Leningrader Blockade (russ.: блокада Ленинграда) Teil von: Zweiter Weltkrieg , Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941–1945 Die Ostfront zu Beginn der Belagerung von Leningrad Datum 8. September 1941–27. Januar 1944 Ort Leningrad , Sowjetunion Ausgang Sieg der Sowjetunion Konfliktparteien Achsenmächte Sowjetunion Befehlshaber Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Georg von Küchler Kliment Woroschilow Georgi Schukow Truppenstärke 725.000 Soldaten 930.000 Soldaten Verluste unbekannt 16.470 Zivilisten durch Bombenangriffe und ca. 1.000.000 Zivilisten durch Unterernährung Bedeutende Militäroperationen während
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Leningrader Blockade
(russ.: блокада Ленинграда)
Teil von: Zweiter Weltkrieg, Krieg gegen die
Sowjetunion 1941–1945
Die Ostfront zu Beginn der Belagerung von Leningrad
Am 2. September 1941 wurden die Nahrungsmittelrationen reduziert. Am 8. September
wurde zusätzlich eine große Menge an Getreide, Mehl und Zucker durch deutsche
Luftangriffe vernichtet, was zu einer weiteren Verschärfung der Ernährungssituation führte.
Am 12. September wurde berechnet, dass die Rationen für Armee und Zivilbevölkerung für
die folgende Zeit ausreichen würden:
Getreide und Mehl – für 35 Tage; Grütze und Makkaroni – für 30 Tage; Fleisch (inklusive Viehbestand) – für 33 Tage; Fette – für 45 Tage; Zucker und Süßwaren – für 60 Tage.
Der Abverkauf der Waren erfolgte sehr schnell, da die Menschen Vorräte anlegten.
Restaurants und Delikatessläden verkauften weiterhin ohne Karten und nicht zuletzt auch
deshalb gingen die Vorräte dem Ende entgegen. Zwölf Prozent aller Fette und zehn Prozent
des Fleisches des städtischen Gesamtkonsums wurden so verbraucht.
Am 20. November wurden die Rationen nochmals reduziert [3]
. Arbeiter erhielten 500 Gramm
Brot, Angestellte und Kinder 300 Gramm, andere Familienangehörige 250 Gramm. Die
Ausgabe von Mehl und Grütze wurde ebenfalls reduziert, aber gleichzeitig die von Zucker,
Süßwaren und Fetten erhöht. Die Armee und die Baltische Flotte hatten noch Bestände an
Notrationen, die aber nicht ausreichten. Die zur Versorgung der Stadt eingesetzte Ladoga-
Flottille war schlecht ausgerüstet und von deutschen Flugzeugen bombardiert worden.
Mehrere mit Getreide beladene Lastkähne waren so im September versenkt worden. Ein
großer Teil davon konnte später von Tauchern gehoben werden. Dieses feuchte Getreide
wurde später zum Brotbacken verwendet. Nachdem die Reserven an Malz zur Neige
gegangen waren, wurde es durch aufgelöste Zellulose und Baumwolle ersetzt. Auch der Hafer
für die Pferde wurde gegessen, während die Pferde mit Laub gefüttert wurden.
Nachdem 2000 Tonnen Schafsinnereien im Hafen gefunden worden waren, wurde daraus eine
Gelatine hergestellt. Später wurden die Fleischrationen durch diese Gelatine und Kalbshäute
ersetzt. Während der Blockade gab es insgesamt fünf Lebensmittelreduzierungen.
Trotz der Beimischung verschiedener Ersatzstoffe zum Brot (Kleie, Getreidespelzen und
Zellulose) reichten die Vorräte nicht aus und mit der Kürzung der Brotration am 1. Oktober
begann die Hungersnot, Arbeiter erhielten zu diesem Zeitpunkt 400 Gramm und alle anderen
200 Gramm. Mitte Oktober litt bereits ein Großteil der Bevölkerung am Hunger. Im Winter
1941/1942 verloren die Menschen bis zu 45 Prozent ihres Körpergewichtes. Die Folge war,
dass die Körper begannen, Muskelmasse zu verbrennen und Herz und Leber zu verkleinern.
