Lecture1 Introduction

Biomedical Nanotechnologygy

BG4215

Duan Hongwei

Office hour: Wednesday 2:00-4:00 pm & by requestOffice: N1.3-B3-14

Office hour: Wednesday, 2:00-4:00 pm & by request

Keypoints:

1.WhatisBionanotechnologies?g

2.Whynanostructuresarescientificallyimportant?

f3.Examplesofnanostructuresandtheirbioapplications.

4.Whatistheimpactofbionanotechnology?p gy

Nanobots are molecular scale robotsWhat does What does bionanotechnologybionanotechnology mean to you?mean to you?

Nanobots are molecular scale robotsTiny machines in your body curing cancer?

Bionanotechnology according to HollywoodBionanotechnology according to HollywoodBionanotechnology according to HollywoodBionanotechnology according to Hollywood

N t h l S i ti tNanotechnology Scientist:Willem Dafoe in Spiderman

Created by Nanotechnology:The Hulk

What is Nanotechnology?What is Nanotechnology?Research and technology development aim to understand and control matters at

dimensions of approximately 1~100 nanometer the nanoscale

Ability to understand create and use structures devices and systems that haveAbility to understand, create, and use structures, devices and systems that have fundamentally new properties and functions because of their nanoscale structure

Ability to image, measure, model, and manipulate matter on the nanoscale to exploit those properties and functions

Ability to integrate those properties and functions into systems spanning from nano- to macro-scopic scalesnano- to macro-scopic scales

Definition from The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in the U.S. gy ( )

Why Nano? Size Does MatterJust because somethings important doesnt mean that it cant be very verydoesn t mean that it can t be very, very, very small.

- Frank to K, Men In Black

Some of these amazing views of the future have a grain of reality in them

What You will learn?What You will learn?

NanotechnologyBionanotechnology = Hybrid science & technology of bio & nano!

Nanotechnology is the creation of useful/functionalmaterials, devices and systems through control/manipulation

N o ec o ogy

of matter on the nanometer length scale and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties which arise because of the nanometer length scale:nanometer length scale:

PhysicalChemicalEl t i lElectricalMechanicalOpticalpMagnetic

Theres plenty of room at the bottom by Richard Feynman in 1959

p y

Birth of Modern

Nanotechnology

Is Nanotechnology really new?Is Nanotechnology really new?And he [Moses] took the [golden] calf they had made and burned it in the fire; then he ground it to powder, scattered it on the water and made the I lit d i k it Israelites drink it. Exodus 32:20

Gold nanoparticle can be suspended in water to make a colloidal gold, used for centuries as a medical treatment that reportedly cleared the mind, increased i t lli d ill dintelligence and will power, and balanced the emotions.

Is Moses Father of Nanotechnology?

Is Nanotechnology really new?Is Nanotechnology really new?

During the middle ages, the Muslims who fought crusaders with swords of Damascus steel had a high-tech edge - carbon nanotubes and nanowires in their sabres. Damascus sabres were forged from Indian steel called wootz. It is likely that the sophisticated process of forging and annealing the steel formed the nanotubes and theannealing the steel formed the nanotubes and the nanowires, and could explain the amazing mechanical properties of the swords. Swords of Damascus steel

Damascus SteelDamascus Steel

Damascus blade showing the Damascene surface pattern containing a combined Mohammed ladder and rose patterncontaining a combined Mohammed ladder and rose pattern

Cementite Nanowires

Cementite bands 5 nm

SEM TEMPhoto

f / llNanomaterials NanofabricationScanning Probe Microscopy

Super fast/small computersSuper strong materialsSuper Slippery MaterialsScanning Probe Microscopy

Self-Assembly

Super Slippery MaterialsTissue EngineeringDrug DeliveryS Sensors

How small is 1 nanometer (nm) ?How small is 1 nanometer (nm) ? Bigger than atoms, but smaller than you can see with a light microscope

For examplep

Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm

P t iProteins ~ 1-20 nm

Diameter of human hair ~ 10 mDNA

The Scale of ThingsThe Scale of Things--Nanometers and MoreNanometers and MoreThings Natural Things ManmadeThings Natural Things Manmade

What is Special about Nanoscale?What is Special about Nanoscale?

