Lepidium naufragorum Garn.-Jones et D.A.Norton … naufragorum Garn.-Jones et D.A.Norton Family: ... What is the impact of Albugo candida on L. ... sexual reproduction.

Lepidium naufragorum Garn.-Jones et D.A.Norton

Family:

Endemic to:

Common name:

Ranking:

Descriptor:

Conservancy:

Habitat:

Threats:

Brassicaceae

Westland.

Westland scurvy grass.

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.

A perennial, robust, tap-rooted, rosette with erect floweringstems.

WC.

High fertility coastal islands and rocky headland associationswith seals, penguins, and birds.

Largely unknown as only recently described. Assumed to bethe same as other coastal Lepidium spp. i.e. browse, weedencroachment, fungal disease, loss of seal and seabirdcolonies that provide habitat.

Work undertaken to date

Coastal Cress/Nau Recovery Plan has been published; Coastal Cress RecoveryGroup set up; taxonomic status determined; survey (West Coast); coastalhabitat is known.

Priority sites for surveyFiordland, islands north of Point Elizabeth.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitoring of a mainland site and an island site needed to determine populationdynamics (Arnott Point/Knights Point?).

Research questionsWhat is the impact of Albugo candida on L.specific threats to L. naufragorum?

naufragorum? What are the

Management needsIn cultivation from a number ofprovenances, more needed; threatmitigation once specific threats areidentified, e.g. weed control; habitatrestoration.

Selected referencesGarnockJones, P.J.; Norton, D.A. 1995. Lepidium

naufragorum (Brassicaceae), a new speciesfrom Westland, and notes on other NewZealand coastal Lepidium. New Zealand JournalofBotany33:43-51.

Norton, D.A.; de Lange, PJ.; Garnock-Jones, P.J.;Given, D.R. 1997. The role of seabirds andseals in the survival of coastal plants: lessonsfrom New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae).Bio-diversity and Conservation 6:765-785.

Norton, D.A.; de Lange, P.J. 1999. NationalCoastal Cress/Nau Recovery Plan.Department of Conservation; Wellington.

Lepidium oleraceum agg.

Family: Brassicaceae

Endemic to:

New Zealand.

Common name: Nau, Cook's scurvy grass.

Ranking:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Semi-woody, robust, shrubby cress.

Conservancy:

NL, AU, WK, BP, WG, WL, NM, OT, SL, (CA, EC/HB).

Habitat:

Occurs amongst seabird colonies on sites of high fertility,with burrowing birds etc.

Threats:

Browsers (including insects and kiore); weed encroachment;lack of legal land protection; loss of associated seabirdcolonies; fungal disease (Albugo candida ) ; collectors;habitat degradation (Waikato and Chatham Islands);introduced insect pests, e.g. grey cabbage aphid; seal andseabird trampling..

Work undertaken to dateCoastal Cress/Nau Recovery Plan has been published; Coastal Cress RecoveryGroup set up; extensive survey in Auckland Conservancy; survey at Sugar LoafIslands, New Plymouth; Chatham Islands, coastal Wellington, CoromandelIslands, Northwest Nelson, Stephens Island, North Brothers Island, andMuttonbird, Snares, and Antipodes Islands; monitoring at Sugar Loaf andChatham Islands; some taxonomic work (DNA trials on all Lepidium spp.);ecology known; population enhancement at one Sugar Loaf Island, at ManaIsland, and attempts on the Chatham Islands.

Priority sites for surveyKermadec, Chatham, Solander Islands, Titi and Auckland Islands (Southland),Little Barrier, Sugar Loaf Islands; all recent historical sites since 1960s; smallislands in the Sounds, Coromandel, western Waikato, and Te Taitapu Coast.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor success of translocations to Matiu/Somes Island and Sugar Loaf Islands,and re-established historical sites on Little Barrier and elsewhere; monitorsuccess of population enhancements at Sugar Loaf and Mana Islands; monitornumbers to see the influence of vegetation changes on small islands such asMangere (Chathams group) where herbaceous species are yielding to a woodycover; monitor numbers to see the effects of vegetation change on L. oleraceumagg. on small islands; regularly inspect Mana and Kapiti Islands populations.

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomy of the L. oleraceum agg.? What are the disturbance andnutrient regimes required too maintain populations of L. oleraceum agg in the

wild?

Management needsTranslocation to Matiu/Somes Island, and enhancement of North Islandpopulations; re-establish on Little Barrier and other historical sites once habitatrequirements are known; disease control; strict quarantine in relation to pestswhen visiting offshore islands to prevent, e.g. diamond backed moth and greycabbage aphid infestations; continue translocation efforts on Chatham Island,

e.g. Awatotara and Point Munning areas; to collect and maintain in cultivationmaterial from a wide variety of populations; continue to collect seed from allpopulations for ex situ work.

Selected referencesde Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A. 1996. To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular "scurvy grass"

refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417-420.

Garnock Jones, P.J.; Norton, D.A. 1995. Lepidium naufragorum (Brassicaceae), a new speciesfrom Westland, and notes on other New Zealand coastal species of Lepidium. NewZealand Journal of Botany 33: 43-51.

Norton, D.A.; de Lange, P.J. 1999. National Coastal Cress/Nau Recovery Plan. Department ofConservation, Wellington.

Norton, D.A.; de Lange, P.J.; Garnock Jones, P. J.; Given, D.R. 1997. The role of seabirds and sealsin the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae).Biodiversity and Conservation 6:765-785.

Ogle, C.C. 1987. The retreat of Cook's scurvy grass. Forest and Bird 243: 26.

Leptinella featherstonii (Hook.f.) D.G.Lloyd et C.J.Webb

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Chatham Islands.

Common name: Chatham Islands button daisy.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Woody shrub button-daisy with knotched, spathulate leaves.Two forms exist: the hairy Kaingaroa form; and the glabrous(non-hairy) offshore stack form.

Conservancy: WL.

Habitat:

Grows on high fertility sites associated with seabirds andalbatross islands.

Threats:

Collectors; loss of seabird colonies; lack of legal landprotection (all known sites are privately owned); habitatdegradation; weed encroachment; trampling by visitors;storm damage to adult plants.

Work undertaken to dateVery hard to grow and maintain; translocations and population enhancementtrials underway on Chatham Island, little success to date; ecology studied in anhonours project.

Priority sites for surveyLittle Mangere and offshore rock stacks, Chathams group.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesOngoing monitoring of Chatham site; monitor success of translocation sites onmain Chatham Island; set up monitoring on at least one bird island to ascertain ifseabird decline is having an impact on the hairy form of the plant; set up amonitoring system for the glabrous form.

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomic status of the hairy versus glabrous forms? Is the woodyChatham Island L. featherstonii worthy of generic segregation from theherbaceous species of Leptinella? What impact is the decline of seabirdcolonies having on the habitats and distribution of L. featherstonii?

Management needsAdvocacy to mitigate collection and trampling; continue trying to re-establishplants of the glabrous form; continue to re-establish plants of the hairyKaingaroa form, including possible translocation of this form to South-EastIsland where L. featherstonii is absent, translocate Little Mangere plants toMangere Island Nature Reserve; habitat restoration; secure legal land protection;weed control.

Selected referencesIbell, G. 1990. Seed germination, plant establishment, growth and conservation of Leptinella

featherstonii F.Muell (1864), a threatened coprophilic plant from the Chatham Islands.Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Canterbury.

Lloyd, D.G. 1972. A revision of the New Zealand, Subantarctic, and South American species ofCotula, Section Leptinella. New Zealand Journal of Botany 10: 277-372.

Lloyd, D.G. 1982. Variation and evolution of plant species on the outlying islands of New Zealand,with particular reference to Cotula featherstonii. Taxon 31: 478-487.