Die Dystrophie (Unterernährung) wurde zur Haupttodesursache. Es begann das
Massensterben.
Opfer der Zivilbevölkerung [Bearbeiten]
Die folgende Tabelle gibt die Anzahl der monatlichen Todesfälle während des ersten Jahrs der
Jörg Ganzenmüller: Das belagerte Leningrad 1941-1944. Die Stadt in den Strategien von Angreifern und Verteidigern. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2005. ISBN 3-506-72889-X
Leon Gouré: The Siege of Leningrad. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1962. Gerhart Hass: Die deutsche Historiografie und die Belagerung Leningrads (1941–1944),
Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 54.2 (2006), 139-162. Werner Haupt: Leningrad - Die 900-Tage-Schlacht, 1941–1944. Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas-
Verlag, 1980. ISBN 3-7909-0132-6 Peter Jahn (Hrsg.): Blockade Leningrads – Блокада Ленинграда. Berlin: Links, 2004. Antje Leetz, Barbara Wenner: Blockade, Leningrad 1941–1944 – Dokumente und Essays von
Russen und Deutschen. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1992. William Lubbeck, David B. Hurt: At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group
North. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-932033-55-6). Dimitrij W. Pawlow: Die Blockade von Leningrad 1941. Frauenfeld und Stuttgart: Huber,
1967. Harrison E. Salisbury: 900 Tage: Die Belagerung von Leningrad. Frankfurt a.M.: S.Fischer,
1970. Ella Foniakowa: Das Brot jener Jahre: Ein Kind erlebt die Leningrader Blockade. Stuttgart und
Berlin: Mayer, 2000. Jaap ter Haar: Oleg oder Die belagerte Stadt. München: dtv junior, 1977. ISBN 3-423-07858-8 Gennadi Gor: Blockade. Gedichte. [1942–1944]. Russisch / deutsch. A. d. Russ von Peter
Urban. Wien: Edition Korrespondenzen 2007. ISBN 978-3-902113-52-8 Alexander Tschakowski: Die Blockade. Berlin: Verlag Volk und Welt, 1975 (aus dem
Russischen von Harry Burck) Arlen Wiktorowitsch Bljum: Das Thema der Leningrader Blockade unter der Blockade der
Zensur - aus Archivdokumenten der Glawlit der UdSSR, Zeitschrift Newa Nr. 1 2004, S. 238-245 (russisch, online)
Weblinks [Bearbeiten]
Artikel zum 60. Jahrestag des Durchbruchs der Blockade in der Wochenzeitung „Die Zeit“ Informationen zur Straßenbahn während der Blockade [2] Deutsche Wochenschau No. 577 1941 – Vor Leningrad Die Blockade Leningrads – Fakten und Mythen einer russischen Kriegstragödie
Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]
1. ↑ Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht - Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944, Ausstellungskatalog der korrigierten Fassung der Wehrmachtsausstellung, Hamburger Edition 2002, ISBN 3-930908-74-3, S.308
2. ↑ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1985_May/ai_3752759 3. ↑ [1] 4. ↑ A.B. Tschakowski: Die Blockade, S.96 5. ↑ David M. Glantz: Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War, Verlag Frank Cass
New York, ISBN 0-7146-3347-X, S.68-71 6. ↑ Jörg Ganzenmüller, Das belagerte Leningrad (siehe Literaturliste), S.13-82, Zitate S. 17 und
20. 7. ↑ Arlen Bljum: Das Thema der Leningrader Blockade unter der Blockade der Zensur - aus
Archivdokumenten der Glawlit der UdSSR, Zeitschrift Newa Nr. 1 2004, S. 238-245, online
Von „http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrader_Blockade“
constructed or excavated by civilians. Even the guns from the Aurora cruiser were moved
inland on the Pulkovskiye Heights to the south of Leningrad.