Atoms and molecules are generally less than one nm and we d h i h istudy them in chemistry.

Condensed matter physics deals with solids with infinite array of bound atomsof bound atoms. Nanoscience deals with the in-between meso-world.

Surface to volume ratio & Size-dependent properties

Percentage of Surface AtomsPercentage of Surface Atoms

Surface to volume ratioA 3 nm iron particle has 50% atoms on surfaceA 10 nm particle has 20% on surfaceA 10 nm particle has 20% on surfaceA 30 nm particle has only 5% on surface

Spherical iron nanocrystalsSpherical iron nanocrystals

Nanoscale = High Ratio of Surface Area to VolumnNanoscale = High Ratio of Surface Area to VolumnRepeat 24 times

8 Cubes Side L F l 5 bi i8 Cubes Side LEach has Surface area 6L2Total Surface Area 48 L2

1 CubeLength of sides 2LS f 24 L2

For example, 5 cubic centimetersabout 1.7 cm per sideof material divided 24 times will produce 1

Surface area 24 L2 nanometer cubes and spread in a single layer could cover a football field

Why nanostructures are scientifically important?Why nanostructures are scientifically important?

Optical & Electronicproperties

Nanowires and nanotubes are the most confining electrical conductors-puts the squeeze on electrons

Can be defect free-electrons move ballistically

Quantum confinement-tunable optical propetries

Mechanical properties

Thermal properitesproperties

Size Dependence of Properties

Can be designed to conduct heat substantially better (ormuch worse) than nearly every bulk material

Small enough to be defect-free, thus exhibiting idealstrength every bulk materialstrength

Dominated by large

Chemical properties

surface-to-volume ratio

Optical propertiesOptical propertiesTransmission Reflection

Suspensions of spherical gold particles with various diametersparticles with various diameters

Lycurgus CupLycurgus Cup (4th century AD, now at the British Museum,London)

The colors originates from metal The difference in colors is d t diff t tt i d

gnanoparticles embedded in the glass. At places, where light is transmitted through the glass it appears red, at places where

due to different scattering and absorption behaviour of small and large gold particles.the glass it appears red, at places where

light is scattered near the surface, the scattered light appears greenish.

Melting PointMelting Point Start from an energy balance; assume the change in internal energy (U) and change in entropy per unit mass during melting

i d d fare independent of temperature = Deviation of melting point from the bulk valueTo = Bulk melting point = 2To /Lr = Surface tension coefficient for a liquid-solid interface = Particle densityr = Particle radiusL = Latent heat of fusion

Melting Point Depends on particle size!

For example:

Melting Point Depends on particle size!

gold particles pThe melting point of gold particles decreases dramatically as the particle size gets below 5 nm

gold particles

size gets below 5 nm

Approaches to NanostructuresApproaches to NanostructuresApproaches to NanostructuresApproaches to Nanostructures

OzinG.,Nanochemistry

9 topdown:engineeringfabrication9 bottomup:molecularchemistry&selfassembly

Examples of Nanostructures and their applicationExamples of Nanostructures and their applicationBioassays

Drug delivery

Bioimaging Bioenergy

Metal N t t

Quantum

ApplicationApplicationTissue

engineering Nanocatalyst

ExamplesExamples

Nanostructrues Dots engineering Nanocatalyst

ExamplesExamples

Magnetic nanoparticles

Carbon materials

Nanoelectronics Nanomedicines

Gold NanoparticlesGold NanoparticlesPioneer

MichaelFaraday1857

hisgoldcolloids

35 Gold Nanoparticles and their Convex Hulls AFM of Gold Nanoparticles

Quantum DotsQuantum DotsQ t d t ti ll i d t th t hQuantum dots are essentially semiconductors that have an enormous control over electrons.

