Lecture_Slides_Module_1_Introduction.pdf

7/27/2019 Lecture_Slides_Module_1_Introduction.pdf

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ARC 110

History of Architecture I

Module 1

Introductory Module


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Introductory Module

Outline of Presentation

Lecture1 Introduction to Course

Lecture 2

Introduction to Architecture and History of

Architecture

Lecture 3 Introduction to Materials, Systems and

Technologies


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Module 1 Lecture 1

Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.


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Outline of Lecture

Lecture1

Course Description Course Learning Outcomes

Course Content Course Activities

Course Interactions and Communication

Course Expectations

Course Evaluation


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Course Description

From the KFUPM Undergraduate Bulletin

The course presents an overview of the developments ofearly civilizations and their architecture with emphasis on

locations in the ancient middle and Near- East. The

material covers from pre-history to Egyptian, Greek, roman,

and Byzantine architecture. Eastern architecture of indo-

Islamic, Chinese and Japanese civilizations is also included.

Emphasis is on the appreciation of usable materials,

construction techniques and design theories of the past,

leading to an understanding of why the various cultures

produced the architecture of their time.


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Course Learning Outcomes Demonstrate an understanding of the factors

that influence the architectural traditions ofeach of the ancient civilizations

Demonstrate an understanding of how

aesthetic and symbolic factors affect the form ofbuildings of the civilizations studied

Demonstrate an understanding of progress inarchitectural development within the periodstudied


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Course Learning Outcomes

Be able to compare the architecture of thevarious civilizations in terms of materials,

construction technology, building form andenclosed space

Get a basic introduction to the language ofarchitectural form and space and also to design

Get a basic introduction to the integration of

different systems of materials, constructionsystem and technology and structures inbuildings


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Course Content

Course Content

Introductory module Prehistoric architecture

Architecture of the Ancient Near East (ANE)

Ancient Egyptian architecture Aegean architecture

Greek architecture

Roman architecture

Early Christian and Byzantine architecture (ECB)


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Course Schedule

Schedule

The course has a schedule for 30 lecturesover 15 weeks

Twenty six of the thirty lectures will bedevoted to content material exploration

Four of the lectures are reserved for classactivity, principally small group presentationand discussion forum


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Course Activities

Activity types

Content Material Exploration

Small Group Research

Quizzes Course project

Course Final Examination


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Content Material

The content material of the course is divided into 8

modules

The first module is introductory, providing informationand knowledge necessary to comprehend the maincontent of the course

Module 2 to 8 cover the different historical periods ofinterest in the course

The historical modules have a standard organization

They are divided into 4 sections:

Historical Background Architecture of the Civilization

Architectural Characteristics

Comparison with previous civilizations


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Content Material Exploration

There are two ways that course participants caninteract with content material:

Through Attending Lectures

Through exploring interactive courseware

Through Exploring the HTML notes pages

All sources have exactly the same content and illustrations

Content material will be scheduled according to the courseschedule

Practice quizzes will also be scheduled at the same time as thecontent materials

Course participants are expected explore the content materials

according to the course schedule and also attempt associatedpractice quizzes

The instructor will monitor content material exploration andinform any course participant who is going according toschedule


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Small Group Research

Small Group

As part of requirement, each participant is expected

to undertake research as part of a small group You will be provided with the opportunity to register

as part of a group at the beginning of the course

Each will study a specific issue or building from anyof the 7 historical periods of the course

Each group is expected to finish its presentation and

post it before the scheduled discussion forum on thatcivilization

In the discussion forum, the group will present their

work and it will be the subject of review by the wholecourse participants


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Course Activities

Activity types

Content Material Exploration Small Group Research

Quizzes

Course project

Course Final Examination


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Interaction and Communication

Four tools will form the backbone of

interaction and communication in thecourse

The tools are

E-mail system

Course chartroom

Discussion Board

Progress report

All of these tools are hosted as part of the course

website


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Course Expectations

The instructor on his own part is expected to:

Place all materials on time and according toschedule

Give you all assignments and projects on time

Inform you about deadlines Give you notice for all quizzes and presentation

Attend to all technical problems

Inform you when you are lagging behind in contentexploration or activities

Respond within a reasonable time to all your mails

Give you evaluation feedback on course activities


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Course Expectations

From enrolled students - For a successful completion

of the course, the instructors expects each participant

to:

Be prompt in going through content materials as scheduled

Be prompt in all projects and assignments

Participate in all class projects and discussion forum

Be active in discussion board postings

Be polite and respectful to all course participants Show an active interest in seeking for new materials to

supplement what is provided


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Course Evaluation

Course Evaluation

Attendance & time on task 10%

Small group research 10%

Quizzes 30% Course Project 20%

Final Exam 30%

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Total: 100%


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Module 1 Lecture 2

Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.


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Outline of Lecture

What is Architecture

Contents of the History of architecture Buildings and other architectural objects

Theories of aesthetics and design Social, economic, political, technological

and other factors

Outline History of Human Civilization


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Leaning Outcomes

Learning outcomes from this Lecture

Have a basic understanding of themeaning of architecture

Understand what constitute the content of

a history of architecture course Know the important periods and events in

the history of human civilization


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What is Architecture ?

How can I define architecture?


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Definitions from three sources: The art and science of buildings; architects

research, plan, design and administer projects for

individuals and groups of people (Mark and Lina

Kean, An interactive introduction to architecture)

The practice of Building Design and its resultingproducts; customary usage refers to only those

buildings and structures that are culturally

significant (Encarta encyclopedia). Architecture as the art and science of designing

and constructing buildings (Ching, A visual

Dictionary of architecture)


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From the definitions

Architecture refers to process of designing

buildings and administering their construction

It also refers to the buildings that are product of

architectural design

It refers therefore to both the process andproduct of design and construction


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We may better understand architecture bylooking at the root of the word

Architecture is derived from Word archi-tecton;archi means chief and teckton means building

Architeckton therefore means chief builder

Architects are traditionally master builders whodesign and oversee the process of translatingdesign into real buildings.

One of the definitions raise the issue thatarchitecture refers to culturally significantbuildings; How do we determine cultural

significance?


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Arch. & Cultural Significance

Does Architecture refer to culturallysignificant buildings

How can we identify Culturally significantbuildings Use criteria put forward by Roman Architect

VITRUVIUS It must be functional and have a use

It must be technically sound

It must express ideas of beauty or aesthetics

Environment and Behavior scientist disagreeand would categorize all human habitat as

architecture


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Architecture in Everyday Usage

Architecture may be used to refer to

the product or result of architecture work. style or method of building (or design) that is

characteristics of a particular people, place

or time.

the profession of designing buildings and

other habitable environments You should always strive to place the

use of the term in context


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Contents of the History of

Architecture


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Forces that Shape Buildings

Owner : with specific requirements for the building

Architect/builder: With professional training and

judgment Society: provides concept of good and bad design,

concept of beauty

Governments: Control and regulate development of allbuildings

Site and location: nature of site and geographical

location Technical: available materials, knowledge of construction

system and structures


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Contents of Arch. History

In Architectural History, we seek to

Study buildings of a particular civilization

over the period of its history

Identify and study the forces that shape

the buildings and building practices of thecivilization

Understand how building practiceschanged over time and why they changed

C f


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Contents of Arch History

History is therefore essentially a tour through

different locations and time focused on three

things:

Buildings and other architectural Elements Theories of Aesthetics and Design

Forces that shape building practices

We will examine each in detail

B ildi & O h A h El


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Buildings & Other Arch Elements

Buildings are the main content of a history of

architecture course

In history, the reality of what was built in the

past is captured

Buildings are studied in their geographicalcontext and time period

They are examined from the perspective of

function, form, space, application of designprinciples and adaptation to the physical

environment

Th f A th ti & D M th d


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The of Aesthetics & Des Method

Buildings usually symbolize ideas ofaesthetics held by a people

In history, we try to understand the ideasand beliefs of a people about beauty and theright way to design

By studying such ideas in different buildingsand time periods we can reconstruct theirtheories of aesthetics