[edit] Establishment
The 4th Panzer Group from East Prussia took Pskov following a swift advance, and reached
the neighborhood of Luga and Novgorod, within operational reach of Leningrad. But it was
stopped by fierce resistance south of the city. However, the 18th Army with some 350,000
men lagged behind — forcing its way to Ostrov and Pskov after the Soviet troops of the
Northwestern Front retreated towards Leningrad. On 10 July both Ostrov and Pskov were
captured and the 18th Army reached Narva and Kingisepp, from where advance toward
Leningrad continued from the Luga River line. This had the effect of creating siege positions
from the Gulf of Finland to Lake Ladoga, with the eventual aim of isolating Leningrad from
all directions. The Finnish Army was then expected to advance along the eastern shore of
Lake Ladoga.[19]
[edit] Orders of battle
Showing Army Group North's advance into USSR in 1941.
Coral up to Jul 9. Pink up to Sep 1. Green up to Dec 5.
[edit] Germany
Army Group North (Field Marshal von Leeb)[20] o 18th Army (von Küchler)
XXXXII Corps (2 infantry divisions) XXVI Corps (3 inf divisions)
o 16th Army (Busch) XXVIII Corps (2 inf, 1 armored divisions) I Corps (2 inf divisions) X Corps (3 inf divisions) II Corps (3 inf divisions) (L Corps — Under 9. Army) (2 inf divisions)
o 4th Panzergruppe (Hoepner) XXXVIII Corps (1 inf division) XXXXI Motorized Corps (Reinhard) (1 inf, 1 motorized, 1 armored divisions)
Finnish Defence Forces HQ (Marshal of Finland Mannerheim)[21] o I Corps (2 infantry divisions) o II Corps (2 inf divisions) o IV Corps (3 inf divisions)
[edit] Soviet Union
Northern Front (Lieutenant General Popov)[22] o 7th Army (2 rifle, 1 militia divisions, 1 marine brigade, 3 motorized rifle and 1
armored regiments) o 8th Army
X Rifle Corps (2 rifle divisions) XI Rifle Corps (3 rifle divisions) Separate Units (3 rifle divisions)
o 14th Army XXXXII Rifle Corps (2 rifle divisions) Separate Units (2 rifle divisions, 1 Fortified area, 1 motorized rifle regiment)
o 23rd Army XIX Rifle Corps (3 rifle divisions) Separate Units (2 rifle, 1 mot divisions, 2 Fortified areas, 1 rifle regiment)
o Luga Operation group XXXXI Rifle Corps (3 rifle divisions) Separate Units (1 armored brigade, 1 rifle regiment)
o Kingisepp Operation Group Separate Units (2 rifle, 2 militia, 1 armored divisions, 1 Fortified area)
o Separate Units (3 rifle divisions, 4 guard militia divisions, 3 Fortified areas, 1 rifle brigade)
From these, 14th Army defended Murmansk and 7th Army defended Ladoga Karelia; thus
they did not participate in the initial stages of the siege. 8th Army was initially part of the
Northwestern Front and retreated through the Baltics. (8th army was transferred to Northern
Front on July 14).
At 23 August the Northern front was divided to Leningrad front and Karelian front, as it
become impossible for front HQ to control everything between Murmansk and Leningrad.
[edit] Severing lines of communication
On 6 August Hitler repeated his order: "Leningrad first, Donetsk Basin second, Moscow
third."[23]
From August 1941 to January 1944 anything that happened between the Arctic
Ocean and Lake Ilmen concerned the Wehrmacht's Leningrad siege operations.[5]
Arctic
convoys using the Northern Sea Route delivered American Lend-Lease food and war material
supplies to the Murmansk railhead (although the rail link to Leningrad became cut by Finnish
armies just north of the city); and also supplies to several other locations in Lapland.[citation
The siege continued until January 27, 1944, when the Soviet Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic
Offensive expelled German forces from the southern outskirts of the city. This was a
combined effort by the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts, along with the 1st and 2nd Baltic
Fronts. The Baltic Fleet provided 30% of aviation power for the final strike against the
Wehrmacht.[42]
In the summer of 1944, the Finnish Defence Forces were pushed back to the
other side of the Bay of Vyborg and the Vuoksi River.
