Leigh Vaughan, MD June 5, 2012 MUSC
Dec 14, 2015
OutlineCT
Advantages, disadvantagesModality basicsAppropriate usesWith or without contrast
MRIAdvantages, disadvantagesMRI PhysicsWith or without contrastT1, T2, Flare, diffusion
Anatomy TutorialResources and References
CT BasicsBenefits: More accessible
Less expensive compared to MRI
Disadvantage: More hazardous radiation exposure Risk of nephrotoxicity or
adverse reaction with IV contrast Motion or metal artifact
Display: Transverse images view with right of patient on the left (“foot of bed” view)
CT BasicsTypes: helical or spiral, multiplanar reformating, ultrafast (electron beam)
Resolution: varying thickness from 1mm to 10mm, with varying intervals (high res 8-10mm)
Measurements: Tissue density measured in Hounsefield units (-1000 to +1000); the more negative the HU, the blacker the image, the less dense the object
Reading: High attenuation or density= white & low attenuation or density= black
CT WindowsLung Window- parenchyma, bronchial anatomy. Negative HU
Increased opacity: consolidation, collapse, mass, interstitial disease, pleural disease
Decreased opacity: destroyed parenchyma (emphysema, bullae, cyst) decreased blood or air flow (infarct, emboli, pneumothorax)
Mediastinal Window- hilar, pleural, & mediastinal anatomy
Increased opacity: LN, hematoma, goiter, massDecreased opacity: pneumomediastinum
Bone Window- Most dense, highest HU
Indications for ContrastWith ContrastIV: vasculature (evaluation of PE, aortic dissection)
pancreatitisbrain abscess avascular tissue lymph tissue pleural diseasetumor delineation
PO: non-intestinal abdominal structures (abscess, mass)
Without ContrastUses: pulmonary nodules
renal stone*sinus disease
hydrocephalus acute stroke
(unknown type)*traumacalcium scoring in
CAD interstitial disease (HIGH RES)
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MRI BasicsAdvantages: No ionizing radiation
Safer in pregnancy Better soft tissue contrast
Disadvantages: More expensive Less available Unsuitable in unstable or claustrophobic Unsuitable with foreign objects
(aneurysm clips, pacers, cochlear implant, cardiac stents, shrapnel)
Not optimal for bone
Precautions: Remove transdermal patches (aluminum)
MRI PhysicsMRI machine uses strong magnetic field to detect
the location and local chemical environment of protons in water molecules
T1/T2 relaxation times- the time it takes for nuclei to return to its original alignment in longitudinal (T1) or transverse (T2) axis of the magnetic field
Use “signal” when speaking about tissue (rather than “density” used with CT’s)
Planes: sagittal, axial, coronal
MRI With or Without ContrastContrast with GadoliniumGadolinium slows down relaxation phase (shorten
T1) & increases signal on T1 weighted images- relatively more contrast goes to vascular structures, producing increase in T1 weighted signal intensity
Water/pathological areas appears brighter on T1 contrast.
Contrast contraindicated in ESRD requiring renal replacement (not recommended with GFR < 30)
MRI: T1 & T2T1 ANATOMY– longitudinal tissue relaxation -water (CSF,
urine) is dark/ fat is bright
T2 PATHOLOGY– transverse tissue relaxation -water (CSF, urine) is bright/ fat is darkGood to establish edema (white or increase signal)Distinguish pathologic tissue from normal
T2 with FLAIR (which speeds up imaging time)- - most helpful in multiple sclerosis/demyelinating-free water is now dark, but edematous tissues remain bright.
Diffusion weighted imagesImages reflect random motion of waterMost helpful in evaluation of early, acute stroke
(<6 hrs)In acute stroke, there is decrease water
diffusion/motion, injured tissue appears whiteImages can be shown in ADC maps (apparent
diffusion coefficient ) which reverses the signal (ie. acute stroke is then black)
CT Radiology Anatomy TutorialChest:http://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/ThoraxT2nlabeled.htmlhttp://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/ThoraxT4-5nlabeled.htmlhttp://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/ThoraxT8-9nlabeled.html
Abdomen and Pelvishttp://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/ab2nlabeled.htmhttp://www.upstate.edu/cdb/education/grossanat/ab3nlabeled.htm
Headhttps://www.radiology.wisc.edu/education/med_students/neuroradiology/NeuroRad/NeuroRad.htm