INA1.1'1'Y'

Ihi% 1% tu cctilf'% that I am responsihlc for the work suhmittcd in this project, that the original work is my own exccpt as specified in the references und acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undcrtukcn or donc by unspecified sources or pcf'tats.

Alu) . iu% ('ca. +ar ak. Willinm

U

ABSTRACT

the usage of natural antiwashout admixture for underwater structure in Malaysia is

studied for its behavior used as admixture. This study is iterated on finding potential natural

antiwashout admixture having similar properties as chemical antiwashout admixture. The

significance of this research would he important to find new resource of admixture, reducing

underwater construction cost and time. Sample such as starch, and agar will he taken into

au-count for its potential as antiwasho ut admixture. '11iis research starts by searching fair any other

relevant journal or article published by other researches and from there, the results would be

review and useful information will be summarize and taken as an infiirnurtion to this research.

Iligh-performance underwater concrete (III' IJW(') can incorporate a variety of chemical

admixtures, particularly AWA and supcrplasticiscr. Most AWAs are water-soluble polymers that

increase the viscosity and yield of cement paste and concrete (2,14). 11igh concentrations of

AWA are neccasaryy when the concrete is cast in flowing water, including the surface none, and

when the mix is designed to he highly flowahle to spread around obstacles with minimum

scgrvgation and water dilution and develop flat surfaces. The experiment is done using selection

of ordinary Portland cement, Sikament- IOOS(' antiwashout, starch based antiwushout, and course

and fine aggregate. Ir the coarse aggregate the site of aggregate used is passing 20 nom sieve

sire I he placement of concrete is done by trcmic pndxss, dropped and three diflcrent heights.

I or c. crr height three samples of data is taken into consideration. The result of the experiment

shows that Sikament has higher compressive strength compared to starch base antiwashout. The

strength of concrete samples using starch antiwushout were not uflccted by the height, dropped

from 0,9,0,6. and 0.4, tramples dropped from lower height yield higher compressive strength

than those dropped from 0.9m, and 0.4m. From the result obtained from experiment Sikamcnt

lOOM outperformed the natural starch based antiwashout admixture. however the strength of

concrete samples that uses starch were not afl'ectcd by the height of the dropped samples.

iii

'1'A1i1. F. OF ( ON 1 FINIS

('/IAPTT"R I /. YTRU! )l ( 7! ON

1, I liack&qound of Mud)

1.: f rahkm titntrmrnt

I .1( )hjc%: tivn of Kcjxxt

1.4 k(Ic of xtudy

1. I Ilw4xy of Anti"A a.. huut Admixturc

2.2 EnvironmcntAl ('uKtsidcrntian

2.3 Mcchani%m

2.4 ('atcgary- a(Antiwasltcxrt Adrnixturc

2,4.1 tiupcrplasticiscr in Antiwa. vhuut ('uncrctc Mixturc

2.4.2 1'ruprrtic,

2. S 1)"pcs ar 1c+tinK Mcthoxl

2,5.1 titrcam Ic+t

2.5.2 p1 I Factor 1'cm

2.53 1'lungc 1-cm

2 S. 4 Spray I cst 2.6 Admixturc ( tiikamcn 1(x)ti(' )

l'fL1PTf', 'R .1 REVfAR(ll METHODOLOGY

t1 Matcnal l: wtl And NrcpcrAtion

-1.1. I Mixing Admixturc into ('anactc mix

3.1.: 'l tmk Construction

3,1.3 AWrcgatc prcparntion

I4 ('uhc 'i cwt ý. 1,5 lrcmic 1'rnxcvs

1.2 ('anrrctc Mix t)c*il; n

I

2

3 I

4

() 6

K

I0

10

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Iý

I;

14

15 10

17

Ix

ly

19

19

20

I,

IV

CHAPTER 4 RE:. SI 'l. T .i I)I. S('l/SSI()N

4.1 Kc%ult%

4.2 Uixusxian

4.2.1 titrcngth and I)urshility

4.2.2 c kwrvat iun

l'f1.1PTI Rs (Y). vc'LiýSIUýý' R R1: Y'UMIiNI)AyYUN

5.1 CmUlusiun

5.2 itec4xnnxnclA(itxi

(MPTE"R 6 RE'E'Eh'RE'N('E: S

23

26 28

28

30

31

6.1 Kctcrcncc% "13

LIST U* F'1(: l iltFa

Figure 2.1: l hcmical Structure of V clan gulf)

Figure 3.1: Placing the mould into the tank using overhead crane.

Figure 3.2 Pumping method

Figure 4.1: (omprv* ive strength of concrctc using Sikamen I OOS('

Figure 4.2: ('o mpressive titrvngth of concrete using starch.

Figure 4.3: ('oxnpurison of compressive

trrngth of ctxtcrrte using Sikwncn I WS(' & starch

1F' gurr 4.4 Placing the ccxlcrrte into the mold

LIST OF TABLES

I able :1l Ia%ws ul Vi' os, ty-Inducing Admixturc

I We 2.2 I ypc or water xºIuhlc pulymcrx

I able 21: ('rilcria of Kclatiu ship between Flow ability and Conditiom of' Execution

I able 4I: ('ompmaive strength at 28 days

I able 4.2: ('ixnpr ti ve strength at 7 days

7

20

21

25

25

26

26

8

9

12

23

24

vi

( II%I'II II I: I\IIZOI)1 ( IIO\

I. I liurl. y; round of %tudý

I'11tICtNillC1 %rtt1lilCt1119 IN iltfulltcJ Iul Il1i111) utt%hoIC i1411\ ItICs file ttll\ III oltttlllttt1111t'� 111\111};

Illt><C"+ ot ulltlct\tAtcr taotlCtCiC alltl othCt I)toI1C1tICs ttI l't1I1Crc'1c illC \c'l\ 111111mlailt and it needs

111\C+l1E; atlul) C%pCClally hct: au+C thC I11ulturllttl1111F! and I11uItCltlc's of 111t. ' iutlilc'Ic tlCllc'llllti \CI\

t111,10h oll the I+rullCrtlc'. ol Iltl; retllcltt. arallahIc III tile local rrglun. In thr iun. truitlttn ot ufkhote

aruclutC., u11tICr \\atCt cultcrctlltl; 11Iny lilt Iltlllultant tule.

I'nllcmatct cuttcrctc may by tacd to IiII I, rc-cxcmutc, l hulcs III Ihc wit Iluut. II nuty he u. ed Iu

Ichalt Ihc "uhmurmc ptpchnc, if it Is Iruktnl; by pommy. untlrtwutrt cunctete ()III() the (IIIIIIared

Iucutum It nut) tic hlacc. in htlc, to I; tCe tuhle, I aructutul , trcnl; th und it, event huckltnl;

I'ndct %% utct cunctctc can tic used it) . tuhtltic the I'tl'cltnc., Iilltl on the "eit (luur I hctc hus al. u

hccn }. ýtm% tnh tntetca in use of cuncrctc with Ihr hrc-scncc ul'untm a. huut n, Intmutc 1A\1'A1 Iut

untlcmatet . ttuctutal tchattti

Wclan punts arc sulttc of tltc u. cºI III untlcrt%atcI cuncrctulp.. Iltc ntatetla) 1% Iong! Chain

Ikºlyntcn cºuº1 lids high Ittulcculat \%cll; ht of applººtttuatcly ' ittl1hººt1 F. r. uns. Othcts such as a. uCh

atul ague arc t«u tnatettals ihat ha%c althtutitttatc prupctttcs as chemtcal A\Y. \'s. In the c. ºsc if

uutlcr«utct Cuncrcttng upcrattuuv nttt drstgn pluys a stgnilicant patt in ihc unetall cllictcncy ul'

«ºu+tlu#.; tit'll in ICI Ills uI'trehltuluglc. Il quality anti u%ctall cCºlilt ºmlC. Almost wtlhuut ctccpUon

. Mill mI\cy %%III hc IrNurrcd

I

11, ant) %rltlrk : I% alI: ihlr tit hc II Sccl tI% : \\\ :\

Ic thc 111t1ics's 411 untlrlýtatcl itlnilcllnF in

atcl Ct)11i11"tl" I11iI11lit 11c11111F; : \\1 :1I hclc 1%

F. 1, still nc"- I11uItrIIICd I11 itulilctc" Itt1n1

I lh'I iII(I. Iý'"I'., 1I'. iIIIt'It'IIIIIIIL'1III\I IIIIII i

il\tI It IIlltl II It' III. IItII Itl. t"" III IllIlllI1\II, i

rý\ III lI1C i11111\\ il'+hlltll lI]t'l1 111 l'1111%11U1 11, .II

tllý' full it %11h%lIit 1Iv Iltali, 11.11 111; 11 1% lIlr. ll

C\1 l't111111i111\' 111i11 I11i11111Ii1t'IllIt' aIll I\1; I% Ili lll

xlf)'. I fills, 41II11N 1n}: fill fiNcd 111P. 11 Ill It t,

I1.1 il 11111. \. 1.11,. 11) III. II1111.1, fill ý1 lt, II

I11,1'. II�lll . 1t1111I11111t' Ill. l11111,1, IIII, t1 �111.1,1,

toll IhmrNrl. It %cIII lilt-III Ilu, Ir cu"t . 111,1 Il lý

cº1 C11111'1CIIIIItl1 III III. IIIIII. It IIIIIII: ý ilii

ýII II�II I�tý, -I1, ý11 .

11111 I11.1111,11'. III d11' 1111.1111\ ,I 1111' III, It1-11,11

utulc"t cc utc"t 1111111 hc"t}tht, ululct cc ttlc"t Il, ý

1111, Cu11. ItICtill11111 "'huulll also hc 1_; t%ctl I.,

11Wt1. lulut un11r1ýc: Ilrt ýunctrtr I. 1ýtr. 11i

r ntalctýul" u"ctl 4111I thc ItII\ 111111111tti,. ýI. -: 1 .,!. ,-d 11 1 1i; l., iI, .I.!.

1.2 1'llibIcm slali"nivnl

I Ill-. 11ho)c, I 1% . 11111 it, lirnl natlºtaI n1iºtrº1: l1 111.11 1, chCall and %%Itlck a%allahlc it, hc u, c(I as AW: \

ºrl+la4cººlcni 1 X11cººmcnl . hall he dunc to lIcnum, lºatc Ihc plot-c� of Un(lcmatcr ý: unilctlnl; 11º

anli tº. dctct111111c ihc «ºngltc+ýIýc stICng Ih 1º1 I1n11C1%%; ItC1 C1º1141C'IC IIºi111lit Hit tlnp.. 111': \ I lit-IV I....

tlCCll It, d1º I11ººtc rC%C11101 ý111ýC u114lciNiltC1 iultº'ICf111}. 1%. still IICN IºIU11C111Cti of lVglilCtC (1u111

thc NºtKrctc lkºurcd I1n11ctNAtct I11lct %11CvIIIc11 IlllillhC'1 1º1' IIIIS. 1. ; Il. u dctcttnlncd h} IIIInIg

tc. C4101 und c'khcrlttlctlt

In this cxhrttttlcttt thc %%ashuul Of rcnlettt Iulstc 11' uhsctvclI to find thC Inalul luses In tunllCt%% atct

4t1titCllflg [Ills cxhCt1I11Ctt1 dCtctt11111C+ the CIICCtIvCtICs.. ul ihC alltm. fßhutlt tlscll III rulNillrllull

l+hasc (`hcnn4al hascd atilt «ashuul 4hctilk'al . uc rustle thtls it suh, tltttiC matrttal that Iti nccalt

arn! «ulcly mallahIC Altatt Itnlft that thctc atc % CIy ICN' Company tltat 111i111t1I: Irtulc anlm ashuul

. uI1111x1tItC nalutally 1I1CtC ono erumltetltuts in ihc inllustty. Thus, aIIum Inp. I'm Iixct! hI}; h pI Irc uI

Chcttu4a) hascd antluashuut adlltlxtutC 111C rltetltlC. ll htlscll autlNa"huut manttlarttit cd IIIC . 1I+()

nutt fit mu

Huýc r1ºit+iru4lstill «ºntparucv nutti hc iºhlr tu 1in11 ilntllý"ilýh1ºUl i11II111ý1n1C I1n111151i14'1111e11 uul+ulr

of Mafar. la and gtrtnl; thcm nºutc 4ºhtuºtt fill cun}Uuitºun Ifuttr\ rt, tt t% III inrut m1ºrc c1º+t ; 11511

41.11 lutcºgtt iutttratuc+ ýauº t%i4c hnºfit 11ur tu It1rk u) cunºItrltUun tn ntnnulcºctuttn}; the

a1lnuýtutc ihc chcnuca) ha+cd antmashuut atc 'dI. U nun humu}; rnuuy.

