Lectures#1: based on chapter 1&2 Instructor Dr. Ephraim Massawe, Asst. Prof. IH & Env.Health Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and.

Lectures#1: based on chapter 1&2

Instructor Dr. Ephraim Massawe, Asst. Prof. IH & Env.Health

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control 1

History and Philosophy of Industrial Hygiene & Professional Ethics

Hippocrates (C. 460 - C. 370 B.C.)◦ First recorded mention of occupational diseases◦ Described lead poisoning (pp3) and other ailments of metallurgists,

fullers (dye makers), tailors, horseman, farm hands and fisherman.

Pliny the Elder (C. 23-79 A.D.) (pp3) 1st century A.D Described a protective mask for miners consisting of a loose bladder

tied over the mouth to prevent inhalation of poisonous dust and vapors – but allow them to see! (pp3)

2

Early History

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

Georg Bauer a.k.a. Agricola (1494-1555)(pp3/6/1588)

A peasant born at threshold of the Renaissance age/German scholar ◦ Author: De Re Metallica ◦ Described all aspects of mining, smelting, and refining and

diseases associated with these trades ◦ Prevention (&control measures) - Including Ventilation to reduce

stagnant air in the mine shaft◦ Described rawhide boots and gloves to prevent exposures

Contribution or relevance to IH Field Evaluation Methods?

3

Sixteenth Century

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

"...the fields are devastated by mining operations, for which reason formerly Italians were warned by law that no one should dig the earth for metals and so injure their very fertile fields, their vineyards, and their olive groves.“

"...when the ores are washed, the water which has been used poisons the brooks and streams, and either destroys the fish or drives them away."

◦ He goes on to argue however, that the benefits obtained from mining far outweigh the damage.

◦ Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

4

Agricola (continued)

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

a.k.a. Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim

◦ He was a legend in his own mind and was beyond the great Celsius.

◦ Awareness of occupational diseases in miners and smelters

◦ All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.“

◦ Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

5

Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) pp 4/6/83/168

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

Father of Industrial Medicine

De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers) (1700)◦ First treatise on occupational disease

He introduced the question “Of what trade are you?” In addition to many others, his treatise included descriptions of

◦ Miners/Potters/Tinsmiths/Glass-Workers and Mirror-Makers◦ Painters/Blacksmiths

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

6

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 - 1714)pp3/6/1654

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

Author “On the Influence of Trades, Professions, and Occupations in the United States, in the Production of Diseases” (1837)

Credited for writing the first work on occupational medicine published in the US

His focus: recognition that there was a causal-effect relationships (pp4) i.e. worker exposure - diseases is the basis for IH work

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

7

Benjamin McCready, M.D. (1823 - 1892)pp4/pp1636

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

An English Author “The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of Civic States and Habits of Living, on Health and Longevity” (pp4/6)

Suggested the removal of many of the workplace agents associated with disease and shorten of life

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

8

Charles Turner Thackrah (1795 - 1833)pp4/6/1670 (19th Century)

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

Author “Industrial Poisons in the U.S” (1925)

"...from the first, I made it a rule to try to bring before the responsible man at the top the dangers I had discovered in his plant and to persuade him to make the simple steps which even I, with no engineering knowledge, could see were needed. As I look back on it now from this changed world of "safety first," expert factory inspection, the National Safety Council, industrial insurance companies, strict compensation law, it astonishes and amuses me to see how very well this primitive method often worked.“ Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943)

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

9

Alice Hamilton (1869 - 1970)pp4/5/1623

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

1917: Detector Tubes for carbon monoxide (CO)◦ developed at Harvard University pp 8

1922: Greenberg–Smith impinger for dust exposure ◦ Concern for dust exposure in mining/related industry - pp 9

1938: Midget Impingers (A modification by Littlefield and Schrank) – pp 9 1953: Membrane filters

◦ Filters allowed mass per volume (pp9) analysis instead of relying on particle counting techniques – or number per volumes – pp9)

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

10

History of IH Evaluation Tools

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

1970: Charcoal tube sampling developed by NIOSH

Developed for gases and vapors hence there was a need to develop pumps! pp 9

1973: (Palmer’s) Passive dosimeter for NO2 – pp9 – modern passive – based on Fick’s Law (later)

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

11

History of IH Evaluation Tools

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

1473: Ulrich Ellenbog suggested three methods◦ Use dry coal instead of wet coal to avoid toxic “fumes”◦ Work with the window open◦ Cover the mouth to prevent inhalation of noxious “fumes”