Lloyd, D.G. 1987. The reinstatement of Leptinella at generic rank, and the status of the `Cotuleae'(Asteraceae, Anthemideae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 99-105.

Leptinella rotundata (Cheeseman) D.G.Lloyd et C.J.Webb

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Northwestern North Island.

Common name: Northland button daisy.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes

Descriptor:

Prostrate, coastal, mat-forming, round-leaved button-daisy.

Conservancy:

NL, (AU).

Habitat:

A cliff plant growing on base-rich rocks under low scrub, andin soil pockets on otherwise sheer cliffs.

Threats:

Coastal erosion; collectors; weed encroachment; habitatdegradation by stock; sex bias in some populations limitssexual reproduction.

Work undertaken to dateCommon in cultivation as inconstant males; translocations attempted in 1970sall failed through catastrophic events.

Priority sites for surveyWaitakere Ranges (need criticalsurvey); basalt bluffs on the westcoast of the Northland Peninsula.

Monitoring: objectives andpriority sitesNone required beyond annual,opportunistic survey of all knownsites.

Research questions

Management needsSecure better land protection atMitimiti site; advocacy with thepublic to prevent collection; weedcontrol at sites; translocation ofinconstant males to sites withfemales at Hokianga and Mitimiti;advocacy with stock owners toprevent habitat degradation.

Selected references

Lloyd, D.G. 1972. A revision of the NewZealand, Subantarctic, and SouthAmerican species of Cotula, SectionLeptinella. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 10: 277-372.

Lloyd, D.G. 1987. The reinstatement ofLeptinella at generic rank, and thestatus of the `Cotuleae' (Asteraceae,Anthemideae). New ZealandJournal of Botany 25: 99-105.

Lycopodiella serpentina (Kunze) B.0llg.

Family: Lycopodiaceae

Endemic to:

Common name:

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

Descriptor:

Conservancy:

Habitat:

Threats:

Indigenous to New Zealand, South Australia, andCaledonia.

Bog clubmoss.

In cultivation: No.

Diminutive clubmoss.

NL, WK.

Very acid peat with a high water table.

Drainage; collectors (at some sites); peateutrophication; weed encroachment.

Work undertaken to dateOpportunistic survey at Waikato (Kopouatai); attempts at cultivation.

Priority sites for surveyKaimaumau; Ahipara.

New

mining;

Monitoring: objectives andpriority sitesWhangamarino wetlands/Ahiparapopulation dynamics.

Research questions

Existing research programme re:fire for regeneration (Science andResearch Unit). What is the effectof fertiliser drift on bogs?

Management needsMaintain water tables at highlevels; advocacy with the public toprevent collection of plants;habitat restoration; advocacy withfarmers at Kopouatai re: use offertilisers drifting into the bog;weed management to preventhabitat modification.

Selected referencesWilson, C.M.; Given, D.R. 1989.

Threatened Plants of NewZealand. DSIR Publishing,Wellington.

Montigena novae-zelandiae (Hook.f.) Heenan

Family:

Fabaceae (the only species in the Montigena genus).

Endemic to:

Eastern South Island.

Common name: Scree pea.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Rhizomotous, summer-green, small, grey, pinnate-leavedherb.

Conservancy:

NM, CA, OT.

Habitat:

Scree and tussockland.

Threats:

Collectors; trampling by stock and wild animals; lack of legalland protection.

Work undertaken to dateTaxonomic status reviewed; opportunistic survey during Protected Natural AreaProgramme surveys; annual monitoring since 1995 of Long Gully population;second population of several hundred individuals discovered in Long Gully/MtIda in summer of 1997/98.

Priority sites for surveyCanterbury; Mid Clarence Valley, Western Molesworth (Nelson/Marlborough);opportunistic survey, especially during tenure review.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesStoat Creek in Clarence Valley to establish stability and recruitment in thepopulation.

Research questionsTaxonomy ongoing. What is the population and reproductive ecology of M.novae-zelandiae? What impact does stock have on M. novae-zelandiaepopulations? Does competition occur with exotic swards?

Management needsAdvocacy to stop collection and mitigate trampling; wild animal control; securelegal land protection especially through pastoral lease tenure review.

Selected referencesHeenan, P.B. 1997. Fruit anatomy of Clianthus puniceus and Swaisona novae-zelandiae

(Fabaceae-Galegeae). New Zealand journal of Botany 35: 119-123.

Heenan, P.B. 1998a. Phylogenetic analysis of the Carmichaelia complex, Clianthus, andSwainsona (Fabaceae), from Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand journal of Botany36: 21-40.

Heenan, P.B. 1998b. Montigena (Fabaceae), a new genus endemic to New Zealand. New ZealandJournal of Botany 36: 41-51.

Lee, A.T. 1948. The genus Swainsona. Contributions from the New South Wales NationalHerbarium 1: 131-271.

Simpson, MJA 1987 Swainsona novae-zelandiae. Journal of the Canterbury Alpine GardenSociety, October. Pp. 6-7.

Thompson, J. 1993. A revision of the genus Swainsona (Fabaceae). Telopea 5: 427-581.

Myosotidium hortensia (Decne) Baill.

Family:

Boraginaceae (the only species in the Myosotidium genus).

Endemic to:

Chatham Islands.

Common name: Chatham Island forget-me-not , kopakopa, kopukapuka, giantforget-me-not.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Glossy-leaved megaherb, up to 1 m in diameter, with pale todark blue flowers which become purplish with age.

Conservancy: WL.

Habitat:

Coastal bluffs, sand dunes, forest margins, and occasionallyabove high tide on sandy beaches and limestone bluffs (oneplace).

Threats:

Lack of legal land protection; stock (trampling, browse),especially cattle; weed encroachment (marram grass,Ammophila arenaria) on dune sites.

Work undertaken to dateSome site protection; monitoring of marram/forget-me-not association at HengaScenic Reserve; restoration plantings in several protected areas on theChathams, using several provenances; survey of most of the Chatham beachesand some areas of southern bluffs. Also a reasonable knowledge of Pitt Islandbeaches and South East and Mangere Islands.

Priority sites for surveySouthern cliffs of Chatham Island and offshore rock stacks.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesOngoing at Henga Scenic Reserve - interaction with marram grass; ongoing westof Kaingaroa - monitoring disturbance by animals, high seas.

Research questions

Management needsSecure legal land protection of other wild sites in the north of Chatham Island;animal control; reintroduction to dune sites in protected areas; control ofmarram grass at dune sites.

Selected referencesGreenwood, R.M. 1992. Some differences between plants of the Chatham Islands and the New

Zealand mainland. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 16: 51-52.

Wilson, C.M.; Given, D.R. 1989. Threatened Plants of New Zealand. DSIR Publishing, Wellington.

Myosotis albosericea Hook.f.Family: Boraginaceae

Endemic to:

Dunstan Mountains.

Common name: Yellow forget-me-not.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

Descriptor:

Silver-leaved, yellow-flowered forget-me-not.

Conservancy: OT.

Habitat:

Very dry loess caps, schist on crest of the DunstanMountains.

Threats:

Trampling from sheep and hares; susceptible to catastrophicevents as M. albosericea is a very localised endemicoccurring in naturally low numbers; lack of legal landprotection.

Work undertaken to dateIntensely monitored on the Dunstan Range.

Priority sites for surveyDunstan Range; opportunistic survey.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesContinue monitoring to establish population dynamics.

Research questionsWhat is the ecology of M. albosericea?

In cultivation: Yes.

Management needsManagement to exclude sheep and hares from sites, weed control may beneeded at sites if sheep and hare exclusion is achieved; possible to translocateto sites within its range to extend the population and make it less susceptible tocatastrophic events; secure legal land protection.