I he final quality of tIIC concrctc I1cpc11h1% 11411 only on 11uctuution" in Ills gluallt}" of the nlatcriul%

and lIIc4"utc11tcut c1foro, but al. U 4111 the CMOs of Untlcl\\atel ºIlop hcipht, Illidclwalcl flow lll. ta11cc, and %atct sjuticnt. In the arcs 411 1.. on. IIw: Ii41ll, cºUl. lºIclal It'll , houl(I : ºko 11c F; l\C11 to

these l>Kºu11% II)I come baclº to the ýluahts of cuºtºýra"hººut untlcl\\utcl ýonclctc 1. FýlrutIv

aflc, 'tctI b)- the c4111%IrUcItI1lI c4 1il0,111lo t, a. %%CII iº% the l11atciUt1S u, cºI . lud IIºc fill-, 1111,11oä14,11

lhU% It 1% tnllkºltant that 111c%e lact41t% he clºIllllll'IlI. l*i%cI}' colI., llclcdd 11 a . tluctnlc o1 the

tcquttell pctlutmancc 1% tº1 he oblasnc11

2

II( )hjccli<<

I !., ý, " , tl<<-". ,. t tiu". . tuI I). uk* l".

"I ýº Il Iit I aIIC(still tl C tu Oll; itllCal . 11) 11%% c1. lIt I tit, ti1Iki11111"111 I (lutil ' u, 1n}' Ilallll. ll til. lli II IrßCtl

\Illlýý a. huul uthnlýturc 111ai Calt hC Illuull I/IC: III\ . " Iýý 1111ICI111I> the CulI1I1(Cý\11C ýIICIIýII1 of i1H1CICtC l': I%t 11111It"IN; 11C1 tl\111}; S11111'I1

14 %copr of 011d)

i iu . It' . c. uý h I. Iunltc. l to %ttltl) Ihc: cllcct Ill Na. houl ltnc; Utl+ lhc t'ýýntlýlcýýtcc ýlrrt1Eý11º (it

untlcrýccllct tontrrclC lnt: ufltta. ltºny tillºamrtl Ilp)S(' untl nalutul sItuc'h hn. rtt <uttttc; nhoul. Ihtý

Ic. c. u, h I, lcllºu1I; Into al I'm 111C

" 1%Itctulicut clonC 1+ Itmttcd to Irc+h %% am and a111 cc nlcr.

" I: It h. atnplC 1\ III bc rcpCUlCC) thrCC 11111c1 to tc"tiuc-c hulucut r1101 antl h, ; ti htc: c c hcllrl

tc. ult+

" 1ý Ct) MnIItIC K Ill IV tl10l)ltC41 f11lni hCl9111 of ()')Ill, 0.6111, and O. "I ill.

thr. ". tud), thc lulluAt"tI; P: /1: Inlclcl+: uc cunadclcºI In thc nux iºrººhººrltun., -

"º ººýhnarý 1'urildnil ccntcnl (( tl'(

" ýIýnntcn Io(ri('

" ºtUtrl) +1pt41t hn+cd rtnllK ilshººul

" ýi . ItCr

"1 , ý; 1fýC ilýj, 'fCýitiC

"I inc a1; }rcyutc In tim ctpcrlmcnt hallic tnn{t Ihat IN IIºrairt) at itlutlc I ýý uýrtl tn c: ýn: lurt thr c tllrllnunt Irf

thc rtltl+ltuCUur1 tº1 tanlº, ptrilara11u11 of 111c ap, F. lc ý:. 11c, 1+ nrrllrtl by , Ir% 1nP. Ihr tº}; }! fr}! tllt', I tic

Wgý! tCk, 'UICII AtC II1c11 ! KfUÄrtl 111 «1110 illltt Icil it, Ill1' fill ill)I)Ilml11i11r11" 4111t' IlilV al Itniltl

tc11111'Cltltufc. titc%c A11t1IYw- tlullc it) c11%t11r lilat all , I/r, ,I Ihr tl}! }; ir}! tllr, 111r hClll}: }; Ii11Ir(I \1rII

Ihc c, 41cfutlcnl ot llluttc haxcll oll thr t1111c1rn1 «rl}'hl of Iilt' ilp}! 1r}tlir, ilt"t oHtllll}! II) II1C SI/Cs.

(II\I'I1 Il _':

1111 1( \11I(1 1(I \ 11 \\

2.1 1111% 1 O1t1 ( )h %N IIN% AN IIuI I ADN II\ II It I,

: 111 1 tit~. t appcarcd in (, crltlully in the 1ºu1l I9"uk utººI ul Jup: uº III tllc CiºrI1' 1980s, I hl')' Illlý l'

aI. Iý hccn u"cd +u14c tile laic I'1S11y sit tiulih : lnlcllcu Itcecntk, 1111c1c"1 Flu. }aumn In hlhh

pctluttllancC C4111CtC(C C1111l: Itt1111g 41111 ýl: uhuUi iüI1111x1111C hIl l'ihtlllp. iUld t'Cpilllllll.! S11hI11Cll; Cd

. iruclurc. [liming AW: 1 l: ººticrclc 1111, hccn uwll tu repult the hlºSe% ui ti1111111}; huatl, und h}IIr: IUItc canal" danlagcd by ahraullºn"Cruylun I 11.

Noc%ado+, urxlcruatcr Cui1CJCt1r1}: : UC hC4llllltll}: N-IIIcIY 11"4/t In rclrullllt; uiuIc: rtratcr siruc"tulc+. Mcra f>, tid}; c+ attd ull+ItutC aructurcv arc hcul}: IIt11Il alul tllc en. t ut nl; nntuuun}: the aru0tllc.

c. pcvtnliý- uadcrmatcr Is hrconltnt; a challcn}: c Ihl. 1. dur to ihr l, lc. cnc"c III eroaoll that 1s

found tit moo of undctNatcr +Itucturc". Itcl1: u11ny. tlicm cconll/l Iciluuc 11111111'lla' Woll, hecau. c

4a. ttng cioil4tcic tcHulrc% dr} . urtoundul}; With the dccclullnlcnt of : \\\': \, lýlucc.. ut ra. tln}:

cuttcrctc undcruvatcr call hr donc

I tic , Iahllil\ of Ircyh 4Ulkrclc 1.1 Ch41faClcll/c41 by at. Ic, 1, ti1tlCC IU 11'tl, llulll Iu,,, , c}; 1cr. i111o11 and

hlcc4httk and 11 allcl: lcd hy the 1111-it 11c, 1pi1, li}; g1c}! l1tC , 114111c 411141 grnlllltp., imp41�Ih1111y of'

4; unlpactlun hy %1h1af1l1n and e<unllluutlr of 11141C111};. Whcn 41 I111x is slut . ullil"IC11tly , table, tile

Irclncnt pa+tc may 11411 he l: uhc, lrc cnuuph fu 1cf41isl 11)4h1.141u41) 411jg1'c f; llle 1111ftICII', I11 41

hunluýrnruu* su*pcnwull 111e CulUtltlºcllt% thclcliltc , C1141141tc, , il; nilir41slfly IC(ItIvIlig tile

nlcchana: a) prl/pcrtlc" : 1n41 41ur41h1hty ol the h11141ci1c41 CIH1CIcle.

( tº114fCtr 44141 01141crNalcl, Illttc, clltlill %chº4IIi" at Itlr IlºIrllill'r I14't11rrll Ilr\I11)' l"i11I 4.1ºIlclrtr and

14u1,1ºundUlb t%alcf 4; 411 crlKlc cc111cntlUutl14 1111Itr116110 iuul ººtllrl Iinr. Such r141.11ºn uk"ICn. cs

tu, ti, dllý and º11tallutt4111u11 of II1c «utcr 41u) In1I1a1114 . Itrn}: 111,1), ºn1I it, Irlnlºurrnlcnl und 1ºIhcr

14tlttacc14,41141 du, ah, htv ( I)tioýcrul rc14cur4hrl14 haýc rriulr/l Ihr Inyllutrtnrnt In I, IU1ºrltlr+ ul

undcrKatc, ý: ý14t tutloctc and grout I10 hctlcr %%ilslll, ul rc`olstilllvr 0, I)

4

Ilcic1111s, Itltclcst Ilas k; IttNll 111 hlgh1c1IWi11. Illic" iutlt: lc"tt" iulltin11I11}' mill \\. Iýllulll : 1111111\11111"

fill ca+11ng and Icllaltlllg suhnlClt; ctl stlMtulcS I Wing A"A iullilctc has Itcc"Il lUCtI it, Ic11a11

lhc hascs ad s11I11t1p hamlls : 111t1 h1tlt. Itlllf .. 111. II% tIi111L1}xtI It1 ahlil"lull c1o%iW1. Such lc"ltall ullclt

11ccmltatc+ca+llnl; thin hlis ad itºt141ctc lh. 1t i. Ill ltlc"\c111 II1c III: Ilntcn; lnic ui it iun1111umu. ycal at

thc httitnnl ul lhc p144lng llc% lax such as is t1c1111c, lIo1111llý" Ictll111c"tI to 11111111111/c wg1cpallon and

%% atct ctusutn of ilcrhlý casl ctlctctc.

ýýtýN lllý ; ýýý _ý 4ullt; tClC t All ýC 11ýCiUý ýttf t ilýllll}; CuI1t ICIC I11 1\ i11C1 MIC'IC pool \ Itilýtlýlll"

htc%cttt. tlt%ct" Ituttt ctt+uttný thc cuttltttuuu. xca) at tlic hººttuitt lºi thc IºIarm}: ºIr%iCc IIiI; hIp IluAphlC ANA 4W1%; 1CiC 1s u%c11 tu fill sCC111111% 411 t-u11111ic'k }; C1,111c111 NltCl'c 111C t: 4)jjCj'CjC Is

CýI1c41Ctl lu . I)1C441 1C44l11)- UithººUt cttcliliº1 cut111ºt14't1u11 AIu1111t1 huunlltlCtC, uI 1i11111r11 il1C; l, and

tc1111ºº1%; C1ncn1 tu gI%C flat , u1144CY N 1th %ut1111I ti1cC11A1111't1) I)rullclllc%. A11'A l'tºItCI rtc 1, tUUtI Iul

ca%üng %; om cnü0na) Ifr1111C C01WMIC fill

111gh III +iIu Hu4I11y

rollcitituit . culti tu liru(lticc 11umuhIc Ilut sui ütcc. ý, 1

1111pru%ltlg thc %astluut rc, l, tancc tit' conclclc hclll+ untlcmalcl placing Mlclc high %licilgill.

dutahlllty and htsnd In , tcrl arld adlaccnt +urlucc+ ulc ºctlulictl. ('a, tlnp. it Iluui }-cl %ka, houl-

1c, 1, Iant cuncrctc 1, cýpct: 1a11> a11ýa11taýruu, ýn , trurtulal rrpaýl,, Ilctlucln}; thc Iluullty ul thc

m1t call cnharlmc thr rc, l, tatlcc ol" a ct+nctctc ttl dl, llcl, ltal by wntcr. I iuwc%cr, fills k *1111 11tIUt tllt. ah1111y of the catit 111atcrlal Its , prcad readlly Into Illacc s1n11 suound uh, telcIc.. Hy , clccluty un

c11i41c1U tltssauc and Iypc ell a1111=%% a, htsul i1t11111tltirc (AN"A) also ltllu1111 11, viscu, lly"111uthI%n1F;

adnumurc aml supcrpla+twocr of i. pu. ahlr Io hruduk'r it fluid situl %%snhoil ir. uluul

ý>ýtcm t1141 can bc ca+t undkrwutcr %rlthout cumpuclion.