1561: Agricola stressed need for ventilation in mines and he illustrated related devices to be used underground◦ We shall have a laboratory/demonstration to evaluate the Performance of

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) Systems

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

12

History of IH Control Measures

Credit: The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control

Early 1800’s: first recorded design and establishment of the principles of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system by D’Arcet

1802: British Factory Workshops Act◦ Required ventilation in workplaces◦ 1867: authority was given to inspectors to require fans or mechanical

devices to control dust 1951: First edition of “Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice” by

the ACGIH – an “IH bible” to help in the design and evaluation of the performance of LEV systems

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

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History of IH Control Measures(continued)

50 AD: Pliny suggested use of animal bladders to prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume pp3

15th Century (1452-1519): Leonardo DaVinci suggested use of wet cloth to protect against chemical warfare agents pp10.

1800’s: recognition of the distinct natures of gases, vapors & particulates (aerosols) ~ advances in science of respiratory protection!

1814: particulate removing filter encased in a rigid container developed 1854: the ability of activated charcoal to remove organic vapors from air was

discovered WWI (1914-1918): prompted scientific advances in high efficiency filters and

gas sorbents used in the respirators and also used to capture (IH field-evaluation) the contaminants of interest pp10

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

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History of IH Controls- Respirators

1905: MA Health Dept inspectors investigated workplace dangers 1913: NY Dept of Labor Division of IH established – first formal program 1914: USPHS established Office of IH & Sanitation pp11

◦ This became NIOSH in 1971 (Following the OSHAct) pp8 1920 -1930’s: Five states initiated IH activities – CT, MS, OH, RI, MD pp 11

◦ 1936: 12 more state health departments with IH programs were established and hence the ACGIH!! Pp11

◦ 1946: 52 programs existed in the 41 states across the country !

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

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History of US Regulations (a framework regulating IH and related work)

1936: Walsh-Healey Public Contract Act – authorized federal OS&Health standards for fed government contractors pp11

WWII (1939-1945) – Provided an impetus to improve IH programs at the state levels pp11

1941: Bureau of Mines authorized to inspect mines pp11 1970: OSHA Act passed which created OSHA

◦ OSHA adopted 1968 ACGIH TLVs (minus the 21 chemicals for which there were ANSI Standards)

1977: Mine Safety and Health Act passed pp11◦ Creation of the MSHA pp11 (in the Department of Labor)!!

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

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History of US Regulations (a framework regulating IH and related work)

1,000,000 BC: Australopithecus used stones as tools and weapons. Flint knappers suffered cuts and eye injuries; bison hunters| contracted anthrax.

10,000 BC:Neolithic man began food-producing economy and the urban revolution in Mesopotamia. At end of Stone Age, grinding of stone, horn, bone, and ivory tools with sandstone; pottery making, linen weaving. Beginning of the history of occupations.

5000 BC: Copper and Bronze Age—metal workers released from food production. Metallurgy—the first specialized craft.

370 BC: Hippocrates dealt with the health of citizens, not workers, but did identify lead poisoning in miners and metallurgists.

50 AD: Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder) identified use of animal bladders intended to prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume.

1473: Ellenbog recognized that the vapors of some metals were dangerous and described the symptoms of industrial poisoning from lead and mercury with suggested preventive measures.

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Historical Events in Occ. Health and Safety (FYI)

1500: In De Re Metallica (1556), Georgius Agricola described every facet of mining, smelting, and refining, noting prevalent diseases and accidents, and prevention (e.g. ventilation). Paracelsus described respiratory diseases among miners and an excellent description of mercury poisoning. Remembered as the father of toxicology. “All substances are poisons . the right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.”

1665: Workday for mercury miners at Idria shortened.

1700:Bernardino Ramazzini, “father of occupational medicine,” published De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, (Diseases of Workers) and examined occupational diseases and “cautions.” He introduced the question, “Of what trade are you?”

1775: Percival Pott described occupational cancer among English chimney sweeps, identifying soot and the lack of hygiene measures as causes of scrotal cancer. The result was the Chimney-Sweeps Act of 1788.

1830:Charles Thackrah authored the first book on occupational diseases - published in England. His views on disease and prevention helped stimulate factory and health legislations. Medical inspection and compensation were established in 1897.