Selected referencesJohnson, P.N.; Robertson, A. 1986. Rare species of Myosotis on the Dunstan Range: a botanical

report. Unpublished report, Botany Division, DSIR.

Myosotis colensoi (Kirk) MacBride

Family: Boraginaceae

Endemic to:

Northeastern South Island.

Common name: Castle Hill forget-me-not, limestone forget-me-not.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Grey/green, turf forming, white flowered forget-me-not.

Conservancy:

NM, CA.

Habitat:

Limestone pavement and bluffs.

Threats:

Weed encroachment (especially Hieracium spp. ); lack oflegal land protection; stock grazing and trampling.

Work undertaken to dateUnsuccessful survey in the Chalk Range; one site at Castle Hill Basin is fenced toexclude stock, the lessee is sympathetic; intensive monitoring; reproductiveecology is known; population structures and long term dynamics being studied.

Priority sites for surveyChalk Range and Ben More, South Marlborough.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesOngoing monitoring at Castle Hill, particularly for impacts of weeds, and toestablish population dynamics.

Research questionsHow can Hieracium be controlled?

Management needsControl weeds; secure legal land protection at Flock Hill/Castle Hill; advocacyto mitigate stock damage.

Selected referencesWilson, C.M.; Given, D.R. 1989. Threatened Plants of New Zealand. DSIR Publishing, Wellington.

Myosotis petiolata var. pottsiana

Family: Boraginaceae

Endemic to:

Te Urewera.

Common name: Pott's forget-me-not.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

Descriptor:

In cultivation: Yes.

A semi-erect, white flowered, diffusely branching rosette,covered with sparsely appressed hairs.

Conservancy:

Habitat:

EC/HB.

Occurs in riparian habitats and rocky outcrops.

Deer browse; collectors; weed encroachment.Threats:

Work undertaken to dateLimited survey and habitat description;Robertson, Massey University.

L.B.Moore

Myosotis genus being revised by A.

Priority sites for surveyWestern edges of Ikawhenua Range, Waioweka Gorge and other historical sites.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesDependant on survey results.

Research questionsWhat is the status of the taxa currently recognised in the M. petiolata complex(M. petiolata var. petiolata, M. p. var. pansa, M. p. var. pottsiana)?

Management needsAnimal control; advocacy with the public to mitigate collection; weed control atsites; cultivate and re-establish (i.e., translocate) to safe, historical sites.

Selected referencesBowen, D. 1985. A rare experience: rediscovering Myosotis petiolata var. pottsiana. Wellington

Botanical Society Bulletin 42: G1-63.

Myosotis pygmaea var. glauca G.Simpson et G.M.Thomson

Family: Boraginaceae

Endemic to:

Eastern South Island.

Common name: Kaimanawa forget-me-not.

Ranking:

Descriptor:

Conservancy:

Habitat:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: No.

A grey, rosette-forming, small, forget-me-not.

WG, OT, (CA, SL).

Found in fine, riparian gravels overlying "fines" (sand),stream banks and rock faces; open sites with few otherplants, dumped mine workings.

Threats: Trampling and disturbance of gravels (especially by wildhorses in Moawhango); gold mining (Nevis); weedencroachment (grasses); lack of legal land protection.

Work undertaken to dateIntensive survey (1996) in Moawhango, with permanent vegetation plotsestablished (104 plants recorded); opportunistic observations in Nevis (1992-1996); survey in the East Coast; wild horses have been removed fromMoawhango; Survey of Otago sites in 1998; Myosotis genus being revised by A.Robertson, Massey University.

Priority sites for surveySurvey all historical sites including Nevis Valley, Harris Mountains and Kurrow(Otago), Mid Dome and Windon Burn (Southland), and Castle Hill Basin.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesEstablish monitoring at each key site with the speciessmall, isolated populations.

as they are mostly very

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomic relationship of the named varieties in M. pygmaea to theparent variety, e.g. M. p. var. pygmaea, M. p. var. minutiflora, M. p. var. glauca,M. p. var. drucei? What is the ecology of M. pygmaea var. glauca?

Management needsContinue to manage the Moawhango sites to ensure wild horses do not return;possible re-establishment in wild (sow seeds in wild and monitor); trial weedcontrol experiments; secure legal land protection of known sites.

Selected references

Department of Conservation 1997.Moawhango Ecology - Nativeplants at risk. Department ofConservation, Wanganui Conser-vancy.

Myriophyllum robustum Hook.f.

Family: Haloragaceae

Endemic to:

North and South Islands.

Common name: Stout water-milfoil.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.Descriptor:

. Aquatic emergent, fern-leaved water plant.

Conservancy:

NL, AU, WK, BP, WG, NM, WC, SL, (EC/HB, WL).

Habitat:

Occurs in lowland lakes, ponds, slow moving streams,kahikatea forest (water channels on mud), and in limestonesink holes (terrestrial form).

Threats:

Habitat loss; change in hydrology; competition from waterweeds; peat mining; eutrophication; animal browse (goats,possums).

Work undertaken to dateWell surveyed throughout the country except Fiordland; sites protected on theWest Coast and Wanganui; re-discovered in Nelson.

Priority sites for surveyOpportunistic; Fiordland (especially Big Bay, TransitSwamp).

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesLowland sites for weed invasion; photopoints, usedduring November when fully emergent.

Research questionsHow are aquatic weeds best kept out of M. robustumhabitat to prevent competition?

Management needsAdvocacy is required to mitigate habitat loss, andmaintain the weed free status of the lowland Waikatosites; translocation to new sites; keep weeds out of keyhabitats, e.g. Lake Matheson, Haast dune lakes; animalcontrol.

Selected referencesde Iange, P.J. 1985. Myriophyllum robustum Hook f. in the North

Island. Rotorua Botanical Society Newsletter 8: 10-22.

de Iange, P.J. 1987. Two new Myriophyllum robustum Hook f.localities in the Whangamarino Wetlands, Te Kauwhata.New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 7: 6-7.

Tanner, C.C.; Clayton, J.S.; Wells, RDS 1988 The distribution,biology, habitat and conservation status of the endangeredaquatic plants Hydatella inconspicua and Myriophyllumrobustum in Northland, with recommendations for futuremanagement. Unpublished Report, Aquatic Plant Section,Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ruakura.

Olearia fimbriata (Petrie) Heads

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Southeast South Island.

Common name: -

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Low, divaricating, semi-deciduous tree.

Conservancy:

CA, OT, SL.

Habitat:

Hill slopes in grey scrub on Umbrella Mountains, TaieriGorge, and extinct on the Otago peninsula.

Threats:

Habitat loss/degradation (fire, native vegetation clearance);stock grazing/disturbance; lack of natural regeneration dueto weed encroachment; lack of legal land protection.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey throughout range; taxonomic revision published; translocation to PianoFlat (Southland); plants in cultivation.

Priority sites for surveyPomahaka River; Otago Peninsula; Taieri Gorge; Mt Cook through to BanksPeninsula; historical sites.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sites

Research questionsWhat is the ecology and habitat requirements of O. fimbriata? What affect doesdisturbance have on O. fimbriata? Is seedling establishment of O. fimbriataoccurring in the wild?

Management needsAdvocacy to mitigate effects of stock grazing and disturbance; weed control atsites to assist natural regeneration; secure legal land protection of key sites.

Selected referencesHeads, M. 1998. Biodiversity in the New Zealand divaricating tree daisies: Olearia sect. nov.

(Compositae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 239-285.

Olearia fragrantissima Petrie

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Eastern South Island.

Common name : Fragrant tree daisy.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Small, deciduous, erect tree to 15 m, with soft, pale-greenleaves.