[edit] Timeline
[edit] 1941
April: Hitler intends to occupy and then destroy Leningrad, according to plan Barbarossa and Generalplan Ost[51]
June 22: The Axis powers' invasion of Soviet Union begins with Operation Barbarossa. June 23: Leningrad commander M. Popov, sends his second in command to reconnoiter
defensive positions south of Leningrad.[52] June 29: Construction of the Luga-line defense fortifications begins[53] together with
evacuation of children and women. June–July: Over 300 thousand civilian refugees from Pskov and Novgorod escaping from the
advancing Germans come to Leningrad for shelter. The armies of the North-Western Front join the front lines at Leningrad. Total military strength with reserves and volunteers reaches 2 million men involved on all sides of the emerging battle.[citation needed]
July 19–23: First attack on Leningrad by Army Group North is stopped 100 km south of the city.[citation needed]
July 27: Hitler visits Army Group North, angry at the delay. He orders Field Marshal von Leeb to take Leningrad by December.[51]
July 31: Finns attack the Soviet 23rd Army at the Karelian Isthmus, eventually reaching northern pre-Winter War Finnish-Soviet border.
August 20 – September 8: Artillery bombardments of Leningrad hit industries, schools, hospitals, and civilian houses.
August 21: Hitler's Directive No.34 orders "Encirclement of Leningrad in conjunction with the Finns."[54]
August 20 – 27: Evacuation of civilians is blocked by attacks on railroads and other exits from Leningrad.[55]
August 31: Finnish forces go on the defensive and straighten their front line.[28] This involves crossing the 1939 pre-Winter War border and occupation of municipalities of Kirjasalo and Beloostrov.[28]
September 6: German High Command's Alfred Jodl fails to persuade Finns to continue offensive against Leningrad.[29]
September 2 - 9: Finns capture the Beloostrov and Kirjasalo salients and conduct defensive preparations.[36][38]
September 8: Land encirclement of Leningrad is completed when the German forces reach the shores of Lake Ladoga.[14][51]
September 10: Joseph Stalin appoints General Zhukov to replace Marshal Voroshilov as Leningrad Front commander.[56]
September 12: The largest food depot in Leningrad, the Badajevski General Store, is destroyed by a German bomb.[57]
September 15: von Leeb has to remove the 4th Panzergruppe from the front lines and transfer it to Army Group Center for the Moscow offensive.[58]
September 19: German troops are stopped 10 km from Leningrad. Citizens join the fighting at the defense lines.[citation needed]
1,496,000 Soviet personnel were awarded the medal for the defence of Leningrad from 22nd
December 1942.
September 22: Hitler directs that "Saint Petersburg must be erased from the face of the Earth".[59]
September 22: Hitler declares, "....we have no interest in saving lives of the civilian population."[59]
November 8: Hitler states in a speech at Munich: "Leningrad must die of starvation."[14] November 10: Soviet counter-attack begins, forcing Germans to retreat from Tikhvin back to
the Volkhov River by December 30, preventing them from joining Finnish forces stationed at the Svir River east of Leningrad.[60]
December: Winston Churchill wrote in his diary "Leningrad is encircled, but not taken."[61] December 6 Great Britain declared war on Finland. This was followed by declaration of war
from Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand.[62]
[edit] 1942
January 7: Soviet Lyuban Offensive is launched; it lasts 16 weeks and is unsuccessful, resulting in the loss of the 2nd Shock Army.
January: Soviets launch battle for the Nevsky Pyatachok bridgehead in an attempt to break the siege. This battle lasts until May 1943, but is only partially successful. Very heavy casualties experienced by both sides.
April 4 - 30: Luftwaffe operation Eis Stoß (Ice impact) fails to sink Baltic Fleet ships iced in at Leningrad.[63]
June–September: New German artillery bombards Leningrad with 800 kg shells. August: The Spanish Blue Division (División Azul) transferred to Leningrad. August 14 – October 27 : Naval Detachment K clashes with Leningrad supply route on Lake
Ladoga.[14][24][41] August 19: Soviets begin a 8 week long Sinyavin relief offensive, which fails to lift the siege,
but thwarts German offensive plans (Nordlicht).[64]
[edit] 1943
January–December: Increased artillery bombardments of Leningrad. January 12 – January 30: Operation Iskra penetrates the siege by opening a land corridor
January 14 - March 1: Several Soviet offensive operations begin, aimed at ending the siege. January 27: Siege of Leningrad ends. Germans forces pushed 60–100 km away from the city. January: Before retreating the German armies loot and destroy the historical Palaces of the
Tsars, such as the Catherine Palace, Peterhof Palace, the Gatchina, and the Strelna. Many other historic landmarks and homes in the suburbs of St. Petersburg are looted and then destroyed, and a large number of valuable art collections is moved to Nazi Germany.