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Historical Events in Occ Health and Safety (FYI)(continued)

1900s: Dr. Alice Hamilton investigated many dangerous occupations and had tremendous influence on early regs of occupational hazards in the U.S. In 1919, she became the first woman faculty member at Harvard and wrote “Exploring the Dangerous Trades” – see previous quote.

1902–1911:Federal and then states (NY/WI/WA) legislation covering workers’ compensation. By 1948 all states covered occupational diseases. First survey in the United States of the extent of occupational disease conducted by the Illinois Occupational Disease Commission.

1910: First national conference on industrial diseases in the United States.

1912: U.S. Congress levied prohibitive tax on the use of white phosphorus to make matches.1913: National Safety Council (NSC)organized. NY and OH establish first state IH agencies.

1914: The USPHS [U.S. Public Health Service] organized a Division of IH and Sanitation. APHA organized a section on IH.

1916: American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons formed American Medical Association held first symposium on industrial hygiene and medicine.

1922: Harvard established industrial hygiene degree program.1928–1932: Bureau of Mines conducted toxicological research on solvents, vapors, and gases.

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Historical Events in Occ Health and Safety (FYI)(continued)

1936: Walsh-Healy Act required companies supplying goods to government to maintain safe and healthful workplaces.

1938: National (later American) Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists formed.1939: American Ind. Hygiene Association organized. American Standards Association & ACGIH prepared

first list (maximum allowable concentrations) of standards for chemical exposures in industry.1941–1945: Expansion of the industrial hygiene programs in states.1941: Bureau of Mines authorized the inspection of mines.1960: American Board of Industrial Hygiene organized by AIHA and ACGIH.1966: Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act.1968: Professional Code of Ethics drafted by AAIH. Code adopted by all four industrial hygiene

associations by 1981.1969: Coal Mine Health and Safety Act.1970: Occupational Safety and Health Act.1977: Federal Mine Safety and Health Act.1992: present Efforts to significantly amend OSHAct.1995: Revised Professional Code of Ethics adopted by all four industrial hygiene associations.

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Historical Events in Occ. Health and Safety(continued)

ObjectiveThis canon provides standards of ethical conduct for Industrial Hygienists as they practice their profession and exercise their primary mission to protect the health and well-being of working people and the public from chemical, microbiological, and physical health hazards present at, or emanating from, the workplace. – Partly in response to the question on Chapter 2: Why do Ethics Come into play and why are ethics important= pp 25

Relevance or contribution to the IH Field Evaluations?

The Occupational Environment -- Its Evaluation and Control 21

Code of Ethics for the Professional Practice of Industrial Hygiene (IH Professional Ethics) Chapter 2

Canons of Ethical Conduct

Industrial Hygienists shall: pp33 Practice their profession following recognized scientific principles with the realization that the lives,

health, and well-being of people may depend upon their professional judgment and that they are obligated to protect the health and well-being of people. pp33

Counsel affected parties factually regarding potential health risks and precautions necessary to avoid adverse health effects. pp33

Keep confidential personal and business information obtained during the exercise of industrial hygiene activities, except when required by law or overriding health and safety considerations.

Avoid circumstances of compromise of professional judgment or conflict of interest may arise. pp33 Perform services only in the areas of their competence. pp33 Act responsibly to uphold the integrity of the profession. pp33

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Code of Ethics for the Professional Practice of Industrial Hygiene (continued) - Table 2.1 pp 33

Institutions which developed the code of ethics:

◦ ABIH

◦ AAIH (since 1999, the AAIH has become part of the AIHA)

◦ AIHA

◦ ACGIH

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IH Ethical Code and Guiding Principles (pp27)

Case 1: __what is the ethical dilemma here – Jack’s? A breach of the C.o.I i.e. Conflict of Interest (real or perceived C.o.I)? Relevance to IH Field Evaluations?

Case 2: __what ethical issues or principles can be pointed out here with Ms. Jane Richards? Work in area of expertise? Relevance to IH Field Evaluations?

Case 3: What is going on with Mr. Bill in this case? If you were in Mr. Bill’s shoes or position what would you do? What is a bulk sample in this case or other cases? Counsel concerned parties? - Relevance to IH Field Evaluations?

Case 4:: Javier’s IH reports! What is the dilemma in writing his walk-through-audits reports? - Relevance to IH Field Evaluations?

Case 5: What are the ethical dilemma here? IH field evaluations of the emerging technologies and emerging products? - Relevance to IH Field Evaluations?

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Case Studies (pp34-39):