1 I\\II(()\\II\ I\I ( ()\%SII)I U% I IO\

file a1111N4.114111t atlitllltutc" alc not Itnu1111 lu he ILI/althou. ItlletIi11., SIllt'e t'iiIlt lcie %% III, Illca"

: ulllllxtutc+ I. Inutc q; uhc"Iir alit! lc.. . u. cepuhlr to %ta. hlng mu A icnlrlll linr. llullng an

untlcl%tatct t; t. mctctc plat. entcltt, the autct tlttallt) Wild hr allrrte4I it, it Ie.. rl tlrY. ter ih<ul it the

atlmlltutc+ «cri; "an u. cal II a . It; nlti4unl alnouutt of l'cillcllt aa. hrs out of the Gonirctc I11 a

"111411 htKlý tit «atct, thc ptI of the %%atcl r: ul he ul4tra. ctl . IIgill I)-j,, 9 1,

N hcthct Ihl+ 1114; fca"c, it it vhuuhl tit; t: ur, % kill Ic%uIt ul unact"CpiahlC %%Iltcl t1ua1lt. N til tithCl u11t1Cm1ahlC CIItIJu11I11CI11A) ktilt+ctluCI1CCý -. htillltl hc oilluilit'tl till 11 I1ftilCi1 spct'lllt' 11.1. u. l'Ct+ti1111t: ) I: tnUhaf -. %I III C% aluailtill tºI watct till aIIt l II11I1; 14't\ 14, Ctitl\Irtlt'Iltill tiltt'Iiltltiti% %htitlltl ht'

t-4º11+uItc4l dunng thC Cafl% %tagC, Of ptu)cct p11u111In}; to cll. urC that apprtiprl111c trlltCl tlullIltN

,I llclla 411411 11hct CmIfttnmcntal rcgulatlun+ %% III hc Illct.

:. 1 fIt ( If %`ISNI

Ihc : ultl-%% a+huut allntlltutCS pnKlucc upon htanihctt pulynlit nit%cutk In ihc %%atct. Mh1c11 luck%

tººy; cthct thc nttf Natit, ccmcnt and %atttl. IhtS tiltucr+ thc tcutlcniy Im (liluttun with cxtctntll

%%atct /lutlnh atxl Act placutg Ihc cuhcxlull uf thc nn*% t% utctcayctl, tc/it1it11y. %%utkahthty and

f1,, %%-utnntun AWAS tttclut; lc ccllulu"c 1lcttvatl%cS antt pulyýaichutuk+ Itun1 nllituhtal . utccx

Such as clan gunt that httkt Suntc ut ttlc nttNtnV w, ltct, cnhitnctnp. % ttiru, tty An cxanlplc of

. uttcnik u"cd AN": 1 1, hC1t1I! lltalkct Ill l; lpan t)nc (if Ihc 111(m1 i11t11111u111y uwtt ty wclan }.; un1.

Ihc. c : 111A ha%c rclluhº. c 1ºt 4001.: a+ thc 111-1111 1nP1r1l1cnt Ihc sºr101r -1tlntl\tulc ha. iº

1><º1>ucr>Ia11Udc 1"ºI>mct a'- tt. 1ºº. u1º º11P1cºhrºtt Ihr c411u1, ý. r -1, In11\itº1c Is 114U1 11,11lr N-1tc1

tiuluhlc 4cIIu141+. cc ctftcr (f°tkurc I) It Iºas all ItyºIº, 1\º11c 1ºHº (11111 Iºu>r Much Is ; 111ll�ä . 111t11u1 ýº,

ýýatc1 ýI _' I ti. ýtrtc 1ºthct ullnutturc that 1r u>ctl ýy hýº�x>I11iý11y11tºrthylrcllulºý. r (III'ýI("1,

6

h)droxycthylmcthyIccIlulosc 011, W). and hydroxycthylccllulosr (III": ('). 'Ilicsc udmixturcs's

viscosity, whcn disutlYcd, diflcrs with respcct to lwlymcrii. ution, nuolcculur wcight and also typc

nf+uMtitucnt. Ihcy dltix)Ivc rapidly in it mixturc ot' high pf I such its concrctc. 'I'hcir propcrlics

arc not promc to chcmical changcs within cuncrctc as rcuctiom, gclution or dccrnnposition. A WA

arc morc ctlcctivc if'thc hasc fnix is cohcsivc.

t"'igurr 2.1 l'hrmicul titruclurr ul'Wrl: m gum

7

'A l\ IIl. ( )Itl (ºI \N I I\\ \IS II( )I I\I)\II\II Itl

'1t. ºt. ºº. ºI.. th. ºt h. º<< hcrtt u, r(I il" ýl, ýu, ltý iluluýlnE, aºInumurr nlim hc k-la�il, uvl clirººillln}ý tu

thcll hI11 ýICili Aý Uººtl U`ý tººIluýý ý.

I uhlc :. I: of VI"4o, tiy=111luc tng : 1d niI\ tuir

( Iim I> pc

( lim %

I)t"u"riltliull

1\. 1tCt ". 11Iuhlc ", ýttthcll%, Itt. I1 lilt tc, t. c tltc % I.. kt\ iýl Ihc ittl\it1}'.

Ihr> unlutlc . rllttlu. r cthct., III c"r. cluttntircl , lürchc., III' lýcthýIcllc uýulr", ý11ýu1atc. 4: u t aF. rrltutl., Itul\a: tý Ianttclc, cut hu\ Vt IM I Itul)"n1c1. ; uxl lwlyt tttyI : ºI. ulttºI.

( In.. It ( hg: uui tc atrr wluhlr llu:: ul; ultý, Mhli) atC ah. ul hCCI uu thC : rmc"ttt hatttilr. atul I11CtCit. r vi. iu. lil h` plun1ut111p. illtCrpattl: IC +tttruitlun. I hc". C tltairnal alC Itattttal guilt, a)Ic"nc : ulýulynulti ýcltll : athuýýl gluup. atul . ýnihrtti llulyClCiUulytC.

I tlltllmtti) tot ulltttl% ul}! ulilc mutc(1u1., %% 111d) 111c1'CUw ttllct)1: 1111c Ic . 111t. acIt1g1

. 111t1 uIaº . u1ý11Iy utltltilonul . u11c1 tiltc I11: nllclc. in IIºc c etncnt f1,1ý1c I hcu

Ittatcllul t Wtsi. rl of uctyIlc etnukuon untl utfucllus clue 1It. I1cI. uoIL

( la. +1) Inot}; auuc ntaºtcttaºI lumtnE: ht}.; h . ut latcr aucu which uºcrcn. r. Ihr wutcr- Irt. nntttg caºIºactty Of thr tnt\ I hcý tnc"lucic vc: ty tinc chtý. " Ihcutuutic. l, Iº>ru%cutc "tltraº., ccmclcnnccl . tlwu tuntc. hftllrcl u. hraos mid uthcr tihrou., tn: ºtcrtaºI..

111ug: unc mutcrntl, which ". ul, l, ls : ººhtumul liiºc" Iºuºtiilc. it, thc nuºitut I, uac. JIM thctchy ntctca. c+ thc tlux()tt u1ºy, ýuch ; º. Ily u%h, hychntcºi Iimc, koººlin

: ºnºI cal tuuy rock dusts ,

I11e 11Klciroc t'1+4u"II1 of NFltet 111 the Inl\ Ic". UII, III it F. I11c1 (Illxutlulsý of the Cu11CrCIC iU1tl 111

Iltllifu%ctl Ic%I%taltit; Its %CpC}; ilUull Otmlf, c uI (I1C iltlllllxttlll' I'm l'Iilý r'ý A, It illlll ( t1111}.; c I1u111

I4 S°o by weight uI the ltilicl Itt the Int, ti11I1c'Ilsltlsll/IsC1 1% 111culltulillctI to I11C 1111xi11}; of

cuttt; tctc liuac Ihc tttal; lnlutlc of the ihlC'krn1111; CIIcC'I hIU/IIIC'CtI is tlrl1rntlrllt t, Il 111r ; ltlllllxturc

tlu-al: c and IIIuICtU1<II t%cl}; ht of 111i11114ulllltu11c111 1"1, S)

H

M. ºtctt. ºI. tn 1) . lud I iiºIlurtwr thr \oul otiu. tuir h\ u4"tin}; ; º, luoir lillri " although tlir

InUICa+Cd fiI1C% %: u11tCttt uftc11 Itlk'iC. 1. -C,

I11I1114. It1oI1 ul dll' I11t\ ollk it IC\1 ý; ni hr

NlIhl0cllll) %; tqllhlll(7li .. Ilh . \: IICI IClhl4'lllr. allilll\t111C" illlll ýlll1C1111i1ý114'I/C1ý lýý IýItýIIIICI' Clýllill'il'

.. Ith. uhca\c )cl hlkhl) liu.. . lhlc 1111\tulC

1 hc l%pc" 411 Natct-"tºItlllIc ixºIj-Illct. tl. c ItºI tI1IrLcIlllll; 4cI11CIlI . I111IIC%, I1111It; tt illit l 4tºI1CfCIc iI1C

Si . iw.. III I ahlc ', ' Not

all thc ixiI%lltct. . humn ht-hum rau hc u. c to irlot-; la lilt- % Iwu. lty (if thc

ýýalct It) 1111> this 1. hc%; au"C Ilut all arc 11, cutloll l: ullC Ix, llvlllcfs rullll, atlhlC \111l1 l'Cillcllt

. ý. 1C11/"

I tic Itrunarý aruclurcs t)t cla"" A 111atrllaI. 1+ that oI it h11ckht)I1C of . Ia L"alhon. rh; n11. \\. Ith . Idc

caln+ I hc} arc high molccular «clght n1atC1 ull. thal hull/l % I. ro, itic. in . olutioll \ la hydlot; cn

hºanhrll; Iloýýcýcr ccrtanl nlatcclal. trhl'Al lacl. . Igill tirant hy(lolthohlc . uhaitucnt (%twh 11% high

r1uºI"ular Nclight IxºlyýacchulldC. l ; tlC morc tolclant ol . alt und catuºn., . IuhlC to changes In iºII

altd 1C1111iClalurc, and tit) not }; c11C1 alC 141: 1111 ( h(,

1 ahlc 2.2: 1 )pc of watct . cºIuhlc pulymcr.

'tiatutal ticn11 "N lltltctir

Stat%; itc + Iiýilt u\u1'}I ntrthýlrrllulutir 1111'\t( ')

(juar guilt

tKUm bcall guilt

AlgIIlAlCn

CAf f AUCCilAlty

Agat

: \tahi4 runt

taba4411t11 kuttt

Vanthatt guilt

Wclatt Itunt

i

SIN ntliriir

I1t1i1'vI11N I ulk-1111t11 ( I'V: \ )

IIýJiýýýýcthýl ccllulow (11F(')

(': uhu. ýmcihy) 4 cllulu, c ((AI(

I'iul, ylclic (iI)vul AIk! Ittulc (I'(iA)

) ctllý-Icnc c )-vculc 0' 1 .1

Po IYUi i yIunI It Ic

I', I\ il: i S-IIII c

I', ýIy %iný Ip ý-i lo IIt Iumc

ci

2.4.1 fupctllIit, tiri, cr In %nti\%CI%Ilollt ( ottrr'clc NIi%itirt.

\. ulýý i, w. ualk 111. ,I pq 11.1lcti %% illt Ihc A \\ :\ 1u c1lh; tnk. C \\ �i k; t11i111 \ . nul u\ utd Ihc

ttccd tu mctcasc «. m into, (tcg: utlic� ui the tcllutt"l %: 01a, ý . u11 ý% t: nt tatul, a 11tu11ct

cunlhutaUun of \\\. \ and . ullctilia . ltrMCI can aFnliic; utlly cnh; ulcc "lnhuul tc. ta; tn: c. 15% rcut

unptu%c thc ahtht} to the puaC it, tclatn "mil}; 1ýalct, , u, 11cn11 ugl; rehalc huntulýcncuuaý, and

fill cungCmCtl %ttUOutal wotuns.

file Prtºttuctton ul nnn tI1111c111hIc cullullLll tltltlcmIItCt Ctlllct'ete, tt11n1n1un1 tt; ltrl k'CII)CIII fallos

lungc Illilt tº 1h tu tº 40, and t; clttcttt, tt Ith Iinc ul; grc}; Ittr cuntcntl Itrc h1E: hcI tlla ut L. u1 rc. Ilundittg

nuW1 Iu udjult thc tyukturc to uhtlun t1e11rCtl tIc11P. n I1i1ri111tCtc1\ 1'01 all I1tullcttlc. Is dlllicult.