Conservancy:

CA, OT, SL.

Habitat:

Alluvial/riparian and mixed, low-broadleaved forest, andscrub.

Threats:

Habitat loss and degradation via seral forest and scrubclearance; stock, possum and goat grazing and disturbance;weed encroachment (grasses).

Work undertaken to dateProtected (reserves and covenants) at Canterbury, Otago, and Southland;opportunistic survey and inventory; plants in propagation for restoration work;

population enhancement at Kingdon property, Croydon(Southland); translocation to Croydon and GlenhamScenic Reserves (Southland).

Priority sites for surveyEastern Southland rivers.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesPopulation structure; possum and goat browse.

Research questionsWhat are the germination requirements of O.fragrantissima? What was the extent of the historicaldistribution of O. fragrantissima?

Management needsSecure legal land protection of key sites; continuepopulation enhancement and translocation work at theexisting sites and initiate additional work at other keysites in Southland; advocacy to mitigate stock grazing;possum and goat control; weed control at sites.

Selected referencesHeads, M. 1998. Biodiversity in the New Zealand divaricating tree

daisies: Olearia sect. nov. (Compositae). BotanicalJournal ofthe Linnean SocYety 127: 239-285.

Rogers, G.; Barkla, J.; Rance, B.; Simpson, N. 1998. Recent discoveriesof rare small-leaved shrubs and trees from Otago andSouthland. New Zealand Botanical SocYety Newsletter 54: 8-13.

Olearia polita Garn.-Jones et H.D.Wilson

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Moutere Ecological District.

Common name: Glenhope tree daisy, Glenhope twig daisy.

Ranking:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.Descriptor:

Shiny-, small-leaved, divaricating shrub-daisy.Conservancy: NM.

Habitat:

Open swampy, silver beech forest on valley floors and toe-slopes.

Threats:

Lack of legal land protection; stock disturbance; habitatdestruction (clearance and drainage for farmland, forestry).

Work undertaken to dateSurvey of Glenhope catchment (450 plants known); input into SustainableManagement Plan for indigenous forestry to secure protected areas(unsuccessful); formal taxonomic recognition; research on ecology.

Priority sites for surveyFurther survey on similar landforms in Station Creek, Maruia Valley (WestCoast), branches of Hope River headwaters, Glenhope.

Monitoring: objectives andpriority sitesMonitor success of management changes;monitor recruitment and weed dynamics.

Research questions

Management needsSecure legal land protection in core areas ofLamb Valley, Teal Creek and Cow Stream andfence from stock.

Selected referencesGarnock-Jones, P.J.; Wilson, H.D. 1992. Two new

species names in Olearia (Asteraceae) from NewZealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 30:365-368.

Heads, M. 1998. Biodiversity in the New Zealanddivaricating tree daisies: Olearia sect. nov.(Compositae). Botanical Journal of the LinneanSociety 127:239-285.

Williams, P.A.; Courtney, S.P. 1995. Site characteristicsand population structures of the endangeredshrub Olearia polita (Wilson et Garnock Jones),Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 33: 237-241.

Olearia sp. nov. AK 178700

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Tutamoe Ecological District.

Common name: -

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Stout shrub or small tree with tan-backed, large, leatheryleaves.

Conservancy: NL.

Habitat:

Montane cloud forest, often on basalt cliff face refuges.

Threats:

Goat, stock, and pig browse.

Work undertaken to dateAnimal control.

Priority sites for surveySurvey known and potential sites.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor sample populations for success of animal control.

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomic status of Olearia sp. nov. AK 178700?

Management needsPropagate plants for translocation and population enhancement work; fence atleast part of the populations in the Waimamaku Catchment (include withCoprosma waima) to exclude animals.

Selected references

Pachystegia rufa Molloy

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

Flaxbourne Ecological District.

Common name : Red rock daisy.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation : Yes.

Descriptor :

Shrubby, stout, thick-leaved woody daisy covered in reddishhairs.

Conservancy: NM.

Habitat:

Greywacke bluffs.

Threats:

Browsing by possums, sheep, and goats; lack of legal landprotection (all known sites are on privately owned land);large scale rock quarrying at new ferry terminal site;hybridism with other Pachystegia species.

Work undertaken to datePopulation survey and census complete; QEII covenant being set up for thelargest population.

Priority sites for survey

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor success of fencing on population dynamics and threat mitigation;monitoring to be done on the largest population once the QEII covenant is inplace.

Research questionsHow is P. rufa propagated and cultivated? Is hybridism a threat to P. rufa ?

Management needsPossum and goat control; secure legal land protection andfencing of Waterfall Stream population; mitigation ofhybridism if found to be a threat.

Selected references

Molloy, B.P.J. ; Simpson, M.J.A.

1980. Taxonomy, distribution andecology of Pachystegia (Compositae): a progress report. New7ealand Journal of Ecology 3: 1-3.

Peraxilla colensoi (Hook.f.) Tiegh.

Family:

Loranthaceae (there are only two species in the Peraxillagenus).

Endemic to:

New Zealand.

Common name: Korukoru,

pirita,

piriraki,

crimson

mistletoe,

scarletmistletoe.

Ranking :

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: No.

Descriptor:

Shrubby hemi-parasite up to 3 m across.

Conservancy:

EC/HB, TT, WG, NM, WC, CA, OT, SL, (BP, WL).

Habitat:

Mostly beech forests on silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii)trunks and branches, especially at lower altitudes (0 - 500 ma.s.l.).

Threats:

Browse (vertebrate and invertebrate); low recruitment; lossof native bird species involved with reproduction anddispersal; host death; habitat destruction (deforestation);collectors (especially for selling); vandalism; fungal disease.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey and monitoring - Tongariro/Taupo, East Coast, Southland, West Coastand North Taranaki; banding of accessible hosts (North Taranaki); research onreproductive ecology; possum control at Eglinton Valley and extensive areas inSouth Westland; survey and monitoring at three sites in Southland; limitedsurvey in Wellington Conservancy - no plants found; database/monitoringsystem set up in Tongariro/Taupo Conservancy; host tree collaring, West CoastConservancy.

Priority sites for surveyOpportunistic; Northwest Nelson; Paparoa; Mt Te Aroha (Northern limit);continue surveys of historic sites in Wellington Conservancy.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitoring success of management practices; possum control monitoring;monitoring will occur as part of a study on possum impacts in Canterbury.

Research questionsWhat is the level to which possumpopulations should be held toensure healthy populations of P.colensoi? What is the cause of die-back in the Catlins population?How is P. colensoi cultivated andtranslocated to new, hosts?

Management needsMaintaining possum bait stationsas appropriate to mitigate animalbrowse; continued possumcontrol, collaring of hosts; andcaging of mistletoes; seedcollection for translocation tohistorical sites; population

enhancement at Rotoiti, Nelson Lakes; habitat restoration; advocacy to mitigatecollection and vandalism.

Selected referencesde Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A. (eds.). 1997. New Zealand's loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings

of a workshop hosted by Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, CASS 17-20 July 1995. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Dopson, S.R. 1999. Management recommendations for the Loranthaceae mistletoe in theTongariro/Taupo Conservancy, Department of Conservation. Science and ResearchInvestigation No. 1991, Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Norton, D.A.; Ladley, J.J.; Owen, H.J. 1997. Distribution and population structure of thel oranthaceous mistletoes Alepis flavida, Peraxilla colensoi and Peraxilla tetrapetala

within two New Zealand Nothofagus forests. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 323-

336.

Norton, D.A.; Ladley, J.J.; Sparrow, A.D. 1997. Development of non-destructive age indices forthree New Zealand loranthaceous mistletoes. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 335-

343.