We can also determine how it has changedwith time

Oth S i t l F t


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Other Societal Factors

Social, economic, political, technological and other

factors play a major role in the evolution of particular

architecture of a place or period

In history, we try to understand how these forces

shape the environment that leads to the production

of buildings History in this respect is more like a study of the

cultural development of civilizations with architecture

as a representation of the civilizations

In representing the civilizations, architecture

represents its history and achievements

Th Hi t C


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The History Course

In the History of Architecture 1 course, history isviewed as a means of teaching students aboutdesign

History exposes students to the riches of the past

Students learn about different buildings, when they

were constructed, how and why they come to beand the specific ideas of beauty they personify

By studying different periods, a student is exposed

to a vast wealth of information about buildings andhow they came to be

He is therefore exposed to a resource bank to use insolving contemporary design problems


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Outline History of Human

Civlization

Hi t f H Ci ili ti


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History of Human Civilization History of the world generally divided into

two

History of the physical world and the historyof human civilization

In the follow pages we will review the various

periods of human civilization and identifysignificant events within the periods

These various periods are;

Prehistoric period, early or ancient civilizations,the classical periods, Dark or Middle ages,Renaissance period, Industrial Age and ModernHistory

Pre-historic Period


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Pre historic Period

(up to 3000 BC)Date (BC) Some Significant Events

9000 Paleolithic civilization (wanderers and food gatherers)

8000 Beginning of Mesolithic civilization (hunters,

fishermen, food collectors)

7800 Oldest Known settlement at Jericho

6250-5400 Catal Huyuk

4000 Beginning of Neolithic civilization (Farmers)

Early or Ancient Civilizations


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Early or Ancient Civilizations

5000-1000 BCDate (BC) Some Significant Events

3000 Egyptian Civilization

2778 Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

2759 Sumerian numeral system based on 60

2700 First true arch and vault in Mesopotamia

2500 Great Pyramid at Gizeh

2500 Height of Indus Valley civilization, India

2000 Minoan civilization

The Classical Period


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The Classical Period

1100 BC-476 ADDate Some Significant Events

1100 BC Emergence of Greece

432 BC The Parthenon334 BC Temple of Athena

140 BC Greece falls under Roman rule

47 BC Rome conquers Egypt

70 BC The Coliseum

0 AD Birth of Jesus Christ

1 100 AD Vitrivius, 10 books on architecture (oldest known text on architecture)

117 AD Rome reaches greatest extent, From Spain to Persia, and Britain toCarthage

286 AD Rome split into two by Diocletian

324 AD Constantine reunites Roman empire at Constantinople (Byzantium)

476 AD Fall of Rome after a century of attacks from Vandals and Visigoths

Dark or Middle Ages


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Dark or Middle Ages

476 1450 ADDate (AD) Some Significant Events

480 AD Benedictine rule establishes basis for all monasteries

630 AD Muslim dominance of Asia and North Africa extends to Spain

800 AD St. Mark Cathedral

742-814 AD Charlemagne organizes central Europe

1099 AD Beginning of Christian Crusades

1133 AD Durham Cathedral- earliest use of the ribbed vault, beginning

of Gothic Architecture1194 AD Chatres Cathedral rebuilt after devastating fire

1259 AD Marco Polo, First Westerner to cross Asian Continent,

Description of the world

Renaissance Period


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Renaissance Period


1420-1446 Construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral marking

the beginning of the Renaissance1448 Gutenberg Press prints the first book, the Christian bible

1452 Leonardo Da Vinci is born, painter, engineer, designer,

scientist and philosopher1486 First Printed edition of Vitruvius 10 books on architecture

1492 Columbus goes to America

1475 Michelangelo is born, the sistene chapel, St. Peter dome,Campidoglio in rome

1590 Galileo, astronomer, physicist, posits a sun centered universe

1666 Newton devises theory on gravityGreat fire in London

Industrial Age


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1709 Carbon fuel for smelting iron ore led to coking of coal

