A Global Survey of Urban Sustainability Rating Tools November 2014 CRITERION PLANNERS C R R I E T N O I
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A Global Survey of Urban Sustainability Rating Tools
November 2014 CRITERIONPLANNERS
C RRI
ETNOI
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A Global Survey of Urban Sustainability Rating Tools
De nition
The World of Rating Tools
Tool Families
Family Heritage
Primary Topics
Providers
Launch Timeline
Tool Dimensions
Continuum of Use Cases
User Orientation of Select North American Tools
Tools Survey
International Standards
Bibliography
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Contents
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A Global Survey of Urban Sustainability Rating Tools 1
urban sustainability rating tool
The built environment beyondindividual buildings, fromneighborhood increments
up to entire cities, and theirprincipal components.
Delivering wholistic orincremental well-being within
the biosphere’s capacity tosustain it for generations.
An assessment that includes aquantitative element.
A stand-alone procedureo ered publicly to national orinternational markets, now or
by 2015.
Defnition
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GRI Const & Real Estate
International
Aqua for Neighborhoods
Brazil
Green Star Communities
South Africa
Pearl Community for Estidama
United Arab Emirates
Green Townships
India
GSAS for Parks
GSAS for Districts
Qatar
GSAS for Railways
IS Rating Tool
Green Star Communities
Australia
Neighborhood Sustainability Framework
New Zealand
MOHURD Eco-Garden City
MEP Eco-City
China
BERDE for Clustered Development
Philippines
GBI Townships
Malaysia
CASBEE for Heat Islands
CASBEE for Cities
CASBEE for Urban Area + Bldgs
Japan
CASBEE for Urban Development
Green Mark for Infrastructure
Green Mark for Districts
Green Mark for Parks
Singapore
EnviroDevelopment
NDRC Low-Carbon City
BEAM Plus Neighborhood Dev. (HK)
HQE for Urban Planning & Dev
France
BREEAM Communities
Austria, The Netherlands, Norway,Spain, Sweden
CEEQUAL
BREEAM Communities
One Planet Communities
United Kingdom
C it ie s P la nn ed N ei gh bo rh oo ds E xi st in g N ei gh bo rh oo ds A ll N ei gh bo rh oo ds
Transportation & InfrastructureLandscapes & Parks Special Purposes
Tool Families
BREEAM Communities
Germany
DGNB for Business Districts
DGNB for Industrial Locations
DGNB for Urban Districts
LEED for Neighborhood Dev
Canada
2030 Districts
TOD Standard
Greenroads
INVEST
Living Community Challenge
Livability Index
SITES
Local Energy Scoring Tool
STARS - AASHED
Envision
BRT Standard
WalkScore
Density-VMT Calculator
H+T Affordability Index
2
Cooperative Sanctuary
Coastal Resilience Index
Comp Plans for Sustaining Places
Enterprise Communities
Green Land Development
STAR Community
Climate Positive Development
Sustainable Communities
LEED for Neighborhood Dev
Signature
TBL Tool
United States
SEED
PEER
BE ST in Highways
The World of Rating Tools
22 countries and 59 tools
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0 5 10 15 20 25
Special Purposes
Transportation & Infrastructure
Landscapes & Parks
All Neighborhoods
Existing Neighborhoods
Planned Neighborhoods
Cities
Tools
Tool Families
Based on geographic scale and topical focus
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UrbanSustainabilityRating Tools
Family Heritage
GreenBuildingRating
Systems
UrbanIndicators
SustainabilityAppraisal
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Frequency of rating category titles in 59 surveyed tools.
Primary Topics
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Providers
Government Agencies 24%
Green Building Organizations 26%
Educational Institutions 4%
Housing/Environmental Groups 12%
Urban Planning Groups 10%
Organizations Dedicatedto Specific Tools
16%
Civil Engineering Groups 8%
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CEEQUAL
China EcoCity
China EcoGarden
Enterprise
Green Neigh.
CASBEE
EnviroDev
LEED-ND WalkScore BREEAM
China LC
EcoDist.