Norton, D.A.; Reid, N. 1997. Lessons in ecosystem management of threatened and pestloranthaceous mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia. Conservation Biology 11: 759-

769.

Ogle, C. C.; Wilson, P. 1985. Where have all the mistletoes gone? Forest and Bird 16(3) : 10-13

Peraxilla tetrapetala Tiegh.

Family:

Loranthaceae (there are only two species in the Peraxillagenus).

Endemic to:

New Zealand.

Common name: Pirirangi, pikirangi, pikiraki., pirita, red mistletoe.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: No.

Descriptor:

Shrubby hemi-parasite up to 1.5 m across.

Conservancy:

AU, WK, BP, EC/HB, TT, WG, WL, NM, WC, CA, OT, SL,(NL).

Habitat:

Mostly beech forest on black/mountain beech (Nothofagussolandri complex) trunks and branches; also known to infectQuintinia serrata north of latitude 38°S, and in the far northP. tetrapetala has been recorded from Metrosideros excelsa,Vitex lucens, and Weinmannia silvicola.

Threats:

Browse (vertebrate and invertebrate); low recruitment; lossof native bird species involved with reproduction anddispersal; mining on the West Coast; host death; habitatdestruction (deforestation); collectors (especially forselling); vandalism; fungal disease.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey and monitoring - Tongariro/Taupo, East Coast/Hawke's Bay, Wanganui,Wellington, Nelson/Marlborough, West Coast and Southland Conservancies;banding of accessible hosts; caging and bait-stationing for possum/rat controland propagation trials in Hawke's Bay and Nelson/Marlborough; research onreproductive ecology and impacts of possum browse; possum control inEglinton Valley; database/monitoring system set up in Tongariro/TaupoConservancy; management plan prepared for populations of plants inWellington Conservancy; monitoring being done at Craigieburn Forest Park andMt Thomas Forest Park; fencing from stock and monitoring has been undertakenat the Boyle River site.

Priority sites for surveyOpportunistic; Northwest Nelson: Paparoa; Great Barrier Island; WhirinakiForest Park - only one plant known; further survey of Tararua Range required,Wellington Conservancy and Waitaanga Plateau (Wanaganui Conservancy).

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitoring of effectiveness of management practices;possum control monitoring; monitoring will occur as partof a study on possum impacts in Canterbury.

Research questionsWhat is the level to which possum populations should beheld to ensure healthy populations of P. tetrapetala ? Howis P. tetrapetala cultivated and translocated to new hosts?What are the seed dispersers of P. tetrapetala ?

Management needsCollaring of hosts, caging of mistletoes, or maintainingpossum bait stations as appropriate to mitigate animal

browse; continued possum control; seed collection for translocation tohistorical sites; implement Wellington Conservancy plan for extant mistletoes;enhancement of the Rotoiti, Nelson Lakes population; advocacy to mitigatecollection and vandalism; habitat restoration.

Selected referencesde Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A. (eds.). 1997. New Zealand's loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings

of a workshop hosted by Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, CASS 17-20 July 1995. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Dopson, S.R. 1999. Management recommendations for the Loranthaceae mistletoe in theTongariro/Taupo Conservancy, Department of Conservation. Science and ResearchInvestigation No. 1991, Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Norton, D.A.; Ladley, J.J.: Owen, H.J. 1997. Distribution and population structure of theloranthaceous mistletoes Alepis flavida, Peraxilla colensoi and Peraxilla tetrapetalawithin two New Zealand Nothofagus forests. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 323-336.

Norton, D.A.; Ladley, J.J.; Sparrow, A.D. 1997. Development of non-destructive age indices forthree New Zealand Loranthaceous mistletoes. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 335-343.

Norton, D.A.; Reid, N. 1997. Lessons in ecosystem management of threatened and pestloranthaceous mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia. Conservation Biology 11: 759-769.

Ogle, C.C.; Wilson, P. 1985. Where have all the mistletoes gone? Forest and Bird 16(3): 10-13.

Pittosporum dallii Cheeseman

Family: Pittosporaceae

Endemic to:

Wangapeka Ecological District.

Common name: Kahurangi kohuhu , Dall's pittosporum.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Toothed, leathery-leaved shrub to subcanopy tree.

Conservancy: NM.

Habitat:

Montane beech forest and bluffs, and ultramafic outcropshrublands.

Threats:

Browsing and ring barking (goats, deer).

Work undertaken to dateRecent survey resulted in the discovery of major populations in the AnatokiRiver catchment; surveying all suitable habitats within the newly establishedKahurangi National Park; monitoring programmes at Devil and Snow Rivers forpopulation dynamics and response to browse control established; animal (goat)control.

Priority sites for surveyFurther survey in Anatoki River.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesContinue monitoring at Devil and Snow Rivers to determine the effects of goatcontrol.

Research questionsWhat affects seedling establishment of P. dallii ?

Management needsIncrease wild animal control.

Selected references

Hayward, J.D. 1982. Pittosporum dallii. New Zealand Forest Service,Nelson.

Pittosporum obcordatum Raoul

(including Pittosporum obcordatum var. kaitaiaensis Laing et Gourlay)

Family: Pittosporaceae

Endemic to:

North and South Islands.

Common name: Heart-leaved kohuhu.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Columnar, divaricating small tree.

Conservancy:

NL, EC/HB, WG, WL, OT, SL, (CA).

Habitat:

Alluvial kahikatea-dominated forest and scrub subject toperiodic flooding.

Threats:

Habitat destruction/fragmentation; lack of recruitment dueto browsing and weed encroachment; sex-ratio imbalance insmall populations; lack of legal land protection (East Coast/Hawke's Bay Conservancy).

Work undertaken to dateSurvey in East Coast/Hawke's Bay, Wanganui, Wellington, Southland, and OtagoConservancies; ecology reviewed; taxonomy assessed; seedling recruitmentmonitoring, and plants grown and gifted to landowners in WellingtonConservancy; Protected Natural Areas site protected via fencing andcovenanting in Hawke's Bay Conservancy; weed removal in East CoastConservancy; monitoring for the past three years of a plot at Paengaroa ScenicReserve, Wanganui Conservancy for seedling recruitment and growth rates;population management plans prepared in Wellington Conservancy; weedcontrol at one site in Wellington Conservancy; monitoring at Wairua, Northland.

Priority sites for surveyAkaroa Bay (Banks Peninsula), Catlins (Otago), Back Valley and WesternSouthland (Southland), Banks Peninsula (type locality); further survey of bushremnants in the Wairarapa Plains Ecological District and Hautapu Valley(Taihape); opportunistic survey.

Monitoring:objectives andpriority sitesOngoing at ParengaroaScenic Reserve, andGladstone for seedlingrecruitment and growthrates; monitor populationenhancement at Manapouri;population dynamics andrecruitment at Back Valley(Southland).

Research questionsHow are divaricating plantcommunities restored?

Management needsReinstate natural flooding regime in Wairoa River floodplains in Northland (amajor stronghold for P. obcordatum); implement Wellington Conservancypopulation management plans; enhance extant populations with ex-situ stock ofthe same provenance; animal control: continue weed control at sites; securelegal land protection of both sites in Wellington Conservancy; secure legal landprotection in Hawke's Bay (privately owned - almost all sites are beingcovenanted under Protected Natural Areas Programme) and of railways landnear Mataroa (Olearia gardneri is present here too).

Selected referencesClarkson, B.D. 1991. Studies on threatened plants Part 1: ecology and conservation of heart-leaved

kohuhu (Pittosporuyn obcordaturn s.s.) i n the East Coast Regional Conservancy. DSIRLand Resources Contract Report No. 91/51 (Part 1). DSIR Land Resources, Rotorua.