During the siege, 3200 residential buildings, 9000 wooden houses (burned), 840 factories and plants were destroyed in Leningrad and suburbs.[65]
[edit] Additional notes
[edit] Controversy over Finnish participation
Almost all historians regard the siege as a German operation and do not consider that the
Finns effectively participated in the siege.[66]
Only Nikolai Baryshnikov has been a strong
supporter of the view that active Finnish participation occurred. The main issues which count
in favour of the former view are: (a) the Finns stayed at the pre-winter war border at the
Karelian Isthmus, despite German wishes and requests, and (b) they did not bombard the city
from planes or with artillery and did not allow the Germans to bring their own land forces to
Finnish lines.
[edit] Monument to the 'Road of Life'
On October 29, 1966 a monument to the Road of Life was erected. Entitled 'Broken Ring,'
designed and created by Konstantin Simun, this monument pays tribute not only to the lives
saved via the frozen Ladoga, but also the many lives broken by the blockade.
The monument is a huge bronze ring with a gap in it, pointing towards the site that the
Russians eventually broke through the encircling German forces. The German bunker they
captured is preserved as a momento opposite the break.
In the centre a Russian mother cradles her dying soldier son. It is customary for all newly-
weds to come here to give thanks to the fallen. Whilst being sited in the centre of a
roundabout it is easily accessed.
The monument implies that the siege lasted 900 days.
[edit] See also
Operation Barbarossa Eastern Front (World War II) Adolf Hitler Mannerheim Tanya Savicheva World War II casualties Naval Detachment K List of famines Blue Division (División Azul) Effect of the Siege of Leningrad on the city Consequences of German Nazism Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery
Russian map of the operations around Leningrad in 1943
Blue are the German and co-belligerent Finnish troops.
The Soviets are red.[67]
map of the advance on Leningrad and relief Blue are the
German and allied Finnish troops. The Soviets are red.[68]
(Youtube) Leningrad blockade part1 (Retrieved on June 29, 2008)
[edit] References
Backlund, L.S. (1983), Nazi Germany and Finland, University of Pennsylvania. University Microfilms International A. Bell & Howell Information Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Baryshnikov, N.I.; Baryshnikov, V.N. (1997), Terijoen hallitus, TPH Baryshnikov, N.I.; Baryshnikov, V.N.; Fedorov, V.G. (1989), Finlandia vo vtoroi mirivoi voine
(Finland in the Second World War), Lenizdat, Leningrad Baryshnikov, N.I.; Manninen, Ohto (1997), Sodan aattona, TPH Baryshnikov, V.N. (1997), Neuvostoliiton Suomen suhteiden kehitys sotaa edeltaneella
kaudella, TPH Bethel, Nicholas; Alexandria, Virginia (1981), Russia Besieged, Time-Life Books, 4th Printing,
Revised Brinkley, Douglas; Haskey, Mickael E. (2004), The World War II. Desk Reference, Grand
Central Press Carell, Paul (1963), Unternehmen Barbarossa — Der Marsch nach Russland Carell, Paul (1966), Verbrannte Erde: Schlacht zwischen Wolga und Weichsel (Scorched Earth:
The Russian-German War 1943-1944), Verlag Ullstein GmbH, (Schiffer Publishing), ISBN 0-88740-598-3
Cartier, Raymond (1977), Der Zweite Weltkrieg (The Second World War), R. Piper & CO. Verlag, München, Zürich
Churchill, Winston S., Memoires of the Second World War. An abridgment of the six volumes of The Second World War, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, ISBN 0-395-59968-7
Clark, Alan (1965), Barbarossa. The Russian-German Conflict 1941-1945, Perennial, ISBN 0-688-04268-6
Fugate, Bryan I. (1984), Operation Barbarossa. Strategy and Tactics on the Eastern Front, 1941, Presidio Press, ISBN 0891411976, ISBN 978-0-89141-197-0
Ganzenmüller, Jörg (2005), Das belagerte Leningrad 1941-1944, Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn, ISBN 350672889X