GSAS
AASHE STARS
Envision
Green Twnshp
Greenroads
H+THQE
N.Z. NSF
Pearl
SITES
DGNB
GBI Twnshp
2030 Dist
BRT Std
GLD
GreenStar
STAR Comm
Aqua
BERDE
GRI-G4
TOD Std
APA-CPSP
LCC
AARP L.I.
Launch Timeline
Also: Cooperative Sanctuary, 1991; Signature, 199 3
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Tool Dimensions
Scope & Scale• Topical scope• Physical scale• Minimum elements
Usefulness• Value proposition• E ciency: e ort vs. bene t
Standards Conformity• Tool development• Rating criteria• Tool maintenance
Maturity & Impact
• Years operating• Ratings performed• Tool versions• National or intl. market• Market uptake• Empirical results
Costs to Use
• Time• Fees• Documentation• Process
Tool Administration
• Business model• Tool delivery method• Sta ng/support infrastructure• Languages• Ancillary services (training,
credential)
Rating Procedure
• Responsible party• Transparency• Veri cation• Local adaptability• Monitoring/re-certi cation
Rating Criteria
• Creation process• Technical rigor• Scoring & weighting• Trade-o reconciliation• Mandatory vs. optional• Prescriptive vs. performance• Criteria maintenance
Users
• Households• Businesses• Neighborhood organizations• Designers• Developers• Local government• Disadvantaged groups
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Continuum of Use Cases
Walk Score EcoDistricts Green Townships LEED-ND Green Star One Planete.g.
Online, simplescore, no record,
no cost
Downloadableframework for
local adaptation,self-assessment,
no cost
Single transactionplans review,simple rating
system with fee
Single transactionplans review,
complex ratingsystem with fee
Multipletransaction
plans review andperiodic re-exam
with fees
Multi-yearimmersion,
complex ratingsystem, ongoing
costs
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User Orientation of Select North American Tools
Tools
Users
B u s i n e s s e s
H o u s e
h o
l d s
D i s a d v a n
t a g e
d
G r o u p s
N e
i g h b o r h o o
d
O r g a n
i z a
t i o n s
D e s i g n e r s
D e v e l o p e r s
L o c a
l
G o v e r n m e n
t
Walk Score • • • • • •EDA TBL Tool • • • • •EcoDistricts • • • • •Enterprise • • • • •
AARP Livability Index • • • • •H+T A ordabilityIndex • • • •LEED-ND • • •SITES • • •Envision • • •Living CommunityChallenge • • •
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Cities
CASBEE for Cities Institute for BldgEnvironment & EnergyConservation, Japan
http://www.ibec.or.jp/ CASBEE/english/
Nature conservation, local environmentalquality, resource recycling, carbon dioxideabsorption, living environment, socialservices, social vitality, industrial vitality,
nancial vitality, carbon dioxide trading
Comprehensive Plansfor Sustaining Places
American Planning Assn, US https://www.planning.org/sustainingplaces/ compplanstandards/
Livable built environment, harmony withnature, resilient economy, interwoven equity,healthy community, responsible regionalism
Eco-City Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection, China
N/A Construction plan, independentenvironmental agencies, energy savings,environmental quality, ecological construction
Eco-Garden City Ministry of Housing &Urban-Rural Development,China
N/A Comprehensiveness, green space, culturaland natural landscapes, urban livingenvironment, community participation,exemplary policy implementation
Low-Carbon City National Development &Reform Commission, China
N/A Integration of climate protection, greendevelopment, industrial GHG emissions,GHG emission database, low-carbonlifestyles
STAR Community STAR Communities, US http://www.starcommunities.org/
Built environment, climate & energy, economy& jobs, education arts & community, equity& empowerment, health & safety, naturalsystems, innovation & process
SustainableCommunities
Audubon International, US(available internationally,and for ExistingNeighborhoods)
http://www.auduboninternational.org/ sustainable-communities-program
Agriculture, economic development &tourism, education, environment, governance,housing, open space & land-use, planningzoning building & development, population,public safety & emergency management,recreation, resource use, volunteerism & civic
engagement, transportation
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Planned Neighborhoods
Aqua for Neighborhoods Vanzolini Foundation, Brazil(with Certivea/France -HQE)
http://vanzolini.org.br/ conteudo-aqua.asp?cod_site=104&id_menu=760
Territory and local context, density, mobilityand accessibility, heritage, landscapeand identity, adaptability and evolutionarypotential, water, energy and climate, suppliesand equipment urban, residues, ecosystemsand biodiversity, natural and technologicalrisks, health, economy, functions and plurality,environments and public spaces, insertionand training, attractiveness, economicdynamics and structures of local training
BEAM PlusNeighborhood
Hong Kong Green BuildingCouncil (China)(tentative launch 2015)