1759 Beginning of industrial revolution with invention of steamengine

1776 American war of independence

1789 French revolution

1804 Napolean Bonaparte and the first empire

1830 Liverpool to Manchester railway

1848 Communist Manifesto by Max and Engels

1859 C. Darwin on origin of species

1861 Civil war in the United States

1871 Great Chicago Fire

Modern History


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y

1900 Present ADDate (AD) Some Significant Events

1903 The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk fly an airplane for the first

timeFord Motor Company is established

1905 Theory of Relativity by Einstein

1914 World War I

1917 Russian Revolution

1939 World War II

1945 The first electronic digital computer at the University of

Pennsylvania weighting 29 tons1969 Apollo Moon Landing

1991

2001

World wide web

World Trade Center Bombing

2006 What next?


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End of Lecture


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Module 1 Lecture 3Intro to Bdg. Materials, Syst. & Technologies

O tli f L t


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Outline of Lecture

Building materials and their characteristics

Wood, Stone, Brick, Iron, Concrete, Other

materials

Building structural systems

Bearing walls, Post and Lintel, Arch, Dome Truss systems, Frame structures, shells and other

free forms

Membrane structures Technical Systems in Buildings

Climate control, water systems, lighting

Leaning Outcomes


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Leaning Outcomes

Learning outcomes from this Lecture

Have an introduction to the different

materials used in buildings

Develop an understand of the different

structural systems used in buildings Have a basic understanding of the

different technical systems used in

Buildings


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Building Materials

Building Materials


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Building Materials

Questions?

Have you ever looked at a building andwondered about the materials used in the

building?

Have you ever wondered how or why thedifferent materials were chosen?

Building Materials


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Building Materials

Building Materials

Buildings consist of many materials

Materials are selected based on

availability, property, cost and beauty

Each material is unique and suitable forsome uses

We will examine materials commonly

used in construction and highlight their

properties

Wood


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Wood

Among earliest materials used

in construction

Early stone age people builthuts with wood

Currently used for Post and

Beam and frame construction

Also used for interior

decoration and furnishing

Advantages of wood


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Major advantages of wood are:

its compressive and tensile strength,

the ease in shaping and carving it,

its lightweight and

abundant supply

Major disadvantages are:

its inflammable nature, its subjectivity to rot and insect damage and

the limitation in its length

Stone


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Stone

The Ancient Egyptians

used stone extensively.

Stone was also the

favored building material

of the Mycenaean and

Greek people.

Stone construction varies

by location depending on

the type of stone

available

Advantages of Stone


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The advantages of stone are

its compressive strength,

its ornamental and sculptural value, and

its durability

Its disadvantages include Poor tensile strength,

Excessive weight, and High cost in quarrying and finishing

Brick


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Brick

Brick is used in locationswhere there are no wood andstone.

Romans were among the firstcivilizations to use brickextensively.

They also used brick as aformwork for concrete.

Commercial mass production

of brick introduced in 1628made brick the predominantbuilding material in England

Advantages of Brick


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Advantages of Brick

Advantages of brick include

lightweight,

its uniform size, density and color, and the fact that it can be manufactured in a

variety of colors, textures and sizes

Disadvantages include the labor intensive installation process,

its ineffectiveness in tension and mortar used in bonding brick is usually the

weakest element and vulnerable to water

penetration

Iron


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Iron

Iron became popular in afterThomas Darby discovered in

1777 that high temperaturecauses iron to liquefy andbecome malleable.

The first architectural

applications were in bridgesand railroads.

Cast iron (2-4% carbon) was

used for structural applicationsand wrought (0.1% carbon)iron for ornamental work.

Advantages of Iron


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The advantages of iron are

its high strength,

light nature and

mass production potential

Its disadvantages are its subjectivity to corrosion and

its brittle nature

Steel


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Steel Steel became popular after

1856, when H. Bassemerdeveloped a process for

introducing carbon into thesmelting process

Steel is of greater strength

than cast iron and isstructurally stronger thanconcrete and wood

The discovery of steel and its

production was the greatesttechnical innovation affectingarchitecture of the 20thcentury

Advantages of Steel


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The advantages of steel are

its extreme strength and rigidity,

its superior joining capabilities and

the fact that you can have a highly controlled

manufacturing process for it

Its main disadvantage:

It liquefies when subjected to very hightemperature

Concrete


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Romans were the first civilizationto use concrete.

They used it to achieve very bigstructures with huge interiors.