Clarkson, B.D.: Clarkson, B.R. 1994. Ecology of the elusive endemic shrub, Pittosporurnobcordatum Raoul. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 155-168.

Morrison, J.V. 1982. Fiordland National Park - a new locality for the divaricating shrubPittosporuyn obcordaturn Raoul. New, Zealand Journal of Botany 20: 195-196.

Rogers, G.; Barkla, J.; Rance, B.; Simpson, N. 1998. Recent discoveries of rare small-leaved shrubsand trees from Otago and Southland. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 54: 8-13.

Sainsbury, GOK 1923 Notes on Pittosporum obcordaturn. Transactions of the New ZealandInstitute 54: 5,2-573.

Simpson, N. 1995. Pittosporuyn obcordaturn in Catlins Forest Park. New Zealand BotanicalSociety Newsletter 41: 8-9.

Wardle, P. 1994. A locality for Pittosporuyn obcordaturn in Catlins Forest Park. ConservationAdvisory Science Notes No. 85. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Pittosporum patulum Hook.f.

Family:Endemic to:Common name:Ranking:Descriptor:Conservancy:Habitat:Threats:

PittosporaceaeEastern South Island, and Northwest Nelson.Pitpat.B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.Small, slender tree with very dark, narrow, toothed leaves..NM, CA, OT.Montane beech forest.Browsing from goats, deer, possums; lack of pollination dueto sex-ratio imbalance and small, fragmented populations;lack of adults; difficult to maintain in cultivation.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey in Wairau Valley (Marlborough), Cobb (Northwest Nelson); monitoringprogramme set up on Mt Patriarch and Lees Stream (Wairau Valley), and CobbValley; banding of some saplings; revisited several NZFS permanent 20 x 20 mplots on a single species survey line where species historically occurred(Temple Valley, MacKenzie Basin) and species is now absent from plots; P.patulum Recovery Plan in preparation by the Department; P. patulum RecoveryGroup set up.

Priority sites for surveyCass River, Canterbury; Vicinity of Lake Ohau, Canterbury; Western Otago;branches of Wairau Catchment, Marlborough.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesContinue monitoring in the Cobb, and Marlborough to determine populationdynamics and success of browse control.

Research questionsWhat is the reproductive ecology of P. patulum ?

How can P. patulum beprotected from possum and deer browse? What are the optimal conditions

required to keep P. patulumcultivation?

in

Management needsExclosure plots for recruitment and toisolate relative effects of differentbrowsers; collaring; possum, deer, andstock control; population enhance-ment at Rotoiti, Nelson Lakes;population enhancement by cuttingsto boost density; develop successfulpropagation and cultivation tech-niques.

Selected referencesJoyce, L. 1993. Animal browse of Pittosporum

patulum seedlings: Chalice-PatriarchRidge, north-west Nelson. UnpublishedDiploma in Wildlife ManagementThesis, University of Otago, Dunedin.

Pittosporum turners Petrie

Family: Pittosporaceae

Endemic to:

Central Volcanic Plateau.

Common name: Turner's kohuhu.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: Yes.Descriptor:

Columnar, divaricating tree in juvenile stage, spreading formas an adult.

Conservancy:

BP, WK, TT, WG.

Habitat:

Alluvial flood plains where it gets cold - generally, frosthollows with a high water table.

Threats:

Possum browse prevents flowering and fruiting; hybridism atone site; land clearance; lack of legal land protection.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey in the Northwest Ruahine Ranges, Wanganui Conservancy, SouthWhirinaki (Bay of Plenty), East Coast/Hawke's Bay; ongoing possum controlprogrammes in Erua, Tongariro/Taupo Conservancy, and the Northwest RuahineRanges; ecology known.

Priority sites for surveyPureora Forest Park, and Rangataua; valleys of Kaimanawa Ranges (Ripia Valleyplants on private land).

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesOngoing: monitoring at Erua, Ruahine Corner, Kuratau, and Otamangakau;monitoring the success of management practices i.e., possum control.

Research questions

Management needsPossum control, including collaring; mitigate the effects of hybridism; securelegally protected land.

Selected referencesEcroyd, C.E. 1988. Pittosporum turners at Whenuakura clearing. Rotorua Botanical Society

Newsletter 15: 44-48.Ecroyd, C.E. 1990. Pittosporum turners conspicuous by absence from park. Tongariro 37: 4-7.

Ecroyd, C.E. 1994. Regeneration ofPittosporum turners com-munities. ConservationAdvisory Science Notes No.99. Department of Con-servation, Wellington.

Nicholls, J.L. 1988. Pittosporumturners at head of the Ripia.Rotorua Botanical SocietyNewsletter 15: 50.

Rogers, G. 1988. ParentlessPittosporum turners. Well-ington Botanical SocietyBulletin 44: 26-36.

Shaw, W.B. 1989. A visit toPittosporum turners in theRipia Valley. RotoruaBotanical Society News-letter 16:15-17.

Polystichum sp. nov. (of Brownsey and Smith-Dodsworth

1989)

Family: Dryopteridaceae

Endemic to:

Chatham Islands.

Common name: Chatham Islands shield fern.

Ranking:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Robust, tufted fern with very large, bright-green to light-

Conservancy: WL.

olive-green fronds covered in scales with ciliated edges.

Habitat:

Forests, stream banks, and swamps.

Threats:

Continued clearance of forest habitat; cattle in protectedareas cause mechanical damage and compact the ground.

Work undertaken to dateOpportunistic survey on Chatham and Pitt Islands; protected in several areasand to be protected in proposed covenants; taxonomic revision in progress.

Priority sites for surveySouthern half of Chatham Island, and Pitt and South East Islands in their entirety.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesAwaiting comprehensive survey, recruitment in protected areas.

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomic status of Polystichum sp. nov.?

Management needsSecure legal land protection; control cattle in protected areas.

Selected referencesBrownsey, P.J.; Smith-Dodsworth, J.C. 1989. New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants. David

Bateman Ltd, Auckland.

Prasophyllum aff. patens

Family: Orchidaceae

Endemic to:

North Island and Chatham Islands.

Common name: Swamp leek orchid.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Tall plants with tubular-leaves. Flowers are large,conspicuous, and of variable colour, and are "up-side down"(compared with the majority of the Orchidaceae).

Conservancy:

NL, WK, TT, WG, WL, BP, (AU).

Habitat:

Occurs in pools of water in peat bogs, especially withBaumea anthrophylla.

Threats:

Loss of wetland habitats; collectors; lack of legal landprotection (of biggest known population at Kutaroa, nearWaiouru); weed encroachment.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey near Te Paki, Motutangi, Ohia (Northland), Kaitoke Swamp (Great BarrierIsland), Kutaroa and Otahupitara Swamps near Waiouru (WanganuiConservancy), Rangataua, Tongariro National Park, Pihanga (Tongariro/TaupoConservancy); taxonomic resolution in progress.

Priority sites for surveyNgamatea West Swamp, Waiouru; other opportunistic survey via orchidenthusiasts.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesTwo key sites: Ocean Bay on Northern Chatham Island, and Waipaua BlockScientific Reserve on Pitt Island; continue to monitor near Waiouru (Tangiwai)to determine population trends.

Research questionsTaxonomic research ongoing.

Management needsSecure legal land protection at swamps near Waiouru; advocacy with iwi andwith orchid collectors to stop collecting and report sites found; weed control atsites.

Selected referencesSt George, I.; Irwin, B.; Hatch, D. 1996. Field Guide to the New Zealand Orchids. New Zealand

Native Orchid Group, Wellington.

Puccinellia raroflorens Edgar

Family: Poaceae

Endemic to:

Southern South Island.

Common name: Saltgrass.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: No.