Quantum dots have previously ranged in Q p y gsize from 2~10 nanometers in diameter. While typically composed of several thousand atoms, all the atoms pool their electrons to sing with

i th t i th l t h d done voice, that is, the electrons are shared and coordinated as if there is only one atomic nucleus at the centre. That property enables numerous revolutionary schemes for electronic devices.y

High resolution TEM image of two CdSe quantum dots (left) and of a single tripod-shaped CdSe nanowire (right)

TEM image of PdSe quantum dots

Tunability of Quantum dots nanostructuresTunability of Quantum dots nanostructuresS l ti f Q t d t f i iSolutions of Quantum dots of varying size: Note the variation in color of each solution illustrating the particle size dependence of the optical absorption for each sample. Note that the larger particles are in the red solution and that the smaller ones are in the blue

Ordinary light excites all color quantum dots. (Any light source bluer than the dot of interest works.)

SizeSize-- and Materialand Material--Dependent Optical PropertiesDependent Optical Properties

ZnSe CdSe CdTe

d

I

n

t

e

n

s

i

t

y

N

o

r

m

a

l

i

z

e

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750E i i W l h ( )

Material band-gap determines the emission range;

Emission Wavelength (nm)Excitation: ZnSe @ 290 nm, others 365 nm

g p g ;particle size tunes the emission within the range

Nanocrystal quantum yields are as high as 80% Narrow symmetric emission spectra minimize overlap Narrow, symmetric emission spectra minimize overlap

of adjacent colors

Application of Quantum DotsApplication of Quantum Dots

Functionalti Energcoating Energy-

efficient electronics

Bio-medical StrategyStrategy Light

emitting Lateral flow assays

Solarcells

devices

cells

O i DQuantum Dot

Broad output spectrum Fades quickly ~ 100 ps

Sharper spectrum 5-40 ns Stable output over time

Organic Dye

q y p Unstable One dye excited at a time

Stab e output ove t e Multicolor imaging, multiple dyes excited simultaneously

Application of Magnetic nanoparticles

MagneticimmunoassayMedical

Biomedicalimaging

diagnostics and

treatmentstreatmentsApplication

Genetic engineering

Waste water

treatmentg g

Informationstorage

treatment

storage

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance ImagingResonance ImagingResonance ImagingResonance Imaging

In vitro and in vivo cancerInvitroandinvivocancertargetingbyHerceptin

molecularprobesbasedonmagneticnanoparticleswithstrongmagneticp g p g gproperties,hadconsiderablyenhancedsensitivityforcancercelldetectionandalsomadetheinvivoimagingofsmalltumorspossible

Magnetic nanoparticleMagnetic nanoparticle--based gene deliverybased gene deliverySchematic representation of magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery in vitro. The vector is attached to magnetic nanoparticles, which are added to the cell

l A hi h di h i l d b l h l di h d hculture. A high-gradient, rare-earth magnet is placed below the culture dish and the magnetic field gradient pulls the particles towards the magnetic field source, increasing the sedimentation rate of the particle/gene complex. F mag is the force vector exerted on the particles by the magnetic field.

Complex in suspension is added to cells in cultureadded to cells in culture

M i i l /Magnetic nanoparticle/DNA complexes

CarbonCarbon--Based NanomaterialsBased Nanomaterials

Graphene as the basic building block of carbon allotropesp g f p

C CNT graphiteC60 CNT graphite

BuckyballBuckyballBuckyball (C ) was discovered inBuckyball (C60) was discovered in

1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley. Using laser evaporation

f hit th f d C l t ( hof graphite, they found Cn clusters (where n>20 and even) of which the most common were C60 and C70.

Harold Kroto Richard Smalley

For the discovery of C60, they were awarded the 1996 Noble Prize in Chemistry.