https://www.hkgbc.org.hk/upload/9.BEAMPlus/BEAM-Plus-Neighbourhood_Info-Sheet.pdf
Community, site, material, energy aspects,water, outdoor environmental quality,innovations
BERDE for ClusteredResidentialDevelopment
Philippine Green BldgCouncil
http://philgbc.net/berde/ berde-nc/1.1.0/BERDE-NC-CRD-v110.pdf
Management, land-use and ecology, water,energy, transportation, indoor environmentalquality, materials, emissions, waste, heritageconservation, innovation
BREEAM Communities BRE Trust, Austria,Germany, The Netherlands,Norway, Spain, Sweden,United Kingdom
http://www.breeam.org/ page.jsp?id=372
Governance, social & economic, well-being,resources & energy, land-use & ecology,transport & movement, innovation
CASBEE for Urban Area+ Bldgs
Institute for BldgEnvironment & EnergyConservation, Japan
http://www.ibec.or.jp/ CASBEE/english/
Natural environment, area servicefunctions, contribution to community,microclimate impact, social infrastructure,environmental management
CASBEE for UrbanDevelopment
Institute for BldgEnvironment & EnergyConservation, Japan
http://www.ibec.or.jp/ CASBEE/english/
Natural environment, area servicefunctions, contribution to community,microclimate impact, social infrastructure,environmental management
Tools Survey
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Planned Neighborhoods
Climate PositiveDevelopment
C40 Cities, US http://www.c40.org/ networks/climate_positive_development
Thermal & electrical energy use, waste,transportation
DGNB for BusinessDistricts
German SustainableBuilding Council
http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/schemes/scheme-overview
Only available in German
DGNB for IndustrialLocations
German SustainableBuilding Council
http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/schemes/scheme-overview
Only available in German
DGNB for UrbanDistricts
German SustainableBuilding Council
http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/schemes/scheme-overview/neubau_stadtquartiere.php
Land-use, life-cycle-costs, social &commercial infrastructure, quality of public-transport infrastructure, participation
Enterprise Green
Communities
Enterprise Green
Communities
http://www.
enterprisecommunity.com/solutions-and-innovation/enterprise-green-communities
Integrative design, location & neighborhood
fabric, site improvements, water conservation,energy e ciency, materials bene cial to theenvironment, healthy living environment,operations & maintenance
EnviroDevelopment Urban DevelopmentInstitute of Australia
http://www.envirodevelopment.com/ default.asp
Ecosystems, waste, energy, materials, water,community
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Tools Survey
Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Planned Neighborhoods
HQE for Urban Planning& Development
HQE Association, France(Cerway outside France)
http://assohqe.org.hqe/ spip.php?rubrique11http://www.certivea.fr/nos-certi cations/ certi cations-pour-territoires-durables
Territory and local context, density, mobilityand accessibility, heritage landscape andidentity, adaptability and evolutionarypotential, water, energy and climate, suppliesand equipment urban, residues, ecosystemsand biodiversity, natural and technologicalrisks, health, economy, funtions and plurality,environments and public spaces, insertionand training, attractiveness, economicdynamics and structures of local training
GBI Township Tool Green Bldg Index, Malaysia http://.greenbuildingindex.org/ Resources/GBI%20Tools/ GBI%20Township%20Tool%20V1.0%20Pilot%20Final.pdf
Climate, energy, water, environment & ecology, community planning & development,transportation & development, buildings &resources, business & innovation
Global Sustainability Assessment System for
Districts
Gulf Organization forResearch & Dev, Qatar
Districts criteria areproprietary; general
guidance at http://www.gord.qa/uploads/pdf/ GSAS%20Technical%20Guide%20V2.1.pdf
Urban connectivity, site, energy, water,materials, outdoor environment, cultural and
economic value, management and operations
Green LandDevelopment
Home Innovation ResearchLabs, US
http://www.homeinnovation.com/ services/certi cation/ green_homes/land_development_certi cation
Site design and development, lot selection,project team and mission, innovativepractices
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Planned Neighborhoods
Green Mark forDistricts
Bldg & Construction Authority, Singapore
http://www.bca.gov.sg/ GreenMark/others/GM_District_V2.pdf
Energy e ciency, water management,materials & waste management,environmental planning, green buildings &transport, community & innovation
Green Star Communities Green Bldg Council of Australia (also South AfricaGBC)
http://www.gbca.org.au/ green-star/green-star-communities/
Livability, economic prosperity, environment,design, governance, innovation
Green Townships Indian GBC, India http://igbc.in/site/ igbc/testigbc.