Ihc u1c of A%% A und 1u11crplulttcticr, loch 111 11I1ci1 Iutuc of cumcntlun; tl %%utct tctluccr. c; 111

Icdut; c +rkrcl; utltºn life key it) ttun t11111er1ihlc cuncrctt: %%Ith "Cif (ctclinr. cltuructcti%tlc% 1+ file

luccc. llul aptlaluiutlun ui the : \W: \ with file 1uI1cr11lu1tlt ücr tu II1Crc11w the ýIumI1.

2 . a.: i't'upct lic+

ýýIýýt 4u11ýCt1ltAhullý of AWA AfC 11C4CNNü1'N" \\'IICII 41t114IC1C is Cllsl ill flu\1'Itl}; \1; IlCl I hu+ inrluJrz

thc surla4C /'11C and «IICII 111C I111% 1'. lic%lgncll to tic h1F. hly Illmjlhlc to yhlcslll Iuuunll t'haaclcs

%%Ith minunutn . cgrcgatuon, %%Iltcr lllllltlull, anll cloclull Ilat . urfil4c.. tiullcrhlaamucr is uulally 111ýutjhwalctl N Ilh AWA lo CtthancC wul kilhlIlll' ililll mold t11c n1CrCllsc w11tC1 to l'CI11c111 (\V C)

latllt

such Icpall It, 1lcn IICCC! +yIIqICY %; 0%111 IV. II1I1I IIIt. of %"ullclctc IIIIIi Ci111 (ll'C% CIII tllc III it III ICilillllC u1' is

cunUnuuu+ "ca) at thc Ikmwu ul thr h1; 1k-111p, 4Ic1'ICt such its it I1c1111C, nulnlully Ictluucd 10

n11nIn11IC "cgtcguttun arnl %%utct cnº, tntt of I1catly vast runrtctc Flowing A\1'A runrictc run hc

u"clul fill ca. hitý! oun4rctc III %%utct %tlicic pool \I0h111ty picrcnt, ýliýct" 1'i11m cn. uttng thc

4uttttnuou+ +cttl at thc IkNtutlt of thc placing. do irc.

10

HI;; hI% Iluut, ahlc =\\\: \ . tln4lctc I. u"ctl to 1,111 "c. "tlun" III iunlllle\ }'rutltrttý \%hele tllr cunl: tele

1% t7\11cclcll tu. 111Call IcatllIý \%I[lit lll c\tciflit l ý'tlntllýtitloll il Iit ntI hullllllatw.

of lutntetl ;u ea. ; uul

Icll1lu11; clllcill Ill l; l%c 16t. utlil4cý %%Illl . ulllltl nlrilt, Inliul Illullcttll'.. : \\\': \ runitelc I. uscd lut

s. a"tlil} ium c1111u11al ticlillc iullilclC fill iuffelt1at11 a'als to lllullllie Ilu\lilhll' 11; 11 i, 11110cci, lit

htph ul-. Itu llualtly 141

Ithorjhºralltlg AWA stilt, cotwtclc Illa1 IIICtCa. 'C lllc 1ICItI %trcs" anti illtio the plastic \"Iýl'lºtill) ul

thc ccnlcnt IjII hc aatl+Ucal c.. pCl ltttctttut tic-sign nlcthotl 1" rlltorou% icchnltluc lot both

a'. jllc% ltlj; tlc"uctl pnºpcrtlcs ilrul c+t: Ihh. hllip. iul olºtuluic(I 1111 \tulC Iot lhc }; ýýcn conýtlsunt \ch1lc

nlills tntung dlc numhcr of lrlal. ticclc) I iI tcpottctl on c%aluatlon of ront"rctc tnwutc lot u. c in

urnicrttatcr rcpalr tic Inclutictl concrctc matic with li\c tlll'I'ctcnt anUm'ayhout , ulnllxtutr. Iic

IouniI that a1I had a hcncli4ºal cllc%t but nunc Stood uul : º. betto than the uthc,

I tic Ilktot l><Itdistill tit IItIC I11atCrlul Call also add it) 111C 111CICi1sC Of viscosity ill CCI11C111 pasiC.

Nll h pctllanlalkc undctuatcr 4lnwtctc 1111' IAVt'º ý"1111 InCttllºli11C It t llricly lll' ChcnUCü)

adnutItutc., parttculatly : \\\'A ultd . upcrplual41sc1, Most A\\'A. ulc \%utrt suluhlc plllymcls lhut

InCtcasc thc ýIKtý, ltý antl y1CId tit t; cnlcnt hastC und CutlClrtc. IIIr. I1 ittllCl'I)lllit ltllls tIl : \\\'; \ utc

nC4c""aty Nhcil (hC t; tlnCiCic o. %; list 111 I1t1111111; t1"iltcl, Ilit: Itit ln}; Ihc st111üCC i011C.

\tutlat and cuncrrtc nUxcd ý% slit 4clltllu. c ctllct havc }; ICi1tlY II1C1ci1. cll list Colliclit. III tim Cast: an

alt=dcttalmn$can INC addcd tu thc A WA it) CcIIIICe i111 CUllicilt ltl thc cl/ilclctc hcl%% ccu t"ýý S"ýý. thc huhhlc 1114Clilg 1ä001 ut <<»IClctc %%ItIt the dill I%% il. hmut aIh111xtufc I. thc . atllc as Colic iClC %%-I thtult

thc adtmxtutc

I by +cltlng little of, ctº1t4tcic 1. n11relctt by rCllulºº, c admix lilt Cn. \\'hcn simlilc Cellulose Is uwd'

"c111110 little 1% I; tenlly tclntttCtt ('iº11"CtluCntly, nil Att'CICIAItºt 1, I11dIIltCt1 III the IIt111N'ntihtºul

At11111'. 1utc I be t1141%t etºittntiIll Atttllixlutc i1111tºilill.. ;I IV AtlIlUlCtt ltt IC%IIII 111 II sell 111g 11111c 411 1 10111

A it, 12 btºut% Aetylle AtItI111t11tC% hic %Ilttlnlll 11º, CI1cO till ltic w111111; lltile.

I1

\\hcn an art cnttattttnlý. .% am tctluctttl; ntttttt\tutc IN atltlctl Itt [lit' anht\t; ltihttUt atlnu\ttuc, ihc

. ctttný, tlittc t" a, tttctthat tct. utlctl, but tic tt-t. utl; tttttn ttntr Itn thc tt. u. tl . ultttt\lutc . ttnt, unt. is

lc-. % than ii%c ht, ut. : \I. u, thctc is a tct. uthnr. . ttlntt\tutc 111.11 nt; tl, c. hic tnthtal ýcltlllr' 11111k, about

;O [lout., that t. tn hc u. ctl to I+tc\crtt . oltl wtnt". tJut tn} rtut . Iturttuu.

I IIC tIl+11C1% 1u1) IC%Imallt: C III ClH1t; ICIC tit II1t1, L', ttlit IV l%tnk'1 IºIilil'111Ct1t 1. Ct, IIlI: 11Cl1 hý ali 11 IIIIIIE; s as

hic t; cI11C11l lºulllUN talc, 111C 4; 114I1gC III c\i11Ct 11CII11C; II1ºº11 1'. IIC, thy Itllhlllllý (ºI 1I1C ccUtCt, 1110

Amp of the 1111 MC,

and the 411at1f; C of iº"IIIumIlu111. I hr Ii1lC of tllalrrtilull I. tICi1C11,. C11 as the

JIM Na%huUl aclllllllUlC I,. II14tCasCl1.

I uhlc :. 1: t, itctta ul KcIatUundhtli l1ct%% CC" III, " al, tttt% Mid ('11n(ltttun, of I"xcruttutt

tilutulº I Iu%s % : 1l11t' It-III) tiull11C1% ( nndilinn (uº' %pplicaliººn und

til ýI I"IIý( týII'. 1'. lý'llý \

aS ýtrýlluttt iun. lýtrni ý

so ýlcýlluttl iuttýhtritiý

1s tiult iullxtytC111'1

(pla". tl. k'1111% trtr)

( 'ontlition for Fliccutiou

Whcn it i% clc"`Ilc(I It, {ýcc"Iý Ilic Ihm

", nt: III, . ui h as thc c"liciuth1it ººI . Iantccl

path

( lcttrl al i a. c, Ir,., Own Noll) i. -mli. -ICIC I, untp Iºtcý. utr tlausntt., ton clul: utic.

11'licn C\k. cllclll filling nc cclc(I

t"ul, ahility is

1 ti c Ilrnt Ilow uhilitý is nmt, +uih u. icinlýnýrcl üýnciCic nirnIhri., nI cirntir Iihrl : lud Illirl 1411 nwiu\c nnd tIrrh h411r".

1!

:. ý 1\ III N( )I IINI I\( . \II I II( )I)

\. taiº. Ialtl, a.. uiati, Ic1)It)tIui, Ihlc" and nlc, nuný, Iul tt"". t fill º. ". c. ". In}, II1c" click tl\c"llc. " t)I : 1\\: \.

ha% hcCil x)ul; ht 11)t sulllc ýc'lllý =\ I111111I)CI of Ic. t. I1111c hcCll Itlt)I)n. ctl and ilic uwd, hol III)

II1tClltallt)IIa) aalltlattl lUl A\1: \ (tcflt)IIt111t1iC II; 1.11cc11 ca. Ihllshcll. It is Ilnl, t, it; ltlt to tic 11111C tu

oaluatc thc clictitN of 114)11 th. llct. lhlc : unclclc atllnlýtnrc. 111)1 11I11y In tc"rlr. ()I tth\ lolls sholl

1ct111 1)atamCtcl+ but al+tº thcll Ii11IllCilic" III thc Iungt"1 tclnl arttl mcl thc" Full (lir ut thc . tructutc

Icsl. : ItC ICtjllltctl to mUlualc . ct'_: IC1-': IUt)I1 Ic"l. tunrc, Nnlltahl1111' Ihm, c'llc"Illlcill t<unth; itlhlIlt),

Iniluc nt c of att111wulc% oll . tlcnp, th . ultl cl tct 11ý cnt"s. .: It Itlll sc111c.

:. 5.1 %tt'cutn it

I tic %I 111111C arratll tca, dc% eloped III IIcI}; Iit 111( I'), }tIt c. a% Isu11I iN. C. % illet It uI thc tlcº; tcc t11'

1ý a. huul 1C"t. 14rlCC It 4: 11 by u. cd In it Iuhuluttlry mid un sit c. A 100- I S(lun tilnnlctcr º; uttctln}t

t; ha1111CI 2111 I0I1f; 1. yCl at it "l0pC of Is to 20 tic}' to lhe hutl/t1t11i11 and it Concrete %IIIIIJAC Is placed

1(x1111t11 from the rA1. cd end Wiltcl I. pourctl down the )!. uttel and o%-cl the %. 1111111C alld tile

vºa. hout asl+c++cd %1. ually.

-llthuut: h u"clul, it ty aUUn{; Iy ººlºctutut . cnyºtt% c hck; unc of tlte tcºtc at %% hºih ihc w; ttet ºy pourctl:

uh%tººu"I>, thc in,, tcr the wutcr iluw, thc }; rcutcr thc tru. hººut. ()pcratut. mu+t thctctiºrc huvc

Suh+tnnttal prcVu0u" ctpcttcnýc if 1C. -tills urc it, hr uu: lul. It is nttpurtunt that the . amc voIuntc nl

t. atct º. {xIuretl down thy rhttmtcl Itum thc yttntc Iºutm cal"h ttntc.

