1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In completion of this project work, we wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Suzan Benedick, Lecturer of Crop Pest Management Course, for providing us an opportunity to study the types of pesticides used in controlling Lepidoptera Family in Sandakan area as well as the pest control practiced by the farmers. Besides, we also wish to express our gratitude to the owners of pesticide shop, which is Permai Kimia Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. at mile 8, Sandakan who had rendered their help during the period of shop visiting. Last but not least, we wish to avail ourselves of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love to our friends for their manual support, strength and their kind co- operation and encouragement which help in completion of this report. 2.0 OBJECTIVE The purpose of project work is to aid students in a better understanding on knowledge regarding to the type of pest as well as crop pest management practiced by the vegetable farms at Sandakan area. Moreover, this project had provided the students an opportunity to experience on the farming practices besides learning the theory on books. This is to ensure that we are learning theory and practice it practically. 3.0 INTRODUCTION In general, pesticides are referred as the chemicals, which is applied or used mainly in agricultural sector in order to control or eliminate the undesired moving organisms which are harmful to the crop plants and will definitely create a severe loss in the productivity in terms of quantity and quality. Pesticides are used widely and extensively in during the era of 'Green revolution', whereby all the agricultural people tend to boost the production level of the crop plants in order to meet the requirements and the demands of the increasing human population throughout the world. In our country, pesticides are applied as to prevent further damage and spoilage on the crop plants by the harmful insects, which are commonly known as pests. Under the pest categories, they are pests, 1
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1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In completion of this project work, we wish to express my sincere gratitude
to Dr. Suzan Benedick, Lecturer of Crop Pest Management Course, for providing
us an opportunity to study the types of pesticides used in controlling Lepidoptera
Family in Sandakan area as well as the pest control practiced by the farmers.
Besides, we also wish to express our gratitude to the owners of pesticide shop,
which is Permai Kimia Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. at mile 8, Sandakan who had
rendered their help during the period of shop visiting. Last but not least, we wish
to avail ourselves of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love to
our friends for their manual support, strength and their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help in completion of this report.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of project work is to aid students in a better understanding on
knowledge regarding to the type of pest as well as crop pest management
practiced by the vegetable farms at Sandakan area. Moreover, this project had
provided the students an opportunity to experience on the farming practices
besides learning the theory on books. This is to ensure that we are learning
theory and practice it practically.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
In general, pesticides are referred as the chemicals, which is applied or
used mainly in agricultural sector in order to control or eliminate the undesired
moving organisms which are harmful to the crop plants and will definitely create
a severe loss in the productivity in terms of quantity and quality. Pesticides are
used widely and extensively in during the era of 'Green revolution', whereby all
the agricultural people tend to boost the production level of the crop plants in
order to meet the requirements and the demands of the increasing human
population throughout the world. In our country, pesticides are applied as to
prevent further damage and spoilage on the crop plants by the harmful insects,
which are commonly known as pests. Under the pest categories, they are pests,
which cause direct damage to the crop plants and pests that bring diseases to
the crop plants. Different species of pests required different types of the
pesticides to control as well as eliminate the pests. Until the modern 21 st
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century, the use of pesticides is equipped with knowledge and workmanship in
the application of pesticides. The use of pesticides and methods to control pests
is more concern on the Sabah state in our country since Sabah is the main
agricultural state. Several crops including highland crops and lowland crops can
be found planted in Sabah by the local farmers or under the surveillance of big
organization and corporation.
One of the pests, which can be found in most agricultural fields in tropical
weather such as Sabah, one of the state of our country, is the insects which are
classified under the Lepidoptera family. Not only in Sabah, but insects or pests
under the Lepidoptera family, which consists of butterflies and moths are the
most widespread and widely recognizable pests worldwide, in every agricultural
field. Each of the Lepidoptera species is vary depending on the surrounding
environment factors. Lepidoptera species have common characteristics in which
they are characterized by the present of scales, which cover their bodies and
wings. Most of the Lepidoptera species have membraneous wings. They undergo
complete metamorphosis in which there are complete stages from larvae to
adult form.
3.1 SCENARIO IN SANDAKAN
In Sabah, the pesticides used in controlling the butterflies and moths are
consists of Bacillus thuringiensis, neem, Emamectin Benzoate and
organophosphate. Bacillus thuringiensis, and neem are classified under
biopesticides which may not cause severe harm to the surrounding pesticide,
whereas the Emamectin Benzoate and Organophosphate are classified under
chemical pesticides.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an insecticidal bacterium. It is used worldwide
in controlling the numbers of catepillars of the Lepidoptera. Bt pesticides have
contents of mixture of dried spores and insecticidal protein toxin crystals. They
are applied to the leaves or other environments where the larvae of the
Lepidoptera feed. The crystals are aggregates of large protein which in actual, is
known as a protoxin. Protoxin must be activated before it has any effect. The
crystal protein is highly insoluble in normal condition, so it is entirely safe for
humans and other insects. However, it is solubilized in reducing condition of high
pH value at about 9.5. This condition can be commonly found in the mid-gut of
the lepidoptera larvae. Due to this effect, Bt pesticides are highly specific
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insecticidal agent. Once the toxic crystal has been solubilized in the insecct gut,
the protoxin will be switched to active toxin by enzyme known as protease. This
active toxin called delta-endotoxin will bind to the cells of the larvae, creating
pores in the cell membranes and leading to equibration of ions. At the end, the
bacterium can invade the larvae, causing a lethal septicaemia due to the
lowering of the pH in the mid-gut of the lepidoptera larvae.