jsp?desc=267002&event=267001
Site selection & planning, land-use planning,transportation planning, infrastructureresource management, innovation in design &technology
LEED for NeighborhoodDevelopment
US Green Bldg Council, US(available internationally)
http://www.usgbc.org/resources/ leed-neighborhood-development-v2009-current-version
Smart location & linkage, neighborhoodpattern & design, green infrastructure &buildings, innovation & design process
LEED for NeighborhoodDevelopment - Canada
Canada Green Bldg Council http://www.cagbc.org/ AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8789
Smart location & linkage, neighborhoodpattern & design, green infrastructure &buildings, innovation & design process
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Planned Neighborhoods
One Planet Communities BioRegional, UK (alsoCanada)
http://www.oneplanetcommunities.org/
Zero carbon, zero waste, sustainabletransport, sustainable materials, local &sustainable food, sustainable water, land-use& wildlife, culture & heritage, equity & localeconomy, health & happiness
Pearl Community forEstidama
Abu Dhabi Urban PlanningCouncil, United ArabEmirates
http://estidama.upc.gov.ae/pearl-rating-system-v10/pearl-
community-rating-system.aspx?lang=en-US
Integrated design process, natural systems,livable communities, precious water,resourceful energy, stewarding materials,
innovating practice
Signature Audubon International, US(available internationally)
http://www.auduboninternational.org/ signature
Siting, planning & design, construction, long-term management
Tools for Existing Neighborhoods
2030 Districts Architecture 2030, US http://www.2030districts.org/
Energy, water, transportation, emissions
Livability Index American Assn of RetiredPersons, US
http://www.aarp.org/ content/dam/aarp/ research/public_policy_institute/liv_com/2014/ livability-index-project-
AARP-ppi-liv-com.pdf
Housing, environment, neighborhood,transportation, health, civic engagement,equity & opportunity, recreation & culture
Tools Survey
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for All Neighborhoods
NeighborhoodSustainabilityFramework
Beacon Pathway, NZ http://www.beaconpathway.co.nz/ neighbourhoods/article/ the_neighbourhood_sustainability_framework
Neighborhood satisfaction, minimized costs,maximized biophysical health, appropriateresource use & climate protection, e ectivegovernance & civic life, functional exibility
Living CommunityChallenge
International Living FutureInstitute, US
http://living-future.org/lcc Limits to growth, urban agriculture, habitatexchange, human powered living, netpositive water, net positive energy, civilized
environment, healthy neighborhood design,biophilic environment, resilient communityconnections, living materials plan, embodiedcarbon footprint, net positive waste, humanscale + humane places, universal accessto nature & place, universal access tocommunity services, equitable investment,
just organizations, beauty + spirit, inspiration+ education
Tools for Landscapes & Parks
Cooperative Sanctuary Audubon International, US(available internationally) http://www.auduboninternational.org/ acsp
Outreach & education, resource management,water quality and conservation, wildlife &habitat management
Global Sustainability Assessment System forParks
Gulf Organization forResearch & Dev, Qatar
http://www.gord.qa/ uploads/pdf/GSAS%20Technical%20Guide%20V2.1.pdf ( general guidance )
Unavailable
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Landscapes & Parks
Green Mark for ExistingParks; for New Parks
Bldg & Construction Authority, Singapore
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/ GM_NewParks_v1.pdf ;http://www.bca.gov.sg/ GreenMark/others/GM_ExistingParks_v1.pdf
Waste & material minimization, watere ciency, energy e ciency, parkmanagement, conservation & heritage,innovation
SITES (Sustainable SITESInitiative)
Univ of Texas at Austin/USBotanic Garden/ASLA, US