2.15.2 fill 1, Actor 1 ciit

I hr 1111 Ia411º1 tCM u: 1l 1ºlulliº+CtI 1l1 il . lilpi111csc IecMllllri't1'hlll" t1 01. A ilcslt cutlc lclc %illtlpIl' 1s

wpalalc into social party and thcn dlup 1"t'1 it hcllkcl fill with lýu1c1, : 11tc1 thlcc Iltlllutc", i1 111111

%411"111C of lhc slJpCtitalalll %'ºIllllutl 1% p111 111t'1 ilnulhcl 11ctlkcl I(lc 1111 of 1I11y solution. I" 1111dc'I it,

unc dccnnaI placc, ly lhcn dctclnlnlc> cln'I rcclºI/Ictl I11ý. h p11. \luuhl 1c. -11I1 in h1P. 11 %"clncnl N ayh"ul

J{

:. ý 1 1'Iuns; c It"+1

I h; I1Icin... - t. -". t 1A X. , ý1º_. uý. tllý uutl ill the I'nt% cl , Its ol liherlt Ill IüIr. tUt11 Ihl. im okctl it . mail

ha. I. cl aºth nml tllametet holc., the iI. I. I. cI ill iunetetr he1np. Inutlelwtl In c%; Iicl llucc times I I1e 141%% uI 111a%% duc ! tº i% ihhUUl Nits the" tlClcl I11111ctI, Ill Ow same I11aI1ile1 as 111 Ihc (JU) ( AI I 7)

IC'-l, . %IUth Np% IxlupletI Its the I'S ( Ulit. uI I'I1V. Illccl% il. Its IIIt CIIUII . IillltliUli

Ihc ('ltl) ('tºI tc"t tmýýlýc, lilhttg u, t; uulwd hcrl6ritlrll hu. ket %%tth '.. ' 1)? kg of' Irc"h

%mnctctc ancl dropping it thrcc ttntc, thrtiup. h u 17 tit high culunut �f still %cntct(7) . Aguut, the

holc" rn thy hcr%kct actc 1tnt11 tluuttctct I hr , tuttltlc IS kit tit iltc hotlom lot I S. comtl. ttfict

c: ých tlrtýh, hcfýºrc hcutg +hýýc Iý rctrtcý rtl I hr (u, % tit' mu.. Itnn itlc:. it yu; uttii; tttw rc. ult

I pctUtlcnt+ at tic tj III %ct+It ) ul I'tll% Ir) . htt%kcd that 111r ('lt l) ('h I Ir. I IuUt . rl it 111. -, 1111111 at 1( 111%, 11

ý. a. 11u+. Ihlc it) gct appalcntl) good washout Ir. I. tilllk. r Sttitply hrraU. c thr a}; grrr. atr. In the mlx

palitallý hh><1ºcd ttlc hulc" (`t). 1hc tca w11% thcrrliºtc nlutlllirti to usc it hi); ); cl ha. kct with hu'r. cr

(r(ºt11nº) hulci sind Imntctýlun% «-ctc 1114rca. cd lrtºm thrcr it, li% c. Ilttwocr, %ttth highly I1uwahlr

t; ttlloctc %111111at it) I111tCý U%cd lot 1111dCt«i1tcl pliwc111cl1t, sttlllc CtHl41'ctc I11\'iltlah1)' 11umrtl out

thtuubi ttlc Ixtic+ tlcttºrc all)' It11111Crýlttllý ttºuk place (M).

At a nuclcat 1ac111ip Mhctc utuclnlutcc(l 111u. " ululm%utrl romct'cIC wit. 11111c011)1, Ihr trlulrncv

lot nalnat ua, hllut µa, a�C, ýcd by dtu11111ttr. u hu. kct cuntuminl; uhuul Skp 111' cllnctctc 1hrmlgh

a CUIut/111 of Nalcf 11.71111 111b'h at111 111ctl. lit111}; 111C IU. % oi tiNl... As thc c1111CtCIC was 111 hc 111uccd It1tU 0411C 1AatCt «Ith111 a cullcfduttt, thy ICI 1ti1. C1111. Idcrcd tu he IIIl1tC I11; U1UU. thall 111C actual

Plactllt; tcNultcnlcnt, but nc% ctthcic,. , ultuhlc ioa cutnir, u1ti1u1. (1)),

14

:. 5. "I spt a% t4'%1 1 %1( 1)

Ih, -. 111 X. t: -". t \1l I. dcc: I11I1cd hN (t"/. º , ºt lltc l'IlltcI"Il% ( it I'. II. IcýtS, Itl, I Iº, tlttt': lI)

ºIcic1t11111o. the 1c, 1,1a11CC tu t\a, Ikn1I u1 i1: ult: ICtc I1m hi I11iHI11: c tlll. llllllalmC (c. tlll. I11 Ow lc. l,

a Itluººhi 11IIcd %%Ith a%%cl}chctl , au11lIc of aluuntl Il. p, of itc"h : oIt: ICtc I, pIa: cJ on a ha. c IºIalc.

111C tttýýuhl t" tcm41%cý1 41141 111C ha. c-hlatc plus .. uul, lc t. 11111 oll ,i Iratur . unl, rnýlcýl tiýnu

clctittutu: halafl4c

At)

A 4untputcl I. 4u1111"Icd tu IhC htllatt%e and 'cl to it Ittttde 111 N htl'II an sn 'ICaw in 11res\urc on Illc

haw-platc by the "atct %ptay . wlt4hcs un the teculdlIF, ill the %%a+huut pluccs+. Rccuiding

hct; ln, autumaucuII %hcn the tap un the pipe u1pp§-ulg %% MCI tu the lank %% 1111 ihr Apra) head is

upcncd %%atct hunt the %ptay. hcad uul the sample 1i01 -1 minute,. A eunaant Ilcad ul

Natct to the tank mdtutatnr utulittnl ptc%xurc throughout the Icst.

I he mca"utcntcnt t"41nlcd dnct: IIy Itu111 1tic I Ilomcc c%cIy 2 lecttlltIS C(II cspttluts It) Itlc mass 0 1

the +atnplc tc, ttnl; 4111 the haw platc alit the 'Intl�' dttc to p1 cssut c and \ tlluIne of the ýý atcl

%pta>cd 4,11141 the %attlplc the : unuunt 411, nieltctIut It I. thtllinctl auttýnlaurallý as 111c cllc%: l of'

the ptc""utc and 111a"" tI the puutct) %%alcl Is suhttactet) I'Ittm the tluctt nlcasutcnlcnt Iltml the

hala11cc,

A calibration pfmcttutc, in %%htch it tuuA up u) the Ituttlcncd roncrclc . umplc 1% u. ctl itt'stcud of

lhc Itc"h cutiwtctc, prm ldc" thc cumbincd % uluc% ul the prcs+urc und mass of the wutet on the

. atltplc I It; ufc dgI%c, an c, %: uuplc tit tlºe clic4t ui' the iutU=wil+huut ildilmulic (lose oil 111C

«aJtuul Iu. n nua+ufcd by lhc h1(' I test ( lo) 1Vushuul 1% rxpfeýýcýI it', it pcrt"enlugc of Ihc mass

Iu+l cutllpafcd lu lhc tlflb111a1 t114y! º altct -1 Illttºlllc s( I(1),

I hc tca 1. appiwuhlc its undcrwutcl cutloctc, %%hcrc thc aunlp urni . Iunlt) flow urc lc.. than

'-)tºmm atxl 4Sthlml tc%pcctl%cly, IIt1; hly tlumahtc 4"unctctc Is (11114.1111 it, tcSt u. it %%uuh) tcrnl it,

Ilu« ull thc hcl. c=platc Ix),

Is

'. e \I)\11\ II ItI i'sIl" \NII \ IiiuM )

I: 1 111: .. tl`i1I111i 111 tiik. ttlli Ilt II ll lti( I'. II'"i11 . 1`. 1 11, I1I111I .. III 11Il' II 1`" .1 tlIlI(llll' III( 111111\Illl'1 Illtl

\\qit11/1ul : IlIt111%tu1C 1111 lI1C Il11lIC1\\: IICI 111A4'CtIlCllt 1,1 lllllilCll' and }; Iltlll 11I1i1111C111P 100M

1nýicA. cý Illl> ýt111Cý1\CI1Cýý . Itlli 111111. ut, it \. 111.1111C \1m'11%11\ 1I1.11.11tr11a1: to i., 0I100C ; Intl }'luut.

It 111ºxfucc+ concfctc that hcco111cs I1111(i : uul Ilumuhlc Mhcn shculcd

ulch a" Ju11ng Iun1tl11nt; uI1c1; 1tNo11..

ut 111 ri Itcntti ullý ; ip, it; ilrd

1111+ cilatuctctl+uc ctulhIc" t; unwlctC tu Ihnc Cu. 1ly thtuut; 11 : 1111 ltltu nunlltl ttl runti11Ct1 spaces.

I11c n11ý ýýIII tC\Ctt to u 11ct1. C, Iugh >'I. ruu., 41ti1`I1tC11C) %% hol ill It', 1 1111ý ttthc,, l% C cc111c111

11.1 %tc 1114111 ý Iltoit1oHo. I11E; I1 c111111tC', -, 1\C i11111 11C\111411 %t1cI1F't11 do cItti11nc111.

S1h4111cnt I(ºuti( ' is V. Idclý u. c4l lul 1I11dct N ilicl 111iICClllcttl ui cuncrctc Und }; runl In fic. h and

%alt%%alcl CmIrutllilcilt% sIhaltlclll 1()()1(' 111111t41%r", tlltdcr%%ulrt "aut'h111g" t h, u, tc lrrltiti(% when

c4mctctc 1% placcd h)' ircntic upcidUIun. I hc uhllltý of cuncrc: tc nlixtulc.., tu ltrnrttutc and

cu11woI1datC ti>'undataun ruck las-cr. Is drunliltlculk, Itltptu%ctl, Iur cti11n11Ic, i1. tcttuncd In tctt)

waling upcrallý. lt+

titl'ºanlcttt= ItHºM' rcducc, of ciutunatcs tile lived to Bcwutcr unllcm; itci cunstructtun sttes hctotc

cl+ilctcte cult, tructam can take I+Iuce ('unctetc It he I+ºurcll by pump ut ttcnltc Brtectiy tutu

a(cat. cm-crcd by water titkcuucnt ItNºtil' tn4unt: uns the t: uttctetc nlutrtx ultcF. ttt) Burin}; high

+lunll+ placcmcnts 4111+1 rcduccs washout Ctu111 thc: surfiacc But tnr. 4 ut tnr.

" Itcdu4c of cIºnunutc dcwutctºnI; cost, u.,,, cý, ºtr, l %N ºth undcrwutcº ronaructu, n

"ý ýºn4rctc º, ca"y to hut»p ttttd Ilow+ rc: ulºI}. into n% ulIcºhlc , Iicc.

