Lecture1 conjunctions

FAUZIAH BT ISMAIL

ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a

sentence.

TYPES

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

F – ForA – AndN – NorB – ButO – OrY – YetS – So

After, Although, As, Because, Before,

How, If, Once, Since, Than, That, Though,

Till, Until, When, Where, Whether,

While

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses.

Example: Jack and Jill went up the hill. The water was warm, but I didn't go

swimming. I want to work as an interpreter in the

future, so I am studying Russian at university.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause.

Example: I went swimming although it was cold. After she had learned to drive, Alice felt

more independent. Razak had to begin his thesis over again

when his computer crashed.

1) To join two ideas. Both the spectators and the players enjoyed the

game. Fruits and vegetables must be part of the diet.

5) To show contrast between two ideas: It was hot but windy. I wanted to buy it but I hadn’t enough money.

3) To express choice. You can come with us or stay at home. She can either come personally or write to

us.

4) To join two negative sentences. Neither the distance nor the cost stopped

him from going. My friends neither wrote nor phoned.

5) To show reason. He didn’t come because he was unwell. They returned home as it was late.

6) To show conclusion. There were few customers so he closed the shop

early. He got the most votes, therefore he must

represent us.

7) To show purpose. He saved his pocket money so that he could buy

a bicycle. He took a taxi so that he would not be late for

the interview.

8) To show result. She was so unpopular that few people came to

see her in hospital. The print was so small that I couldn’t read it.

Expanding Sentences

and but because so

Take turns expanding the sentence given by your lecturer or friend by adding one of the conjunctions above and a clause. If you forgot the sentence, you are out of the game. When the sentence gets too long start a new one.

Example:

T – I had a dog.A – I had a dog, but he died.B – I had a dog, but he died, so I bought a cat.C – I had a dog, but he died, so I bought a cat

because I needed the company.

T – I ate laksa.A – B – C – D – etc…..

THANK YOU………