http://www.sustainablesites.org/
Site selection, pre-design assessment &planning, site design - water, site design - soil
& vegetation, site design - materials selection,site design - human health & well-being,construction, operations & maintenance,
Tools for Transportation & Infrastructure
BE 2ST-in-Highways University of Wisconsin, US http://rmrc.wisc.edu/ be2st-in-highways/
Life cycle cost, energy, recycling, hazardouswaste, water, noise, social carbon cost
BRT Standard Institute for Transportation &Development Policy, US
https://go.itdp.org/display/live/
The+BRT+Standard
Service planning, infrastructure, stations,communications, access and integration
CEEQUAL Institution of Civil Engineers,UK (available internationally)
http://www.ceequal.com/ methodology.html
Contract strategy & management, people &communities, land-use & landscape, historicenvironment, ecology & biodiversity, water,physical resource use & management,transportation, e ects on neighbors, relationswith local community & stakeholders
Density-VMT Calculator ICLEI Local Governmentsfor Sustainability, US
http://www.icleiusa.org/ library/documents/8-Density-VMT%20
Calculator%20(2).xls/view
Building density, vehicle miles traveled
Tools Survey
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Transportation & Infrastructure
Envision Institute for SustainableInfrastructure, US
http://www.sustainableinfrastructure.org/rating/index.cfm
Project pathway contribution, projectstrategy and management, communitiesand e ciencies, land-use and restoration,landscapes, ecology and biodiversity, waterresources and environment, energy andcarbon, resource management, transportation
Global Sustainability Assessment System for
Railways
Gulf Organization forResearch & Dev, Qatar
http://www.gord.qa/ uploads/pdf/GSAS%20Technical%20Guide%20V2.1.pdf ( general guidance )
Unavailable
Green Mark forInfrastructure
Bldg & Construction Authority, Singapore
http://www.bca.gov.sg/ GreenMark/others/GM_Infra_V1.pdf
Landscape ecology & land e ciency,energy, renewable energy, water, projectmanagement, waste management &environmental protection, innovation
Greenroads Greenroads Foundation, US https://www.greenroads.org/
Project requirements, environment & water,access & equity, construction activities,materials & resources, pavement technologies
INVEST U.S. Dept of Transportation,Federal Hwy Administration,US
https://www.sustainablehighways.org/
Integrated planning, economic developmentand land-use, linking asset managementand planning, stormwater, recycle materials,construction waste management, pavementmanagement system, road weathermanagement program
IS Rating Tool Infrastructure SustainabilityCouncil of Australia
http://www.isca.org.au/is-rating-scheme/is-overview/is-rating-tool
Transport, water, communications, energy
PEER Perfect Power Institute, US http:// perfectpowerinstitute.org/ apply-peer
Enabling customer action; operationale ciency; reliability, power quality, andsafety; energy e ciency & environment
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Transportation & Infrastructure
TOD Standard Institute for Transportation &Development Policy, US
https://go.itdp.org/ display/live/ About+the+TOD+Standard
Walk, cycle, connect, transit, mix, densify,compact, shift
Walk Score Walk Score, US http://www.walkscore.com/
Walk, bike, transit
Tools for Special Purposes
CASBEE for HeatIslands
Institute for BldgEnvironment & EnergyConservation, Japan
http://www.ibec.or.jp/ CASBEE/english/
Only available in Japanese
Coastal Resilience Index Southern Climate ImpactsPlanning Program, NOAA,and Sea Grant, US
http://www.southernclimate.org/ documents/resources/ Coastal_Resilience_Index_Sea_Grant.pdf
Critical infrastructure & facilities,transportation, community plans, mitigations,business plans, social systems
Global Reporting
Initiative - Construction& Real Estate Sector
Global Reporting Initiative,
international (TheNetherlands)
https://www.