" ýcbtct; atton and , Iºlutºou ºtrc ºrdurcd, uº hItºic ("oml, ic.. º%c <lud hind aºcn}; th. tttc

, Ftnt'týantly ºtºýIC: I. C(I

0 I: ulunc lilt cuncrctc +u(lucC cpuscll I))' cC111C111 1)iNc ý%. ej I, it I (tuiinP. ruiin}; is I cilu4ccl u1

chnulullrtl

"1 hc ac ti% c +Iurllh Itlc oI tFhc cunoetc is (IuuhIctl without c\tcndcil dcluys in . cttinE; tIIi)c

10

( 11 \I'I I It 1: It Is I \It( II \II I II( )I)( )I O(. \

1.1 \I \II RI \I I Is I 1º \`1t I'ItI I'1.14 %11( )\

?: cý. pi 1: II: iRt tlli t'. 11i 'I lilt l\\. 1'AlU-tit tl'. t'11 I.. 's1k. 1111('ll Itlll\l . 111d 11\111}'. "talk Il 11.1\l'l+ Il. lýlll, lý

: u11ma. Iklut atltlUxlulc Ihc IIItit mCp 1s 14, IICIc1111111c tI1C 111u11111111111I11r, 111 I111\1I1}:, : 111111I1g%l 111C

tltalcl Ia1" tcNuuctl lut tMc"c cxpcl ultclll. :uc;

"( uarmic allgrcllalc pamlnl; 2111unt %Ic%c: In this 11101ccl, ru: usr aggregale t)I1c used is

4tushctl aFktcl:. llc «1t11 In. 1ýnmºnl ', I/k- Ill jlh11ti1 aeeullhnp, tu HS yI' Ilti. ý I')89 1211,

1hc c0aroc aggrcgatcs : uc ptc11a1c11 av, tiatulatctl tiull<lee I)rv (titiI)) h} washing the

al; $rcgaics 111109 lu n11x1nP. pluees`. I he use uI SSD aggtcgate is tu a%ultl the aggIeratc

111, tn ah. uthlttl; %%atet Ill the 11uI>nu"lle eunetelc 1n1x. Iluuntlctl agI; ley. atcs ; lehic%c inure

41Ct1%C paehlllh . 111t1 eAn ICtIneC «: Itel tlelllallll fill it I; I%C11 degree ui Nu11ý: 1111111\ lh. nl

crulkhc41 91>4b aggtcI; atcs Ihe usaý. c of ruunllctl aggregates will lnelease Cohesion lilt a

g"%Cn . a1111 Irletlun . nltl eetnent eulllellt . 11141 1() I1me is IClllleCll Irnlleney tu sl'y. re}; atlun and

MCC-1111l; When %ltcllglh and : Ihtaslull : Ile significant 11alaliletels, extra Caie ul seleC1111g

the u\ ciall gradoll}; 1s needed

Hur tryty; rcytatc In un(IctwiItct kuurtcic Ihctc shuuhl he it )-tIU Ii III 111uputtlun u( it

puts, (c süc Ic. % than 100 pill I "'I this cxpct unciri stantlattl AS] NI (' I 17 = t)"I is usctt it,

uhtaut tittc t1ourcsatc Ic". ihn 7S-iint (N), 'OOº, At least IS of the sand Ii; irtiun

shuuhl ps, tº, a 11)O pill "ictc as this is Itcicssuty to erthattk'C the ouhcst%c 1ltupctttcs ul

4t1n4lctc It, hc placcll unikr %%atcl I'ut linc aggtCtiutc, natutul Sam! With utuxtmunt suc ul

i111111 «III hc tl. C it, 11111iltix 114IyI11C114' 4ilIll'1CIC,

" Ot tlinat ý l'ut tlunll rrtllcn( (( )1'( ): I I, lttg tyllc I( )I'l' of typ I I'1)11Ia111I cclllcnt +tiacll (, ', II111', 141\

111V, 1ýMIIII lt' tllilll 1O°0 ( "A

1`, %tlIt i1l) 1t' It)) III llll'I\1'i1tC1 l'11111'IcIr

41111,41tllktstill Khc1c II1C . u111haic cltlltCllt (c\111Cti%c(1 a" of S()') III poulld Vºatcl d1ºc, 111)1 Cuccd IMO pails 11CI 1111111t111 (Iº11111), i1111I I1)1 ll1i11111C , tluctulc> Milch life

ilcftllatlcntl> . uhnºctP. cll

I1

" %IIt1'1\A01ulll . Id111I\tllfl'1 III t111`ý l'\jIC11111CI1t IIIC I\pC, III . Illtl\\INIIlllll 11"Cll . IIC 'S1U1114'l)

ý It ",, l Illtl It. itttl. l1 't-11, It h, llrll : IIIII\I clNlllllll

AIlll\\ , 1`lUNll t'. 111 he llwd Ill ICIIII\'C the I I"{I

ul wktcg. sUutt : uxl ýýa. huut %%lilt thr ttrtººtr nºrthºl. tit ltlacctttcnt, tntlºtmc %clt

c411111laiUun : soul Ilu%% Ittupctttc. 1111% . IIIUM. tIIC' hl; ticntcttt , ºI i()t7itclc 14) I)c Iil St atul Ic. %

41111i4; ult hlaic

0 '. \ , tct

II1C i11a1C11aI% a1C ººh1: I1tICtI Itl, t11 I1, iill C1, IIýllllit11,11 41, Illllum 111 11111.1 I11, %cCýrl 111t ti1hillllt"i11

II>t1ti(' %%a% uhlattlccl I11º111 tillca lalnuil S4111 Ithll Illc" i1lrn, unt% 1,1 ihrnll: ill gIýc"n Nc"IC suIIICICIII

to tit, thc ck1lct, tilctll A% the I11ucIu4t Is c"%. 11CIl. Irc the uuthul Iccluc. Iccl 111C r111u11iu1ý t1ý alluýý

1: I% I111; . a111I11c% of thc I1tclclurt fit ccl1wat1/1I1iIi 1lutlul. cy.

1. I. 1 Mixing %º1ºººittutc into ( oncrctc nºk

1114C =1\, A Il-C/1 alc %% MCI Yulllhlc i1 ' hid that In. "1 c': 1w the \IYtutill\ uI thr tlll\ . 11111 IICI1Cl' the

Ha. htºut tC"l+tallCC anti . CI�CCI=: Itltºtl I Ill lh1Y t'\Itt'11111CtIt tllc Ils; l}'l' ttl tilltillllcll II)111( , 1\ tlse(l as a

t: wlltul . atilplC IhC CCtllcnlt lltºsill. 'c of "0) to S'1) h>_' III' ulltl 1111' tulllt'lllf; Illutt of 1). 1)'°', it,

O I; °° 11/1 a1111 wash out adnllttutC Atc used Wutcl cCtllelll liltlu U U"1 Atlll washout 401111\1tile

1" 1111I1/cd to Iltl: fCa"C thC Yl. t: uYllti tli CunelCtc 1% 1ne1'eusetl u11(1 the icsl,, Il; liicc to wash out I%

Inc t ca. ctl

Alto thc trlºnt; ICtC 1" IIIaIIc u, 4IIII; it Mal Iltulutllltm Ifs F. I\ rtl ahu\ e, the \c t, t {t; Ihllity und

44ltnplcsl\c"IICnI; th t1(4tºn4: tctc 1. tlctelrlllnetl (aY nutrlull eunelele IY Iu1111t1 uul) A of 1.1%0

mill it) : 1K) 1""u1lahlc I tic ; Illnllttutc 1" alhletl it, the Ilesll Cutll'IC'le al1el all the uthcl Inraethcnts

ha\c hlcttl in Alklltlun ill the atJnu\tllle tu Valk n11): h1 IºIUtnule the l'Iu1111ºIng ut the 111. I1ct1; 11 It

1% hca Its u"c t1111ct that 1" t: alºahlc tu "heat the 111utc11al 411141 the cnt11c t tm111ttncnl

18

1.1 21 . 111 1, ( uu, tº III 111)11

I: I, . It thi 'I 1 . 1, i11tii"", d tli: ." \I1iri1nint t". IIºc t. utk .1 I11 ý. Icc1 pIutc" of ', I /k. 1nt \ Ittt \

Im a1c 4%a11a1+Ic 1n the nt: ukct It h1)1t1)nº IºIatc ui III) \ 1111 is ptu\ lilt-it III rile 11.1, t: and Iutn pI; ºtc"

a1c : 1)n11cctcd at1)untl it, 11)1111 llist laýct of tank \u\% the tunk \%tll he 1)1 aic Im Im III)

A1r»l%c tht. I%%1) m1)tc Ia>ct+ u1 platc. atc i1)nneitc4l 141 i1)nºpIete lilt: tank ill %vc Im ý I111 ý t111

on thc .% link Ii platc. a1c tequucd I(um c% ct I'll this c\hcr nncnt a tank 1)I 111) Sill III

hc1ng u+c%I is thr : 1)n. ttt141wn 1)l rank tttuy. ht take mua ul thr i u. t.

1.1.1 %stytrruntc 1'rrparatlon

-Men the consttu, tion it lank. Imcputatum uI the a}: }ac}: iit is ncccled hý slc\tng tilt aE. }: tcFatcs.

the agrfcl; atc% arc Own Mdlccd tit %'atct atul left to dty tut ultltruxtntutely One day al 1,00111

tcmpctatutc StOc analya. dunc to cnslnc that all stirs o the aggregates ; trc heiiig }: tailed \%cll.

the ckpcttmcnt Is dnnc hascd in the dliltetcnt ww*ei}: ht of the a}: }: rc}atcs ; i. eýnnlin}: to the sties.

I tic aVhtcgatc'% +tics that a 4111113 Ill %iii IIoolli Iess titan t. ºintnt tiu tnt)tc than 'tºtnin. I he Ietatled

a"tcgatc at C401 . ic%c %%Ol he sch: uatccl ac<<rtnling, t� the }: tunic anal aE: }: tc}aºtr that tetiuned on

the Ia+t It'atl %%ill he oliv-klercd as tine agktcgittcs he: ause the stir is less th; tn t. t5mni.

t. 1.4 ( uhc I VO

Io tc. t the untilct«atct . 0ttctctc . (tcn}; th till cc t; uhc nwultl. tn. nIc arc kcpt ill the hits of the t. u1k

I III thc tatlk with I111 «atcf tlclttlt Ihc ctinctetC 1% ptitnctl thttiugh 0.9 111 %% utct Iitint .t tuhc %% tth

. tintcal titttu the cuhe ntuultl-I tu hc lillc4l t tncc tic thtcc cuhc rtunthl. utc Iillc(l by ctincrctc

1alltnb c>tlkmcd through wutct, lilt mid takc tint thc cuhc muultl. %%-lilt cuttcrctc tiut. ttlc the tunk

atul Ic% cl thc it'll mwh a tulct and an hic kcllt hack at thc huttunt til Ow I. utk.

: 1ltct 's do.. thc cuhc ttlould. : sir lakcn out and thc ctthc. . uc tcsted u% usual to lind thc

+ttcttlmth Itic tnt'% ptolx, ttstill %,: m hc u, in}; 411116vut nnuouut ol adntt\tul c- to t.: ct hi}: hcl

+ttcnl; th alul hcttct «utkuhtltt` It, Nntutlatc undcrwuter conctcttnp. the I; utk is tilled \%tth Iie+h

\%atct It, +imul'stc undcr«ittct cuttctctc in wa, Ilte titnk can hic It llcd wI llt . eu \%ittet,

19

1 he . icps ahcnvc can be incorTwatcd with other types of A WA sample with respect to the

ajrrgatc and W'/l' ratio. A chart is best use to describe the progress of this rcscnrch (11igure 3).

1 oAards the end of the firm part of this research the author is able to present the progress of the

research that has been done.

3.1.5 Trrmk Prt, ccm

I his pnxc s is a simple pnnc. s whcrchy dry pipe tcchnmlue is cmploycd for starting the trcmic

pour. A% the pipe i+ Iowvrcd to rest on the bottom, water pressure seals the gasket and the pipe is

kept dry In s-cry deep placcments, an open-ended pipe can he set and it go-devil or traveling plug

inverted to keep water from penetrating the first concrete placed in the pipe. All vertical

nwvernrnt% of the trcmic pipe must he done slowly and carefully to prevent it loss of seal.

I I�wevcr tix thi% p")jrct x>mc 0' the rnctfiuxf find to hc nuxlilied. I"hc mould is pluccd on a ramp,

u+uill an owrficad crunc the mould is lowcred into the tunk (Fil; urc . 1). Safety equipment is a

must NhiIc handling thc+c crAncs.

Figurr 3.1 Nlacing the mould into the tunk using ovcnccud cranc.

20

Nuuthct ulcthM 111.11 1. I>. qr'ul. u is thc 1ltunt11tu1; ittctluul (I1.1,1111 k. -11.1111" rttelhud u. r" Ihe

111cchanl441 a161 ul .1 11umI1 to 1ýLIýc iunocic titlu the tnuuI'I IItu. ntcthud r, ittoic ellc01\c Mid

IcNuttc% Ic", 111411 I><ný ct tu IIct1I %%ttlt i(u%%c%ct tht. mcthud t ctlutrc. nuu c nullcm. m as the

i+utnll nuýht n1. ýIlunýitun

fluuri" . 1.2 I'un111inF. mrtluul.