Гречанюк, Н. М.; Дмитриев, В. И.; Корниенко, А. И. (1990), Дважды, Краснознаменный Балтийский Флот (Baltic Fleet), Воениздат
Higgins, Trumbull (1966), Hitler and Russia, The Macmillan Company
Jokipii, Mauno (1987), Jatkosodan synty (Birth of the Continuation War), ISBN 951-1-08799-1 Juutilainen, Antti; Leskinen, Jari (2005), Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki Kay, Alex J. (2006), Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder. Political and Economic Planning
for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940 - 1941, Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford
Miller, Donald L. (2006), The story of World War II, Simon $ Schuster, ISBN 0-74322718-2 National Defence College (1994), Jatkosodan historia 1-6, Porvoo, ISBN 951-0-15332-X Seppinen, Ilkka (1983), Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939-1940 (Conditions of Finnish
foreign trade 1939-1940), ISBN 951-9254-48-X Симонов, Константин (1979), Записи бесед с Г. К. Жуковым 1965–1966, Hrono Suvorov, Victor (2005), I take my words back, Poznao, ISBN 83-7301-900-X Vehviläinen, Olli; McAlister, Gerard (2002), Finland in the Second World War: Between
Germany and Russia, Palgrave
[edit] Notes
1. ^ a b Brinkley 2004, p. 210 2. ^ a b c d e Wykes 1972, pp. 9-21 3. ^ Siege of Leningrad. Encyclopedia Britannica. 4. ^ Baryshnikov 2003; Juutilainen 2005, p. 670; Ekman, P-O: Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga
1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.–Feb., pp. 5–46. 5. ^ a b c d e f Carell 1966, pp. 205-210 6. ^ Salisbury 1969, p. 331 7. ^ a b Glantz 2001, pp. 179 8. ^ The Siege of Leningrad, 1941 - 1944 9. ^ Carell 1963 10. ^ By 1939 the city was responsible for 11% of all Soviet industrial output. (Encyclopedia
Britannica. Saint Petersburg, Vol 26, p 1044. 15th edition, 1997) 11. ^ Orchestral manoeuvres (part one). From the Observer 12. ^ Carell 1966, pp. 205-240 13. ^ a b Carell 1966, pp. 205-208 14. ^ a b c d e f g h Baryshnikov 2003 15. ^ Higgins 1966 16. ^ Brinkley 2004, pp. 210 17. ^ Miller 2006, pp. 67 18. ^ Willmott 2004 19. ^ Хомяков, И (2006) (in Russian). История 24-й танковой дивизии ркка. Санкт-Петербург:
BODlib. pp. 232 с. http://www.soldat.ru/force/sssr/24td/24td-4.html. 20. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 367 21. ^ National Defence College 1994, pp. 2:194,256 22. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 351 23. ^ Higgins 1966, pp. 151 24. ^ a b c Juutilainen 2005, pp. 187-9 25. ^ Führer Directive 21. Operation Barbarossa 26. ^ "St Petersburg - Leningrad in the Second World War" 9th May 2000. Exhibition. The Russian
Embassy. London 27. ^ "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 8", from the The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 28. ^ a b c National Defence College 1994, p. 2:261 29. ^ a b National Defence College 1994, p. 2:260 30. ^ "Hitler–Mannerheim meeting (fragment)".
http://www.feldgrau.net/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=88528. 31. ^ Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief from mannerheim.fi
32. ^ Vehviläinen 2002 33. ^ Пыхалов, И (2003). "«великая оболганная война»". Военная литература. Со сслылкой
на Барышников В.Н.Вступление Финляндии во Вторую мировую войну. 1940-1941 гг. СПб. Militera. pp. с. 28. http://militera.lib.ru/research/pyhalov_i/11.html. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
34. ^ "«и вновь продолжается бой...»". Андрей Сомов. Центр Политических и Социальных Исследований Республики Карелия.. Politika-Karelia. http://politika-karelia.ru/shtml/article.shtml?id=16. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
35. ^ Glantz 2001, pp. 33–34 36. ^ a b c National Defence College 1994, pp. 2:262-267 37. ^ Platonov 1964 38. ^ a b "Approaching Leningrad from the North. Finland in WWII (На северных подступах к
Ленинграду)" (in Russian). http://www.aroundspb.ru/finnish/saveljev/war1941.php. 39. ^ "Database of Finns killed in WWII". War Archive. Finnish National Archive.