Neem-based insecticides or pesticides can be used in control the
diamondback moth which is classified under the lepidoptera family. There are
three commercial of neem-based pesticides, they are Agroneem, Ecozin and
Neemix. These three insecticides are evaluated for the oviposition deterrence,
antifeedant effect to larvae and toxicity to the eggs of the diamond back moth.
Neem-based insecticides contain azadirachtin which is derived from the extracts
of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, have a roles in protecting crops from the
diamondback moth. The neem-based insecticides have to be applied as early as
possible where the insects lay their eggs. Neem-based insecticides are toxic to
all larval instars and all the larvae will die before pupation stage takes place.
Emamectin Benzoate is a novel semi-synthetic insecticide that is derived
from a natural fermentation product known as avermectin B. Scientifically; it is
highly toxic to a broad range of Lepidoptera species even at a low concentration.
The primary route of the intoxication in Lepidoptera larvae is through the process
of ingestion. The avermectins act by disrupting the nerve impulses of the larvae
by a unique mode of action. The Lepidoptera larvae characteristically stop
feeding on the crop plant shortly after ingestion of the emamectin benzoate and
become irreversibly paralyzed. The maximum mortality usually occurs within
four days after the ingestion. The residues of the remaining emamectin benzoate
which remain on the plant surface will rapidly photodegrade when expose to the
sunlight, so there is a minimal exposure of this chemical to the beneficial
arthropods or other beneficial insects to the crop plants.
Organophosphate insecticides have long predominated for insects control
in agriculture. This insecticides have broad spectrum of activity against
Lepidoptera species. They are moderate to the long environental persistence and
some have systemic activity. These kinds of pesticides act as inhibitors of
cholinesterase, which is used in the nerve transmission of the insects. The
impacts of the organophosphate insecticides have also occur in non-target
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organism on wildlife, thus this resulted in dramatic restriction in the extensive
use of organophosphate in many agricultural fields.
4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 First Stage: Searching for Pesticide Shop
The Pesticides Shop in Sandakan area were observed. Surveys had been
done through surfing the net. Therefore, we found that there are many pesticides
shop located at mile 8 area in sandakan. We went to the shop twice by bus. At
the first time, we had met one of the shop owners and tried to make an
appointment for interview. The owner of the shop is Mr. Choo. After the date of
interview was set, we had discussed among the group regarding the questions
assigned for the pesticide shop owner on type of pestcides used in controlling
Lepidoptera pest.
4.2 Second Stage: Collecting Information
On 20th April 2012, we had applied transport from school and went to the
shop for second time. Mr.Choo had guided us on visiting to his pesticide shop. He
had shown us with various types of pesticides used by the farmers at sandakan
area. Furthermore, he also explained the effect of pesticides used on the
Lepidoptera pests. Through his narration also, we had learnt the types of
pesticides used, knowledge on application rate of pesticides used, common pest
of Lepidoptera family as well as other pest control methods utilized in the farm at
sandakan area. Besides, information on chemical pesticides, herbicides, and
fertilizers utilized in the pesticide shop was collected and studied.
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5.0 TYPES OF PESTICIDES USED AT SANDAKAN
5.1 FEZMET
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class II
Chemical group : Organophosphate
Common name : Fezmet
Trade name : FEZMET 40, Rogor L-40, Tamet 40
Chemical name : 2-dimethoxyphoshinothioythio-N-methylacetamide
Active ingredients : Dimethoate
Manufacturer’s name : Zagro Chemicals Sdn. Bhd.
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Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : It is used for control a wide range of Acari, Aphididae,
Aleyrodidea, Coccidea, Coleoptera, Collembola,
Diptera, and Lepidoptera
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Note
10 litre of
waterOne hectare
9 ml 0.8 liter
Spray at the interval of 2 weeks. Do
not spray more than 2 times in one
season.
5.2 ACTELLIC
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class II
Chemical group : Organophosphate
Common name : Pirimiphos-methyl
Trade name : ACTELLIC
Chemical name : 0-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]0, 0-
dimethylphosphorothioate
Active ingredients : Pirimiphos-methyl
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Manufacturer’s name : Syngenta Group Company
Mode of action : Non-Systemic
Uses : it is used for control Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Note
10 litre of water One hectare
9 ml 0.8 liter
Spray at the interval of 2 weeks. Do
not spray more than 2 times in one
season.
5.3 DIPEL ES
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class IV
Chemical group : Btk 11B2
Common name : Bacillus Thuringiensis
Trade name : Dipel ES
Chemical name : N/A
Active ingredients : Bacillus Thuringiensis, Subsp. kurstaki
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Manufacturer’s name : Halex (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : it is used for control most Lepidopteran
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Spray volume
per hectareStage
10 litre of water One hectare
17ml 1020 ml 600 LIt can be sprayed 4
times in a season.
5.4 RIPCORD 505
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class III
Chemical group : Pyrethroid
Common name : Cypermethrin
Trade name : Ripcord 505
Chemical name : 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (IUPAC)
Active ingredients : Cypermethrin
Manufacturer’s name : BASF (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
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Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : it is used for control most Lepidopteran
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Spray volume
per hectare
Stage
10 litre of water One hectare
17ml 1020 ml 600 L
It can be
sprayed 4 times
in a season.
5.5 SHIELDMATE 2.8 EC
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class IV
Chemical group : Pyrethroid
Common name : Deltamethrin
Trade name : Shieldmate 2.8 EC, Butox, Butoflin
Chemical name : (s)- α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-