Lectures on Early-type Lectures on Early-type galaxies galaxies PART II PART II (M. (M. Bernardi) Bernardi)
Jan 04, 2016
Lectures on Early-type galaxiesLectures on Early-type galaxiesPART IIPART II (M. Bernardi)(M. Bernardi)
Plan for today: Galaxy formation models Stellar Populations
Age/Metallicity/-enhancement Lick Indices and Colors
Correlations with L, and environmentComparison between Models and Observations
Environment and Evolution in the SDSS Constraints on galaxy formation models
Initial fluctuations are seeds of structure
Growth is hierarchical;smaller dark matter ‘halos’ merge to form larger ones
Gas cools within ‘halos’ Galaxies
Hierarchical models predict the spatial distribution of galaxies (successfully)
Also describe galaxy formation and evolution
CDM: hierarchical gravitational clustering: The most massive galaxies are the last to be assembled, though their stars may be oldest
Age of stellar population may be different from that of host dark matter halo
Measure ages of stellar populations to constrain galaxy formation models
The optical portion of the galaxy spectrum is due to the light of stellar photospheres
K giant star
Typical elliptical galaxy
Linear combination of models galaxy properties (fluxes, colors, and spectra of galaxies)
1) Stellar library (observables)2) Stellar evolution codes (age/metal) + 1) Star Formation Rate 2) Metal enrichment law 3) Initial Mass Function
INGREDIENTS FOR STELLAR POPULATION MODELS
MODEL
1) Star Formation Rate (t) Instantaneous burst: (t) ~ (t) (usually called “single stellar population” model SSP) Exponential declining: (t) ~ -1 exp(-t/) Single burst of length : (t) ~ -1 for t ≤ tfort Constant: (t) = const
where is the e-folding timescale
INGREDIENTS FOR STELLAR POPULATION MODELS (Isochrone Synthesis)
Spectral energy distribution at time t:
1) Star Formation Rate (t)2) Metal enrichment law t S[t’,(t-t’)] is the power radiated per unit wavelength per unit initial mass
by a “single stellar population” (SSP) of age t’ and metallicity (t-t’) S[t’,(t-t’)] is the sum of the spectra of stars defining the isochrone of a
SSP of age t’ and metallicity (t-t’) It is computed by interpolating the isochrone at age t’ from the tracks in
the HR diagram
INGREDIENTS FOR STELLAR POPULATION MODELS (Isochrone Synthesis)
Spectral energy distribution at time t:
1) Star Formation Rate (t)2) Metal enrichment law t 3) Initial Mass Function (m) defined such that (m)dm is the number of
stars born with masses between m and m+dm
INGREDIENTS FOR STELLAR POPULATION MODELS (Isochrone Synthesis)
Spectral energy distribution at time t:
mc = 0.08 M
= 0.69
metallicity changes increase of heavy elements due to SN explosions
Problem: Age-Metallicity degeneracy
Stars weak in heavy elements are bluer than metal-rich stars (line blanketing effects and higher opacities)
Galaxy models must account for
Age – Metallicity degeneracyHard to separate populations which have a combination of age and metallicity
Degeneracy: (∂ lnt/∂ lnZ) ~ -3/2
BUT…
Although the continuum spectrum is similar, the absorption lines are stronger for higher metallicity
SO…
How to disentangle age from metallicity? Absorption lines (e.g. Lick indices)
H Mgb FeAverage pseudo-continuum flux level:
Fp = F d/(1 –2)
EW = 1FIFCd
where FC represents the straight line
connecting the midpoints of the blue and red pseudo-continuum levels
1
1
The central velocity dispersion appears to play a stronger role in determining the stellar population
Correlation Mg- tight over large range in galaxy size and all types of hot stellar systems
■ Giant ellipticals (GE) (M < -20.5 mag)▲Ellipticals of intermediate L (IE) (-20.5 < M < -18.5 mag)● Compact galaxies (CE)♦ Bright dwarf galaxies (BDW) (M > -18.5 mag)▪ Faint dwarf galaxies (FDW)x Bulges of S0/Sa (B)
■▲♦●▪ galaxies with anisotropic kinematics □∆◊○ galaxies rotationally flattened
Bender et al. 1996
SDSS
Galaxies with larger are older and/or more metal rich Stellar population evolves
--- 0.05 < z < 0.07 --- 0.07 < z < 0.09 --- 0.09 < z < 0.12 --- 0.12 < z < 0.15 --- 0.15 < z < 0.20
Vice-versa galaxies with larger have weaker Balmer absorption lines
Strong evolution
hi –z(younger population)
low –z(older population)
No correlation between Fe and L --- only with Differential evolution? more massive galaxies evolve differently (slower?) than less massive ones?