Descriptor:

Dwarf, tufted salt-grass that rarely flowers.

Conservancy:

OT, SL.

Habitat:

Saltpan margins and stony coastal turf.

Threats:

Weed encroachment; trampling by stock; nutrientsupplements degrading habitat.

Work undertaken to dateTaxonomy resolved; survey; three populations protected in DOC reserves,another two are covenanted in Central Otago.

Priority sites for surveyStewart Island, Foveaux Strait.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor for success of weed control at sites.

Research questions

Management needsWeed control at sites; advocacy with landowners to prevent habitat loss anddegradation.

Selected references

Allen, R.B.; McIntosh, P.D. 1997Guidelines for conservation of saltpans in Central Otago. Science forConservation. 49. Department ofConservation, Wellington.

Edgar, E. 1996. Puccinellia Parl.(Gramineae: Poeae) in NewZealand. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 34: 17-32.

Hewitt, A.E.; Balks, M.R. 1988. Review ofsome halophyte habitats, CentralOtago. Unpublished report, NewZealand Soil Bureau, DSIR,Dunedin.

Rachelia glaria J.M.Ward et Breitw.

Family:

Asteraceae (the only species in the Rachelia genus).Endemic to:

Southeast Marlborough.

Common name: Marlborough scree daisy.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.Descriptor:

Rhizomotous, woolly-leaved, prostrate herbaceous daisy.Conservancy:

NM, (CA).

Habitat:

High-altitude scree in the driest parts of inland Marlborough.Threats:

Wild animal disturbance causing mechanical damage torhizomes; trampling by goats and chamois; lack of legal landprotection; recreational use of land (skiing).

Work undertaken to dateSurvey of the five known sites; taxonomic status resolved.

Priority sites for surveyMiddle Clarence, mountains on Hossack and Cloudy Range, Molesworth.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor in Nelson/Marlborough.

Research questionsResearch by management.

Management needsOngoing wild animal control; secure legal land protection; advocacy withrecreational land users to increase awareness.

Selected referencesWard, J.M.; Breitwieser, I.; Lovis, J.D 199'. Rachelia glaria (Compositae), a new genus and

species from the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand.fournal of Botany 35:145-154.

Rhopalostylis aff. sapida

Family: Arecaceae

Endemic to:

Chatham Islands.

Common name: Chatham Islands nikau.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

A tall palm.

Conservancy: WL.

Habitat:

Forest, especially lowland, mixed broadleaf forest.

Threats:

Habitat destruction; many sites on the Chathams havecritically low numbers of surviving adults; loss of birddispersers parea , Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae var.chathamensis); on Pitt Island, the stronghold of the species,the overwhelming problems are grazing, trampling, androoting preventing seedling establishment. Regeneration isvirtually absent in the Chathams in all but Nikau Bush ScenicReserve on Chatham Island; storm damage is a problem forremaining outlier plants and aged adults in existing protectedareas.

Work undertaken to dateSome reserves have been established featuring R. aff. sapida, but, to date, onlyone effectively protects the species; plants have been translocated to onesouthern site; several paired exclosure/non-exclostire plots have beenestablished in Waipaua Block of Pitt Island Scenic Reserve - the core area for thespecies; monitoring lines established in Nikau Bush forest; taxonomic statuscurrently being resolved by University of Auckland.

Priority sites for survey

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesRecruitment at Waipaua Block on Pitt Island Scenic Reserve is being comparedin exclosure and non-exclosure plots set up in 1995 to determine the impacts ofresident sheep and pigs in the reserve. A further pair is to be established in thedensest nikau forest; continue monitoring transect in Nikau Bush ScenicReserve.

Research questionsWhat is the taxonomic status of R. aff. sapida?

Management needsControl pigs and sheep on Pitt Island; enhance remnant populations on ChathamIsland; translocate to further sites in the north of Chatham island; effectiveexclusion of stock from Chatham reserves; enhance the population of birddispersers.

Selected referencesEnwright, N.J. 1985. Age, reproduction and biomass allocation in Rhopalostylis sapida (Nikau

Palm). Australian Journal of Ecology 10: 461-467.

Greenwood, R.M. 1992. Some differences between plants of the Chatham Islands and the NewZealand mainland. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 16: 51-52.

Rorippa divaricata (Hook.f.) Garn.-Jones et Jonsell

Family: Brassicaceae

Endemic to:

Kermadec, North and South Islands.

Common name: New Zealand mustard cress , matangoa , New Zealand watercress, New Zealand land cress.

Ranking:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:.

A short lived, often annual, herb with erect stems and pods atright angles.

Conservancy:

NL, AU, BP, NM, (WK, EC/HB, WG).

Habitat:

Seabird islands, open coastal forests and shrublands, lakemargins and damp forest banks.

Threats:

Browse; disease (Albugo sp.); habitat destruction; weedencroachment; lack of legal land protection.

Work undertaken to dateSome survey of historic sites; some material in cultivation but possibly notbotanical gardens; taxonomy resolved; material collected from Blue Lake andused for population enhancement; recently discovered at Lake Okataina (Bay ofPlenty Conservancy), and Abel Tasman National Park (Nelson/Marlborough

Conservancy); Coastal Cress/Nau Recovery Plan has beenpublished; Coastal Cress Recovery Group set up.

Priority sites for surveyRe-survey past sites (Whitecliffs in North Taranaki),Kermadec Islands (McCauley Island), Hauraki Gulf islands,Mokoia Island).

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor known populations (Mokohinau Islands (especiallyFanal Island), Lady Alice Island, Blue Lake) for populationtrends; monitor populations for success of managementactions (e.g. browse and weed control).

Research questionsWhat are the population dynamics of R. divaricata ? What isthe ecology of R. divaricata ? What is the disturbance regimerequired to allow regeneration? How is disease (e.g. Albugosp.) best managed in the field?

Management needsBrowse and weed control, and to monitor efficacy of suchactions; disease control in the field; seed collection for exsitu cultivation and translocation to historic sites; securelegal land protection.

Selected references

Beadel, S.; Pardy, G. 1998. Rorippa divaricata near Rotorua. New ZealandBotanical Society Newsletter 52: 10-11.

Garnock Jones, P.J. 1978. Rorippa (Cruciferae, Arabidae) in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Botany 16: 119-122.

Garnock Jones, P.J.

1988. Rorippa divaricata (Brassicaceae): a newcombination. New Zealand Journal of Botany 26: 479-480.

Norton, D.A.; de Iange, P.J. 1999. National Coastal Cress/Nau RecoveryPlan. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Research questions

Scutellaria novae-zelandiae Hook.f.

Family: Lamiaceae

Endemic to:

Nelson, and northwestern Marlborough.

Common name: New Zealand skullcap, shovel mint.

Ranking:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.

Descriptor:

Creeping mint-like herb with angular stems, white helmet-like flowers and shovel-shaped seed pods.

Conservancy: NM.

Habitat:

Occurs on free-draining, alluvial matai, black beech, andtotara forest.

Threats:

Habitat destruction; browsing and trampling by stock ofremnant forest understorey; pig rooting; weedencroachment; lack of legal land protection.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey has resulted in new populations being discovered; opportunisticmonitoring; site covenanting; research on reproductive ecology.

Priority sites for surveySurvey further alluvial forest and riparian locations.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesGeneral opportunistic presence/absence monitoring.

Management needsOngoing legal and physical protection of forest remnants; advocacy for weedand stock control; weed control at sites (especially Tradescantia); investigatethe potential for translocating S. novae-zelandiae to other sites within its range.

Selected referencesWilliams, P.A. 1992. Ecology of the endangered herb Scutellaria

novae-zelandiae. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 16:127-136.