Buckyball (C60) has a cage-like fused-ring structure (Truncated icosahedron), which resembles a soccer ball.

In 1991 nanoscale materials became the focus of

Carbon NanotubeCarbon NanotubeIn 1991, nanoscale materials became the focus of intense research with the discovery of the carbon nanotubes Sumio Iijima at NEC Fundamental Research Laboratories in Tsukuba, Japan. esea c abo ato es su uba, JapaIijimas high-resolution multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) electron micrographs illustrated that the new carbon species with rounded end caps were fullerene cousinswith rounded end caps were fullerene cousins.

MWNT SWNTBut while MWNTs are related to fullerenes, they were not molecularly perfect. However, the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) discovered in 1993, simultaneously by Iijima and Toshinari Ichihashi at NEC in Japan and Donald S Beth ne and others at IBM AlmadenToshinari Ichihashi at NEC in Japan and Donald S. Bethune and others at IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, were different.

Since then, new discoveries in this field are happening almost on a daily basis...

GrapheneGraphene

The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin N l h U i i f M hNovoseloy at the University of Manchester

for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensionalregarding the two-dimensional

material graphene

Andre Geim and Konstantin NovoselovNobel Prize 2010-Press Conference

A lump of graphite, a graphene transistor and a tape dispenser. Donated to the Nobel Museum in Stockholm by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2010.

Studying NANO: Right ToolsStudying NANO: Right ToolsStudying NANO: Right ToolsStudying NANO: Right Tools

Experiment/Experiment/Manipulation

Observation

ObservationObservation

Defining material physicochemical propertiesDefining material physicochemical propertiesg p y p pg p y p p

Source: McNeil, Nanotech Characterization Lab, NCI, USA

Methods Methods for for nanomaterialnanomaterial characterizationcharacterization

Scanning Probe Microscopy AFM

Group DGroup D

Electron

py(SPM)

STM

SEM

Electron MicroscopyTEM

Raman

EDXUV-vis

XRDStatic

Light scattering

EDXXPS Dynamic

g

How do we know about nanostructure?How do we know about nanostructure?P f l Mi Scanning Tunneling

Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM)

Powerful MicroscopesTransmission Electron

Microscope (TEM)

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

c oscope ( ) o op ( )

Invented in 1986 by Bi i Q t d G b

CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal

Binnig, Quate and Gerber

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)Cat Flea

650 nm30 nm

Microscope (AFM)

Fibroblast Cell on Pillars hemoglobin in red blood cell Paired Helical Filament

0 nm

Nano-products

Display ScreensM l (N )

Nano SilverSeal Motorola (NTs) Refrigerator

Samsung (nanoparticle-coated)Cars - HummerGM (Nanocomposites)

Tennis RacketsWil (C fib )

( p )

Wilson (C fibers)

N C f b i

Plenitude Revitalift

Nano-Care fabric

wrinkle-resistant, stain-repellent

(Eddie Bauer, Lee, Old Navy, Tiger W d B Nik )Loreal Woods, Bass, Nike)

Superhydrophobic nanoscalecoating applied to fabric

What does bionanotechnology mean to you?What does bionanotechnology mean to you?

Natural

NeverWetNeverWetManmade

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=YqGkC5uJ0yM&vq=medium

Nanomaterials - UV Protection

Small =Small Transparent

Advanced PowderT h l Pt LtdTechnology Pty Ltd

25 nm

90 nm

ZincOxide

250 nmZinclearin

Wet Dreamssunscreen

Nanotechnologies Happen Now!Nanotechnologies Happen Now!Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=RBjWwlnq3cA&vq=medium

What does Nanotechnology mean to you?What does Nanotechnology mean to you?DNA Computers in a beaker that outperform our fastest supercomputers?

The DNA program is its own computer, it f t d itits own factory and its own programmer

640 K ought to be enough for anybody Bill Gates, 1981

Nanotechnologies Happen Now!Nanotechnologies Happen Now!

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=4kHLj8la2Fo&feature=related