http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet/. 40. ^ National Defence College 1994, p. 4:196 41. ^ a b Ekman, P-O: Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga 1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.–
Feb., pp. 5–46. 42. ^ a b Гречанюк 1990 43. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 130 44. ^ Nicholas, Lynn H. (1995). The Rape of Europa: the Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third
Reich and the Second World War. Vintage Books 45. ^ Salisbury 1969, pp. 590f 46. ^ Ganzenmüller 2005, pp. 17,20 47. ^ Barber 2005 48. ^ 900-Day Siege of Leningrad 49. ^ This Day in History 1941: Siege of Leningrad begins 50. ^ E. Manstein. Lost victories. Ch 10 51. ^ a b c Cartier 1977 52. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 31 53. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 42 54. ^ Higgins 1966, pp. 156 55. ^ The World War II. Desk Reference. Eisenhower Center director Douglas Brinkley. Editor
Mickael E. Haskey. Grand Central Press, 2004. Page 8. 56. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 64 57. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 114 58. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 71 59. ^ a b Hitler, Adolf (1941-09-22). "Directive No. 1601" (in Russian).
http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/194_dok/19410922.html. 60. ^ Carell 1966, pp. 210 61. ^ Churchill, Winston (2000) [1950]. The Second World War (The Folio Society ed.). London:
Cassel & Co. pp. Volume III, pp.. 62. ^ pp.98-105, Finland in the Second World War, Bergharhn Books, 2006 63. ^ Bernstein, AI; Бернштейн, АИ (1983). "Notes of aviation engineer (Аэростаты над
Ленинградом. Записки инженера — воздухоплавателя. Химия и Жизнь №5)" (in Russian). pp. с. 8–16. http://xarhive.narod.ru/Online/hist/anl.html.
64. ^ Glantz 2001, pp. 167-173 65. ^ Siege of 1941-1944 66. ^ Baryshnikov 2003, p. 3 67. ^ "ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ. Тема 8". Ido.edu.ru.
68. ^ "ИТАР-ТАСС :: 60 ЛЕТ ВЕЛИКОЙ ПОБЕДЕ ::" (in (Russian)). Victory.tass-online.ru. http://victory.tass-online.ru/?page=gallery&gcid=9. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Siege of Leningrad
Barber, John; Dzeniskevich, Andrei (2005), Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, ISBN 1-4039-0142-2
Baryshnikov, N.I. (2003), Блокада Ленинграда и Финляндия 1941–44 (Finland and the Siege of Leningrad), Институт Йохана Бекмана
Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8
Goure, Leon (1981), The Siege of Leningrad, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA, ISBN 0-8047-0115-6
Granin, Daniil Alexandrovich (2007), Leningrad Under Siege, Pen and Sword Books Ltd, ISBN 9781844154586
Kirschenbaum, Lisa (2006), The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, Cambridge University Press, New York, ISBN ISBN 0-521-86326-0
Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B. (2006), At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North, Pen and Sword Books Ltd, ISBN 9781844156177
Platonov, S.P. ed. (1964), Bitva za Leningrad, Voenizdat Ministerstva oborony SSSR, Moscow Salisbury, Harrison Evans (1969), The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, Da Capo Press,
ISBN 0-306-81298-3 Simmons, Cynthia; Perlina, Nina (2005), Writing the Siege of Leningrad. Women's diaries,
Memories, and Documentary Prose, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN 9780822958697 Willmott, H.P.; Cross, Robin; Messenger, Charles (2004), The Siege of Leningrad in World War
II, Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-0-7566-2968-7 Wykes, Alan (1972), The Siege of Leningrad, Ballantines Illustrated History of WWII
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