Senecio scaberulus (Hook.f.) D.Drury

Family: Asteraceae

Endemic to:

North, South and Chatham Islands.

Common name: -

Ranking:

Descriptor:

Conservancy:

Habitat:

Threats:

B, Vulnerable.

In cultivation: Yes.

A coastal daisy, with silvery-green, velvety textured leaves.

NL, AU, WK, WL, (CA, NM, OT).

Occurs in lowland and coastal habitats.

Hybridism with S. hispidulus; habitat destruction;encroachment; lack of legal land protection; inappropriateweed control.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey of all past known locations;

What are the best

ecology known.

Priority sites for surveyLittle and Great Barrier, Ponui, Waiheke, and Rangitoto Islands, Great ExhibitionBay, Eastern Northland, and Chatham Islands.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesMonitor population dynamics at Mt. Camel, Papanui Point.

Research questionsHow is S. scaberulus habitat best managed? What is the effect of hybridism?

weed control methods when S. scaberulus is present?

Management needsAdvocacy, because it can be confused with adventivefireweeds/senecios and therefore sprayed to be controlled;translocation and population enhancement of existingsites; appropriate weed control at sites; secure legal landprotection.

Selected references

Drury, D.G. 1974. Illustrated

weed

and annotated key to the erechtitoidsenecios in New Zealand (Senecioneae-Compositae) with adescription of Senecio diaschides. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 12: 513-540.

Simplicla laxa Kirk

Family:

Poaceae (there are only two species in the Simplicia genus).

Endemic to:

Wairarapa and Otago.

Common name: -

Ranking:

Descriptor:

Conservancy:

Habitat:

Threats:

B, Endangered.

In cultivation: Yes.

Low, creeping grass with fine, open seedhead.

OT, (WL).

Fertile, dry substrates in shady rock over-hangs.

Weed encroachment (other grasses); collectors.

Work undertaken to dateRediscovered after survey in Otago; limited survey in Wellington; research onecology and reproduction; Waitaki Valley population under a legal managementagreement; monitoring at Old Man Range; suitable areas for survey identified inWellington Conservancy and distribution maps prepared at various spatialscales.

Priority sites for surveyOpportunistic; Dry and Makara River Valleys, Wairarapa; limestone areas northof Aorangi Forest Park, Wellington Conservancy.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesSet up at Otago for population dynamics.

Research questionsWhat are the habitatrequirements of S. laxa ?

Management needsWeed control at sites; advocacyto prevent collection.

Selected referencesJohnson, P.N. 1992. The rare grass,

Simplicia laxa: how to recognise it.Unpublished report prepared forDOC, Landcare Research, Dunedin.

Johnson, P.N. 1995. The rare grass,Simplicia laxa: field status, ecologyand conservation. Science forConservation 15. Department ofConservation, Wellington.

Tupeia antarctica Cham et Schltr

Family:

Loranthaceae (the only species in the Tupeia genus).

Endemic to:

North and South Islands.

Common name: Taapia, pirita, green mistletoe, or white mistletoe.

Ranking:

B, Rare.

In cultivation: No.

Descriptor:

A shrubby, pubescent, hemi-parasite.

Conservancy:

NL, WK, BP, EC/HB, TT, WG, WL, NM, CA, OT, SL, (AU,WC).

Habitat:

Tends to favour seral vegetation where it usually parasitises alarge number of often short-lived hosts (native and exotic),with a predominantly eastern distribution.

Threats:

Browse (vertebrate and invertebrate); reduction in nativebird species involved in reproduction and dispersal; difficultto cultivate; collectors; vandalism; fungal disease; habitatdestruction.

Work undertaken to dateSurvey at Tongariro/Taupo, East Coast/Hawke's Bay, Bay of Plenty, Southland,Wellington, and Wanganui Conservancies; monitoring at Tongariro/Taupo,Hawke's Bay, Bay of Plenty, Nelson/Marlborough, Southland, and WanganuiConservancies; banding of accessible hosts; research on ecology andreproduction; possum control; caging and bait stationing, and one site protected

under Protected Natural AreasProgramme at Hawke's Bay/EastCoast Conservancy; WellingtonConservancy have surveyed at twomain sites, banded all mainlandhosts, and developed populationplans; database/monitoring systemset up in Tongariro/Taupo Con-servancy.

Priority sites for surveyOpportunistic survey; historicsites, and anywhere possumcontrol has been done.

Monitoring: objectives andpriority sitesMonitoring the success ofmanagement practices at Kapitiand Eastern Wairarapa; monitor thesuccess of intensive possumcontrol at Mangaweka andPaengaroa Scenic Reserves in theWanganui Conservancy, andHapuku River and Isolated HillScenic reserve in Nelson/Marlborough.

Research questionsHow can T. antarctica be effectively propagated?

Management needsCollaring, caging, or bait stationing as appropriate; seed collection fortranslocation to historical sites (North Island); continued possum control (NorthIsland); implement population specific plans in the Wellington Conservancy forKapiti and Eastern Wairarapa; secure legal land protection of the EasternWairarapa site (Wellington Conservancy); advocacy to mitigate collection andvandalism.

Selected referencesde Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A. (eds.). 1997. New Zealand's loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings

of a workshop hosted by Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation. CASS 17-20 July 1995. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Dopson, S.R. 1999. Management recommendations for the Loranthaceae mistletoe in theTongariro/Taupo Conservancy, Department of Conservation. Science and ResearchInvestigation No. 1991, Department of Conservation, Wellington.

'

Norton, D.A.; Reid, N. 1997. Lessons in ecosystem management of threatened and pestloranthaceous mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia. Conservation Biology 11: 759-

769.

Ogle, C.C.; Wilson, P. 1985. Where have all the mistletoes gone? Forest and Bird 16 (3): 10-13.

Urtica linearifolia (Hook.f.) Cockayne

Family: Urticaceae

Endemic to:

North and South Islands.

Common name: Swamp nettle.

Ranking:

B, Vulnerable.

Descriptor:

Narrow-leaved, weakly scrambling nettle.

Conservancy:

BP, EC/HB, WG, WL, NM, CA, OT, (SL).

Habitat:

Fertile lowland Carex secta swamps, willow carrs, swampyshrubland and forest.

In cultivation: No.

Threats:

Habitat (wetland) loss; weed encroachment (after willowremoval); lack of legal land protection; goats; duck shootersdestroy swamp nettle when constructing maimais; grazingand trampling of wetlands; inappropriate weed spraying.

Work undertaken to dateLimited survey in Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, and full survey atKaikoura Lakes; some site protection at Nelson/Marlborough and CanterburyConservancies; legal land protection in Makerua Swamp Wildlife ManagementReserve near Palmerston North; survey at J. K. Donald Reserve, Lake Wairarapa;limited survey at Lake Ellesmere; survey of some marginal strips in Reporoa, Bayof Plenty Conservancy; successful survey of Lake Papaitonga and KoputaroaScientific Reserve in Wellington Conservancy.

Priority sites for surveyPlanned survey of Carter Scenic Reserve, and Taupo Swamp, Plimmerton;swamp forest remnants and dune lake fringes; opportunistic.

Monitoring: objectives and priority sitesRegularly inspect all populations.

Research questionsRelationship to Tasmanian nettles under review; what are the habitatrequirements and autecology of U. linearifolia?

Management needsAdvocacy to mitigate inappropriate weed control as U. linearifolia could beperceived as a pest in a range of sites; appropriate weed control; secure legalland protection; goat control; establish plants in cultivation for insurance,advocacy, and research purposes; control of stock.

Selected referencesBeadel, S.M. 1995. Urtica linearifolia (Hook.f.) Cockayne - a new northern limit. New Zealand

Botanical Society Newsletter 41: 7-8.