II 14. %% -. 1 +cal doc+ Ihc ttcttnc lilts-st hc 1+1mught hack tu thc %uºlu: c, tlºc cnd hlntc ºnua tic

ichlaccd, and Ilum tottattcd. A go dcv11 nunI nut tic u+cd Mhrn Ic". Iill tºnF. it ttcnuc ultct it loss of

+cal Watct pu+hcd out hy hic FU dc%ºI %rºIl %%utilº l'cºncnt out of thc ptcviuu-sly hluccd cunCtctc,

("unctctc placctncnl +hmi1d by a% cutuutuuu+ :u po,. ºhlc thtoul; h cud) Iºcºiººc, I unF; ct dcluy+

ntu+t by itcatcd by tcttu1% ull!, tc"cuhnF; und ºc>t: utºnF: Ihc IIcn11C,

111ýIIrýct 411*pct%luu tc%laanic iuulll hc h1v. 11, hluikil}; c N%III 1licul �nIN It thrlr I. Illltiiultý

%kIlllttl lhc pic""utc tlall%ltll'o-14111 tllhc 11u1111}? tllr pun1111up. plc"anc týC11, u1. \1�IruýC1, tllrll ý%11)

hc hatdly- atly- quatltatlrc ihan}; c% tu Ihc iunilrtc hcti, lc 1a uttct Ihr ptc.. utc I% Itllnalllllcd.

II�%%c\ct, l1Rau+C Of 111}; h Y1kl, \Il}, ptr%ylltC ltilnmnlsyllln 1C%l%tütlcc 1s ý to "1 11111c% Illilt 111

1ºIIIInAt)- C//I1ýtCIC

II

1.2 ( ()\( I(I IINII\I)I fI(, \

II ... ii: ii I..... I: .: il\I ll'. IIi1 I'. Illhililltl\ '"II'", 1'IIIIIºIl" III I l'IIl1,111 \N IN IIIIIit, II m, Illlll Illlitt'"

alul %% atcl cttUahttlcnt II must (kº,. c., I1141Iºc"IIIC% tilal . uc 114 11 it lIv Iti% Ier Icllunrll IIIC I41II41m 111t;

11, t . ºuUlnc, [tic 4.. cntlal and utlllluc 1cqu11cntclit, (411 i41nrlrtc I, I: IcrII ululcl"alrl 115, Ihj:

"ti,, wahtltt}-: thc t; unctrtt: tttu%t tic ahlc" it, I141%c <iiýýunýl ant) iullsc"ni, týc trtnhiiiinr. %trr)

har. In 111u4twr, tttc tntctl+trtatWn ill iluccahýlttý tti . Iýritlü to 111r atýtýltiattun loll ;i Fa%rtt

ph'1"1

" II cººnt{ktýttun I'ntlcmcltct 4lºn: tctc inUst tic ; il+lc tu sulid; 11c ltscll utulci Its uwn

ti% ctg{tt «Itluºut ctttt; ºIºplnt; tut-, . Natcl 111c "Of %% ciF; hº ººI thc ron: rctc should suhstantiully

tctilu: c its huººýatt4} in %% MCI

" \ttcttu. llc 4tncc+1u11 Cullr"l%c ioUlClrtr týlrYC11lý srgfrgütlull, r\Crstilýr hlrrct111k; t11

,: Iltcttt «a+h=uut A inp. h dc}; ICr III ý1ýhrýlýrnrys ut runwlrtr tn1111u\rti holluogrnrltý +1n1)

+ttcngth ut thc undcmutct 4unrlrtr IIo%%c%cl hic lict; rcc (if -. ýun4"Irtc ruhcslutl ltnconds

On maný ý nttcýhlc 1ýt thr I11utrýt

a ýýICt1uA1C 111=f1111CC CUI1CICtC ytiCil}; th; I hc 11111 tICslL; ll +hººtlitl ilc4ººtllll 101 ', tºI11C 111o'1111111C

º. h uut of CCn1Cnt by ýýt1tc1 ºIu11ng k-ººn4rctc 111ilccnlcnl, MhldI Ic; 111.141 lu, % of in 111ncc

colwictc *ltcttgth I161 1'. c of . iItrit I4ttttc atul 111111 washout II(IIIIINItlics

cfktltw (ät tn4ica. utg in p1a4c t: UI14tClc %ttcn}; th 1 IS1. Is tllnu %-rrY

11

( II \ I' 11 11 1 UI %S III\ \I) I)IN N( IS IN 1( )\

.11 ItI sI I Is

Ial, lc i I+h�ýi+ thc ca mtc++l%c >UcttE, ih �1 ctlncrclc uank, tilkanlctl IUUti(' , him �a lit , tlcc ahlc

cýn1llýIC++ltc atcngth taltlc 1hc hIF-hc. t cu11111tc++llc st1cnyth % <tlur till +1karllcn IU()ti(-.; utlhlc

1% II ''1IIia at : '.! { d4)+ I hc Iu«c+l ct/111111c++1%C arcttgtil Am h" %anlc 4; un11lc IS 't 41\111a at

.K Q+ Samlilc+ u+ulg aat4h has a cu1111c", ". nc". ttcnWh I/1 ", 441111a at 's tla)+ I lic ItlttnI

k0n/p1c++l%c +ttcllvth fill +tatch +: uulllc 1+ 'u I I\11ýa at 's da)-+ (I ahlc 4 I). I hc 1ctllt. t, htamctl

4411 tic ll! ºCtI it, 4u1111iatC ihc 41111cictlcC lit sltcil}; ih Ill 4i1r11ltlc tht, I, i, cll Itutll hcl}; ht tit 0.0111,0. (111,

and 0 4111

I ahlc a. 1; 1oliytv-%11 c yltcl191h 411 rK t14t1'%

1lctght ittt) l'uhc No,

() +)

Uy

() t)

116

i I

I

4

() h

06

04

04

t,

7

K

04 4)

tittrrtyýih 'Sýi; týý (ý11ut1

titkattirtt Iu()ti(' stalk-11

'S. "sI ? 1,7ti

'S, h7 '1. I1

? (, 7I 'll, lI

21.67

'h. l'I, it+

' t. "1 ? I), 11

11,? 7 22.45

11), 11 ", I1

, ()s jjil

23

I ahk 4.2 shows the coxnpressivc strength of concrete samplcs using sikamcn I OOS(', and starch

haled antiwashout. I he highc%l compressive strength fir sikamcnt sumplc is 21. bbMpu at 7 days

and the lowc t ccxnprc +ivc strength value is 15Mpu at 7 days. fhc highest compressivc strength

for comrrrtc using starch is lb 24Mpa at 7 days and the lowest vuluc is I3.28Mpu at 7 days

(lahk 4.2). the strength of the starch for 7 and 28 days were consistent. There difkrrcnccs of

value wcrc not huge c"xttpared to concrete using sikamcn IOOS('. Concrete that did not use any

AWA could not achieve the rcyuired strength this maybe be duc to the heavy washout caused

when pouring the ccxwrrtc into the mould.

I abk 4.2: t'tknpmºsivc arcngth at 7 days

Ilcisht (m) ('uhc No.

(1 4

09

O. y

()A

()h

00

04

U,:

0A

I

ý

I

4

S

()

7

8

9

titrrngth 7 day-, ( Mpu)

tiikumrn I (X)1(' Starch

16.1) 1.1.8 1

16.68 14.06

15. () 13.75

16.37 14.56

1 K. 72 15.54

15.86 1: 1.28

19.22 15.42

22.55 16.24

21.00 15.89

I igurv 4I slow the rc+ult of the comprc%sivc strength for concrctc using Sikamrn I (M)SC.

Every , ample was dnuppcd fnmt difTcrcnt height. ('oncrctr s unplr that is droppcd from 0.4m has

higher vo; nprvi ivc %trcngth than . amply that is dn+ppcd from 0,9m. I igurr 4.. is a combination

of ". ult. ohtainc I from ffgurv 4, I and figure 4,2. 'I he graph shows similar trcnd whcrchy

24

uunpk. dnqpcd from hcight of 0.4m givcs the higcst comprccsivc %trcngth followed by O. bm,

and 0 9m gives the lowcst strength.

Mpa

:.,

. 15

;u ýýý

a f 11. v0.111 (1'In11ý1La11b"q 1(111". 1 )

--4110-11. vyM 11 f. n1(%i1. A/1uw1 I IXIti( 1

--tl. '. 1"1.1 41 4... 1ý"ý1...... rr 11111'. (

.

- Days

Figure 4.1: ('umrrrtisivc titrcngth ul'cuncrctc using tiikiuncn 1lN)ti('

Mpla

1M

--0-I la"ot? I11 0 '1111 h)

-i-11ý"1ý! hl (l fsn/ (a. 111 h)

ýýI L"11"h111 "7111

,ý 1')

Figure 4.2: ('umprv%. ivc %trcngth ul' concrctc using starch.

: t) ,,, Days

In tigurc 4t the vogue of ccxnpre+rive strength for concrete sample using starch recorded a Tower

. ague cwnpnnd to . omple, using . ikamen I(X)S('. ('oncrcte using the chemical AWA also

rv. chcs higher ccxnprcsºive strength alter 7days of curing. At 2K day of curing all three sample

using sikanwn obtained higher strength than starch hared samples.

25

Mpo

Ii,

'---ý

--*-Ik". ghl U "I. nl:. ºam. -.. (IMP. 1 )

ý-1k". gIN U 4. u 11Ja. /ral 1(MYd )

ýýlkvghlll 4. n111ºa.... w. 1(X)%4 I

---IbVh1 U "h.. L1a.. h)

" Ik". tlhl U k... lýla.. h)

" Is. -. 1110114 n. 1=1a.. 1. )

Days

Figure 4.3: lotnlwrium of comihrcwvc strcngth oI'cuncrctc using tiikumcn I(N)ti(' and starch

1)I tic'l'tilt)ýi 4.2

During the cuurx ui tkºing the cxpcrimcnt thcrc Icw modifications muds during pouring the

coxxrcic. %kil(kabilits. %%a.,, one ui the issuc thus cuuscd huge problem, thus lür hcst result the

cuncrctc axwld he prcparcd in a cuncrcic mixcr. This is to cnsurc that tic samples arc

thoroughly %hcar and hknd all uithc cumpomcnts

F"igurc 4.4 F'IucinV. the concrete into the mold,

76

111C Itl. t itallh ýý1 cuhr" lthtaulcll hod 1o%1 11141%1 of Ite In1cv'Ilt\ l'ul+c llllýllllrll at a 11clgh1 (0 0 Qm

tit eltllCEta1C% ltIuC 111c1t tlllthl 1e111u\c/i Most Id 111t' il"Illt'I11 \\, le \1; IeI1C1l Iýlll 11t11I11}; ItlilrclllClll,

ltlll} CltgtýC and Iinc 11ggtcgatc %CIC IcI1 I Ille Catlece 111C icllll"Il) l'tlhc to cilell\ E; 1\c \\21\ ill it l Ilol

. ultahic fill the kt11111rc%%1\c etrc: rlgth icet

In4ýa1>. ýrairný chctt44l antm a+hout tuu) atttclt trtlucr, tltr cunt; ºtill natloll tu%%; nºI, thr t; uºk. N rthout thc adnnttutc tt t" 'Iº1licuh tu Itlucc thc cunctetc Into the mould iº, the ecmcnt %%ººulºI tic

«a. hcýl aAa) thy tnºmtcni ºt tOuchc, thc ý%atct, ('hcnttcui : ºmma, hºriºt hu, hº}? hcl cottthtc�º%e

+ttcfgth than +tat4h atluu'tutc I ht. Is tiikamcn 100 S(' ;; ui hold mul inrrcil. c" mIx

ruhc"Iýcttc+" atxi ttrttºatt. is %: Itlahlc %1\4lº\Iti 4'Ili11i1CtC11ýU4' tºý cuttctctc. titiuch huwcvct reacts

Ith K atct ttlaiºuts mºittc tit thc iºa%tc ultahlc tu 114,1ºI thc iI}; I; rcgiitc tugcthcr.

titq11C 411 lhC 111C4+ufC" u%cd III CItI1i111CC %1ihhUtll ic. 1ai111CC IIIwI\C ICt1uC111}; %1; IlCl CC111CIlllllntl.