How to disentangle age from metallicity? Absorption lines (e.g. Lick indices) Stellar population modelsLick Indices vs Age
metallicity
age
Stellar population models
How to disentangle age from metallicity? Absorption lines (e.g. Lick indices)
Additional complication [/Fe] enhancement
Large are-enhanced
--- z < 0.07 --- 0.07 < z < 0.09 --- 0.09 < z < 0.12 --- 0.12 < z < 0.15
Additional complication [/Fe] enhancement
-elements: Ne, Mg, Si, S, A, Ca(so-named because formed by adding 2,3,…-particles, i.e. 4He nuclei, to 16O)
Formation time and timescale
SNae Type II from massive stars/short lives
Top-heavy IMF or short formation timescales at high redshift
Stellar Population Synthesis Models
Some recent models
Corrected for -enhancement ☺[/Fe] > [/Fe]
Age
Metallicity
do not match well all the observed parameters !! !!
But ……
Testing predictions of galaxy formation models …
Early-type galaxies in the field should be younger than those in clusters
Metallicity should not depend on environment The stars in more massive galaxies are coeval or
younger than those in less massive galaxies
Environment ….
SDSS C4 Cluster Catalog (Miller et al. 2005)
L > 3L*
Lcl > 1.75 x 1011 h-2 L ~ 10L*
From ~ 25,000 early-types at z < 0.14
4500 in low density regions3500 in high density regions
Cluster galaxies 0.1 mag fainterthan field galaxies
Cluster galaxies older than field by ~ 1Gyr?
BCGs more homogeneous
--- Cluster--- Field --- BCG
The Fundamental PlaneThe virial theorem:
Three observables + M/L M/L ~ L0.14
FP is combination with minimum scatter
oldyoung
Bernardi et al. 1998
No differences in the Mg2- relation
If Mg2 is a indicator of the age of the stellar population
Stars in field andcluster early-typegalaxies formed mostly at high redshift
Mg2- shows no differences because:
Galaxies in the field are younger but have higher
metallicity
Kuntschner et al. 2002
Evolution as a clock
Over small lookback times, metallicity cannot have changed significantly; hence observed evolution is due entirely to age differences, not metallicity!
Comparison of environmental differences with evolution measurement allows one to quantify effect of age difference between environments; so calibrate mean metallicity difference too!
Some implications:
early-type galaxies in the field should be younger
than those in clusters
Observed differences cluster-field small (~ 1 Gyr)
Age – Metallicity from Color-Magnitude
Models from Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
12
4
Age
[Z/H]=0.6
[Z/H]=0
9
1
[Z/H]=0.6
[Z/H]=0
12
2
Age
[Z/H]=0
[Z/H]=0.6
1
9 Age
Age
Bernardi et al. (2004b)
L ↑ Age↑ [Z/H] ↑
L ↑ Age↑ [Z/H] ↓
Kodama et al. (1998)
Slope of C-Mindependent of redshift out to z~1
C-M due toMass-[Z/H] not Mass-Age
C-M due to Mass-[Z/H] residuals from C-M due to Age
In contrast to published semi-analytic galaxy formation models
Bernardi et al. (2004b)
Age
Age of stellar population increases with galaxy mass: Massive galaxies are older
At fixed L/Mass: 1) more massive galaxies are older 2) fainter galaxies are older 3) galaxies with smaller R are older 4) higher galaxies are older
The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble? 105 objects with ( > 350 km/s) Single/Massive?
Galaxy formation models assume < 250 km/s BHs (2 x 109 M)
Superposition? interaction ratesdust contentbinary lenses
● Single/Massive Double ڤ◊ BCG
Sheth et al. 2003
Expect 1/300 objects to be a superposition
Bernardi et al. 2005c