Use of concrete was discontinuedin the Middle Ages.

Came into use again after 1824when Portland cement wasdeveloped.

The addition of steel

reinforcement that followed thisdevelopment increased the use ofconcrete as a construction

material

Advantages of Concrete


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The advantages of concrete are its fire resistance,

inexpensive manufacturing process,

durable nature, its structural versatility,

high compressive strength and

ability to pre-cast it

Its major disadvantages are the fact that casting must be controlled, and so it

cannot be mixed far away from the site.

It is also subject to rapid deterioration in hostileenvironments

Other Materials


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Other materials that are commonly used in contemporary

buildings include:

aluminum,

glass,

plastics, paper,

lead,

synthetics,

canvass,

and new materials continually developed for new uses.


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Building Structural Systems

Building Structural Systems


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Structure is a necessary part of architecture.

Structure ensures the stability of buildings.

Structural members enable the resolution andtransfer of forces to the ground.

Structural elements also define spaces inbuildings.

We will review some predominant structural

systems featured in buildings over time

Bearing Wall


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Walls are the earliest

development of

architecturalenclosure.

This is made up ofseries of wall units

that are assembled

vertically and defineusable space.

Post and Lintel


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This is the simplest ofstructural systems.

It is made up of a verticalcolumn that transfers theload of the horizontal lintel tothe ground.

This is the main constructionsystem of ancient Egyptiantemples and Greek

architecture.

It is also the most commonform of modern construction

Arch


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An arch is a curved structure

of wedged shaped blocks built

to span an opening.

Ancient Egyptians and ANE

civilizations were among the

earliest civilization to use the

arch in construction.

It was however the Romans

that used the arch extensively

and were able to achieve wide

spans with it in buildings,

bridges, and aqueducts

Vault


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The extension of anarch in the third

dimension produces avault

The most primitivevault form creates atunnel like space

Vaulting wasextensively used inRoman architecture

Dome


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The circular rotation

of an arch around a

fixed center yields adome circular in plan

The oldest andlargest existing dome

is the Pantheon in

Rome

Truss System


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A truss is a 2-

Dimensional plane

system consisting ofan assembly of

individual members

arranged in triangular

units

Frame Structure


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Any material made

stable by a skeleton is

a framed structure

Popular framing

materials includeconcrete, wood and

steel

Shells and Other Free Forms


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Other available

structural systems

include shells, airsupported structures,

cable supported

structures etc


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Building Technologies

Basic Building Technologies


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Buildings are usually associated with manyservices and systems

used to control their internal environments toensure the health, safety and comfort of users.

These include heating, ventilation and cooling

systems (climate control), electrical systems,water system, lighting system, fire system, etc.

Many of these systems are products of 20thcentury developments.

We will briefly review the principal systems

Climate Control


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Could be passive or active

Passive uses regional and local solution

to climatic conditions Methods include;

building orientation, shading usingoverhangs, natural planting, use of window

elements, choice wall detail, etc.

Active control uses mechanical means

along with the use of fuels for energy

Water System Water systems consist of the process of getting water


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Water systems consist of the process of getting waterfrom natural sources, treating the water and delivering itto buildings and of collecting wastewater and sewage totreatment facilities.

Early civilizations relied on natural sources for watersupply with minimum intervention for treatment ortransport

In ancient Egypt, the Nile was a very important source ofportable water.

The Romans were the first civilization to intervene and

develop complex water systems consisting of aqueductsto supply water to cities, channels to distribute them andalso sewage systems to take wastewater away

Lighting System


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Light is made up of energy that is transmitted byelectromagnetic waves.

Light is essential for our vision and so is animportant aspect of architecture.

Lighting systems can be divided into artificial andnatural lighting.

Natural lighting depends on the sun for

illumination Artificial lighting relies on sources other than the

sun.

Lighting System


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In the earliest societies, artificial lightingwas achieved through the burning of

natural fuels as in torches, candles andlamps.

The gas lamp developed in the 19thcentury is one of the earliest lightingdevices.

The introduction of electricity changedcompletely the way we light our buildings


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End of Lecture

and of Module 1

Lecture_Slides_Module_1_Introduction.pdf

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