111a1Cf1a1% (t0- C111) fallu, Il1t: fCaat1g l"Cttlclllllltºt1+ 11li11cI1t1I t'ulltclll, illhllllp tilllcü It1111C, 11ji1 ; 111t1

tºthcf linc", utctºrptºfatrttg au AW: 1, and Ictlui111P. Ilulthlý 111. A lur}; c tlccrcuxc in ilk; grcl; ilic

14iluntc III IIIt; fCa"C It1 «atcl ºtºlllcnt Call Itmc1 illc t tºhC. 1ýCI1C"" and Irull to wo . cglCgilllull. A

high . atttl ttº ttºtal a"fcgatc rtºnictll of 4' SO".. i% ultctt u"ctl Itº cnhuncc cuhco\cnc. % autl ICtIuCC

the f1.1º III +c(: rolrAlltm and t11.11cf. 14111 in i% alcl 11,1 "1)

%ul+crpla"tlcl+cr Is u+ually uºcoupmatcd «Ith thc : \\1". \ it, cnhuncc wurkuhility untl sºvº, ICI thc

nccd it, 1n4rease " %I11 ratio Kc}'ilydlCy. ill' thc tccluuccl culiwstcrtc"y uncl cc" C111 1,11110. it 111olm Canthlnatlan. ll A\ty'A and %upCtpla. %tlcl%ct Cu11 +1ý! nlllctºIllly Cllhullcc N'tº"hoHll Ic%I5tutlcC. "1-hfn can

Illllttt. %C the ah1I1tY of thc pa+te In tctuln m1\In}; \catcl, muaºcnd ul; l; rCl-: utC hlºmul; cncuu+ly. Lind fill cwtl: cstctl "truclural +C4tl/nti

111C ratto ol Icn*tIc 'Itcnläth 4uºtI 11cturul arctty; th to contptc.. ivc s1rength of' im underwater n/allc Ic+1 . Ivq; Inicrt t+ rtriuall> ttlcnttcul ý%1111 that ººi an ; III m. uuttitcturctl tca . pccttncn of

uttlutat% ctjtx: rctc Ihc nNnhtlu> 411 claytictty t. Ihc attuc ot . Itp. htIN IV,, -. thun that liºt ottttnitty

4onýrctc Ihc umt . olutuc ººt waicr kit mntawa. hout unºIcmutct c4ºnwtc1c Is nntch E: tcutct 111.111 that tot otdnat> cuncrctc

IIc441u\ý «atct trtcnttotº Is htP. h, tltyin}; tilutnkuy; c I. cut ut 20 35

I+crccnt ýlotco% ct, att crccp appcar% tt+ hc 11 al I; rcutct thun hut ottlttutry concrctc.

17

Ihc umonuºt º, 1 ºtltººiNtutc it) tic InioIl, "I. ºtcºI Is llctellnlncd h% IIºc II, )%% ahII11\ necºIcºI; IIl%laiºie

hlaicr, l utalctu: >'ict, hutliurºt: ºI lluý% dl. t. uºic, and , uih l, Iýýl, ýýiti�nul i�n(Iitiun. , I,. \\atct icniciit

13t191 Mid Mill icltºcnt iutttcnt III gcncl. ºI, thc i, ýnºIýIC"ýIýc "Ilcnptlº Iatuo I. Ii\cºI to he liomº I1. \ to

u l)

4.:. 1 titrcuy; tlt und durahilit)

I hctc 1% al.., c% Itlcn. c uI thc tiulahllo of 11utl (llsimcrslhlC CttllcrCtes t. 'tlilial11111g ccllllltlsC clhCr,

aid mt)llt: Iatcx ha% hcctt Ir"cti ttt cnlliulce the I1IUllertles ttI 1101aulir Cement Ctlnt: rctc. (oil much

111g11cr ptºýlhtrtlttn. Ih: m arc u. cd In mºn-dtslmcl slhlc cullcrctes) till %% ell tt% Cr 10 ) Cal s. I he long.

ictil ttutah1111% 1% not thctct4ttr Illtck it, tic Ietluccti h% the use of these atinllxtutcs ; mini, In % Ic%%

tti ihc tttt+tc rcltahlc tluallty achlcrcd tiulahmllts is Imltcls to he enhanccd 1171,

I'todut: trutt at cuhc" by dropputg concrrtc tnto nuºuldk pluerd tn water tunk. Is the nuºa conunnn

apptuach but dººc* not rcadtly . mtulatr ptacttcul k-ondttuon. A hrttcr 11111114,114: 11 1", to ploducc

itNhtrttt dtamctcr ca"tutp tn mould. %%hu; h tncludc . tnntlutrd trutlýºtý rnu ni. I how nrrd to hc

. ullictcntly Iarl; c 141 cttahlc IlNhnm dtumctcr corcs to hc cut to pruvºdr the tca . pcctmcn..

Ihc Inng"tcnn dutahºIºty ui cuncrctr cºauuuurºý the nurrººul rung of' udmixture. º. wcII

c. tahlº+hcd l. c++ dUCCt c%ºdcncc º. u%utlahlc fill rnºn ºIu1ºrº. ºhlc udmýxturc., IunliculUrly ºn

tcttn" tit sy-nctt; rarc cticct. IIºmocr, the uddºtrººn of mrcnº . ºIºcu it) enhilnCe ihc arcngth und

dutahrlrt} ººI cººncrctc hm hccumc cauhlr. hcd hructºcc 141.

ý.:. 2 ( )b"tvr\ atiun

ý'ubc ha% mg no r%%% :1 41141 nut hot; all). show ltny- Kttcttgtll Iltltl thili Is Ilccuu. C of Ios', In volivill

pastc durtng Ihc 1><ºutltlr of ºhc eculcnt I11c su11t11Ic% w. lrlp. durch I11ºwc\ cl haul Iowa

c4º1111ºtc%%l\C "ItCllgih at da) ý 44º1111ºa1c'tI to cllhC+ lo-lllr. tilkt1111c11 100 SC 1lu\\C1l'1 Ihc d11ICICt1eC Naý 11u1 hl}. at 7 day rtu111111c-o-l\C ýlICt1}! Ih. 1 hc' . IIC11ýllll tºI cullctclc 11-o11}! a; lrcit

adnumutC N-a% not altcctcd by thc hCit.; ht ºt wu+ t11u1111ct) Iiu1n 0,9111,0,6n1, cull 0, '1111.

18

lut tiºk. uººcnt IIM11(' thctc i, 1IL; It tlicant 4Ililt V. c, 411 cuttºpte. S t% c St Iv nº \tIirn ti4111 (lit I III , c, I

Isom tIºilctcttt hcºght 111C uw, l in tit-, c\I, ct tnºctºt is alnu�t nc. n �t ; in ; iiºI, t(mttt; itc ti)

itcnttc ptiKom. 1111C t: unctctc º" puutcd ttºt� tic t-uic ciaiºncIcºI I, \ ill \ I, il, c. At tic cnºI 411 thc

pºpc º. hic nwuü and , gºcC tltc ptpc is In 111.1kc the conctctc is In+tnctl into the mould I tic lita

. aºuplc ik"utcal ºntu the tanl, cluutletl thc tunk nnºktnp. thc t% iºtct lillctl \t till tý; uhrtl uut ccntcnt

Ih1" cuu+c+ thc tank it, bc Inulk> making It 111llüult to Ilutu IhC cunCICtC. Ihrll llic author

c11(1(mc* to uAlt until thc tank I. (Iatt1t11Iy clrlu 111t uh. C1% ; 111nn to hC Illu(Ir. N'hllC rCnuo\ Ing the

Inpul/1, k'It1C all thc 4u11Ctctc II: 1SiC %(: 1s : 11. o \% : I. hC(I away (ItIrUII; II1C III11iCs%. II11', 111ü(lC Ilic

1111Cwllý' of t11c 4ýý114rC1C Its IV 1, 'tCatI) (C(111: C11

Iltgh°I1cthottitaflCC undctuatct cunctctc (III' lA1'(') can tncººtlºººtatc a%attct> of chctntcal

akltumhuc", Iºattº4ularly : \\\': \ anº1 utIºctlºIa. Uct. cº Mººtit : \\\'As mc %cattct-sUluhlc polýIIICI% that

1114rca. c thc ýt. cu+ttp and )tchl "I 4cttºctºt Iºa. tc mid cuncictc (', I'll High cunccnitataºUº. ººI

: \W_\ arc ncCC.! ºat) ahctt thc cººttctctc t% ca. t In IIºº%ºutI; \%aºtct, tncluºItnt.; thc "utlücc iunc, mid

mdhctt thc nuW4 hºIc"trnctl to tic highly II. matlIc to . htcaul mound 1ºh. tac1c. with tntnttnunº

+ct; 1ct; 4ta0n 41141 «atct ºltluttun and Jc%clutº Ilat . uttucc..

29

( II %1,11 It s: (()N( II 100% x ltl-( (1NINII-NI> M(1N

<I(t 1f( I týi(1Is

", WA in ltti '"itulºtI ph. º". c ut thC 111ººIct1,1.111 Nullt, iliC dutlt'. Itc. Illl. \\c't't' uhlillll and 111t' Ul11lUº1

iittd thai iuncrctc that the fita hatch )I cunctClc 11ººuºc'4l lust its 1111CF. 1 ll) duc iu hc41\\ \\iº. huul.

I tunl tic tahlc uhtaulCtl iunitctC that is Itllwtl \\ till ti1{t: 1I11t'tll I()US( " hltn hiF! hcr cun1prc.. 1\r

. Itcnk! lh at 'K daY a. 0111111: uctl tu thus uu\cd \% lilt . tiuch tut this Ii1.1 piu'1 ut Illc plujcct unl\

tlata ý! alhCtlttV r. d011C antl tt111ýtdCtltll' (l Is lilt tºI1 Ft1111F! (1I111Ci1 II1CIt' Ills' Icsllll 411 ººuICººI11C ººI

lh, . ill ,, Ct I t% luund to by as hcltº\\ ,

"`,. tltlplcn u"trt} tilLa111ct1 IINIti(" pluduccd it hctlcl iutilplC"a\C al'CItE! ilt cu111p411cd it,

"nifctC uanl; nattllal aatih h41"Cd 11141ICt1; 11 " 11t1111C% u. 1111! . latch 1. i1hiC in IllilcißC 11. Ctº. Il\ Ill Ilt'. I1

. it ltº\1 du. ilE! c'.

"tý, ttctctc ulturlluraUny; . tatii tltuppcd al dI1ICIC11t hclght in% cun. lacnl cumptc'. avC

. ucngti t: W1111atcd tu thu. c u. utY. tillt41mctl IUUti('

"I , "mpaUhlc %%I Ih 41111Ct 41dnu\lutc ( ý1ý411ct Ictluc Iný, adn1l\tutc 411141 . upclpla. lm. c0 .) lllilt

lhc tiCtlltlgy tºI thC 111t\ 1. not . Ihi1111C11111Iý' illlClcd, . Cl 1% hut t11i1alitºIlY C\IClltlctl, 4111d i11t

cflUaltu11ct11 of tuar11111}; Is ptudlliCtl

I tic tiatutst) adtflt>turc u. cd should by ahlc to hmcSinnlitt ptopcrttcr of, Ihurc synthetic

adnmutc* Suicc thc litulccl tr rttll oll votnl; it tr mill carly to cutmncnt on thc rc. ult..

Nc%ctthctc"+ 141111C ut thy ptogtcrs has taiºc lilacc such it'. litcliaratnon of water tank sind the

*>yithcitc atilt «a. huut adtntrtutc has taken l1lacc.

Il .c cc ct th: . un. tctc t111% k 1111t; 1111I11} "tal ih Iti hcltt; li t111111tifctl it) %alllltlc` %% Ilholil m111' ; 11111

cºaº110u1 1t14tct141 It 1º t; uilt: lutlc that the i41114"1t'tc mix l'tºtllilllllllf, i hctlllia) illlli\1. Itihoul 1,1111'ti

11C11C1 111411 ºIA14h It 1º : 1h1c 1t) hold Ihc iC111Cl1t mill 111C i11-! }; tcgi11C Iol.! c111C1 llilll not ioIlliln1uluttoll;

Ihc 1411k

30

11I34 Cnlcnl I41c

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