globalreporting.org/ resourcelibrary/GRI-G4-Construction-and-Real-Estate-Sector-Disclosures.pdf
Economy, environment, labor practices,
human rights, society, product responsibility
H+T Afordability Index Center for NeighborhoodTechnology, US
http://htaindex.cnt.org/ Housing costs, transportation costs
Tools Survey
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Tools Providers Websites Rating Categories
Tools for Special Purposes
Local Energy E ciencySelf-Scoring Tool
American Council for anEnergy E cient Economy,US
http://www.aceee.org/ local-policy/scoring-tool
Local government operations, community-wide initiatives, building policies, energy &water utilities, transportation
SEED Design Corps, US http:///www.seednetwork.org/certi cation
Social, economic, environmental
STARS - Sustainability
Tracking Assessment &Rating System
Assn for Advancement of
Sustainability in HigherEducation, US
https://stars.aashe.org/ Academics, engagement, operations,
planning and administration, innovation
Triple Bottom Line Tool US Economic Development Administration
http://www.tbltool.org/ Quality jobs, sound investment, industry eco-e ciency, green design & construction, greenoperations, place-making & accessibility,environmental health, governance
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Standards Administrators Websites Scope
Humanitarian Charter andMinimum Standards inHumanitarian Response
The Sphere Project http://www.sphereproject.org/ Water supply, sanitation andhygiene promotion, foodsecurity, nutrition and aid,shelter, settlement and non-food items, health services
International Standard 17065- Requirements for Bodies
Certifying Products, Processes& Services
International StandardsOrganization
http://www.iso.orgobp/ ui/#iso:std:46568:en
General, structural, resource,process, management
International Standard37120 - Sustainable Dev ofCommunities - Indicators forCity Services & Quality of Life(also see 37101, 37150)
International StandardsOrganization
http://www.iso.org/iso/37120_brie ng_note.pdf
Economy, education, energy,environment recreation,safety, shelter, solid waste,telecommunications,innovation, nance, re,emergency response,governance, health,transportation, urban planning,wastewater, water, sanitation
Sustainability Assessment& Measurement Principles(Bellagio STAMP)
International Institute forSustainable Development,Organization for EconomicCooperation & Development
http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/ brochure_bellagiostamp.pdf
Guiding vision, essentialconsiderations, adequatescope, framework andindicators, transparency,e ective communication, broadparticipation, continuity andcapacity
International Standards
International standards relevant to the rating of urban sustainability
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American Institute of Architects, Quantifying Sustainability: AStudy of Three Sustainable Building Rating Systems , AIA, May2008.
Arano , Miriam, et al, LEED for Neighborhood Development:Does it Capture Livability? Berkeley Planning Journal, Vol 26,2013.
Berardi, U., Sustainability Assessment of Urban CommunitiesThrough Rating Systems , Environment, Development &Sustainability, 2013.
Black, Elissa, Green Neighborhood Standards from a PlanningPerspective: LEED-ND , Focus: Journal of City & RegionalPlanning, Cal Poly, 2008.
Blair, John, et al, A ordability and Sustainability Outcomes: a Triple Bottom Line Assessment of Traditional Development and Master Planned Communities , Australian Housing & UrbanResearch Institute, June 2004.
Blair, John, et al, A ordability and Sustainability of Green eldSuburban Development and Master Planned Communities –
a Case Study Approach to Triple Bottom Line Assessment , Australian Housing & Urban Research Institute, May 2003.
Cable, Faith, Sustainable Neighborhood Rating Systems: AnInternational Comparison , Berlin Technical University, July 2008.
Campbell, Scott, Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities?
Journal of the American Planning Assn, 1996.
Dalai-Clayton, Barry, and Sadler, Barry, Sustainability Appraisal: a Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience ,Routledge, May 2014.
Ewing, Reid, et al, Prediction of Transportation Outcomesfor LEED-ND Pilot Projects , Journal of Planning Education &Research, April 2013.
Fitzgerald, Joan, District-Scale Sustainability Scan , NortheasternUniversity, 2014.
Frame, B, and Vale, R, Increasing Uptake of Low Impact UrbanDesign & Development: the Role of Sustainability AssessmentSystems , Journal of Local Environment, June 2006.
Garde, Ajay, Sustainable by Design? Insights from U.S. LEED-
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