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Production TechnologyConing in Vertical & Horizontal Wells
Aug 2008
Master of Petroleum Engineering
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
R.F. for Various DrivesDimension of Water Production Problem
7 bbls water / bbl of oil - in US 3 bbls water / bbl of oil worldwide Water treatment cost: US$ 40b / year
0.4 $/bbl of water
Goodwater / Bad Water
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Where in the Oil Column to Place a Well?
Objectives of perforations/well placement Communication of the well with reservoir fluid High productivity Delay gas/water brekthrough
Improve recoveryAll within the constraints of Reservoir Management
Plan (RMP)
Summary of the objectives: Improved well/fieldeconomics
Vertical Well: Where in the oil column do we perforate?
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
An Example of Horizontal Well Placement (small gascap, strong aquifer)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Coning Related Calculations
1. Critical Coning Rate
2. Breakthrough Time3. Post Breakthrough Production Performance
How to Delay Coning Breakthough?
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Theory of Coning
Maximum drawdown of the well without waterentering the well
A rough estimate (not very accurate)
WELL
WATER CONE H
H
( ) hp ow = 433.0max
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Water Coning
Assumption kv=kh
WELL
WATER CONE H
H
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Theory of Coning
( ) hp ow = 433.0max
1. O
i
l
1. Original
OWC
1. Original
GOC
( )
( )[ ]PR
SrrB
pphkQ
weoo
weo
o+
=
/ln
00708.0
( ) ( )o
w ffhrfPR 90cos2/71+=
Assumption kv=kh
f = fractional penetration (or
perforation) = hp
/h
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Water Coning
Assumption kv=kh
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Muskat & Wyckoff (Laplace Eqn)
Chaney / Cheirici (Potentiometric Methods)
Wheatley (considers influence of cone shape on oil potential)
Critical Coning Rate Analytical Solutions (Vertical Wells)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Water Coning - Muskat & Wyckoffs Critical Coning Rate
oo
c
B
hkGq
2=
Originally derived for isotropic reservoir / water coning
Can also be used for anisotropic reservoir & gas coning problem
G = dimensionless factor =f(kv/k
h; geometry)
h = oil zone thickness
Assumptions
Single phase, SS flow Laplace Eqn applies
Uniform-flux boundary condition
Potential distribution in the oil phase not influenced by the coneshape
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Meyer-Garder (isotropic)
Hoyland-Papatzacos-Skjaeveland (based on simulationruns)
Chaney et al. (isotropic; extend Meyer-Garder; math+potentiometric) Chaperon (anisotropic)
Schols (Lab & Numerical Simulation; isotropic) Chierici-Ciucci (potentiometric; anisotropic )
Critical Coning Rate Correlations (Vertical Wells)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Gas coning Water coning
Combined gas and water coning
Meyer-Garder Correlation (Isotropic; vertical well)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Meyer-Garder Correlation (Isotropic; vertical well)
Water coning
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Gas coningMeyer-Garder Correlation (Isotropic; vertical well)
[ ]224 )(ln
10246.0 too
o
w
e
go
oc DhhB
k
r
rQ
=
[ ]224
ln
10246.0 poo
o
w
e
ow
oc hhB
k
r
rQ
=
Water coning
(Eq. 7.4)
(Eq. 7.5)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Simultaneous Gas & Water ConingMeyer-Garder Correlation (Isotropic; vertical well)
Optimum Distance from Gas Cap, Dt
(Eq. 7.6)
+
=
2222
4 1)()()/ln(10246.0 gw
go
go
gw
go
ow
we
p
oo
oocrr
hh
B
kQ
(Eq. 7.6)
=
gw
go
pt hhD
1)(
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Meyer-Garder Correlation (Isotropic; vertical well)
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Hoyland- Papatzacos-Skjiaeveland Method(anisotropic, vertical well) Water Coning
CD
oo
howt
oc qB
khQ
=
)(10246.0
24
where,
kh = horizontal permeability,mD
qCD = dimensionless critical flow rate
ht = total reservoir thickness, ft
qCD = f (rD and fp)
h
ve
D
k
k
h
rr =
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Hoyland- Papatzacos-Skjiaeveland Method(anisotropic, vertical well) Water Coning
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Hoyland- Papatzacos-Skjiaeveland Method(anisotropic, vertical well) Water Coning
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Chaperons Method (anisotropic, vertical well)Water Coning
[ ]*
2
4)(
100783.0 coo
ph
oc qB
hhk
Q
=
)"/943.1(7311.0* +=cq
hve kkhr /)/("=
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Chierici-Ciucci Method (anisotropic, vertical well)Water & Gas Coning
v
he
De
k
k
h
rr =
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Chierici-Ciucci Method (anisotropic, vertical well)Water & Gas Coning
( )
( ) ( )wDewhrooo
ow
ow rkkB
h
Q
,,10492.0
24
=
( )( ) ( )gDeghro
oo
go
og rkkB
hQ
,,10492.0
2
4
=
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
C i i H i l & V i l W ll
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
1=
WO
OG
C i i H i t l & V ti l W ll
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Chierici-Ciucci Method (anisotropic, vertical well)Water & Gas Coning
Given reservoir & fluid properties, hp (), =>
critical production rate
Given reservoir & fluid properties, , Q, =>
Optimum completion interval by trial & error method
Assume hp, ; know fluid properties => Q()
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Cone Breakthrough Time
The Sobocinski-Cornelius Method
The Bournazel-Jeanson Method
Post Breakthrough Production Performance
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Cone Breakthrough TimeThe Sobocinski-Cornelius Method (Experimental Data)
( )
ooo
phow
QB
hhhkZ
=
410492.0
Dimensionless cone height Z:
( )Z
ZZZtBTD
2775.075.14 32
+=
( )( ) ( ) Mkth
tvow
BTDoBT
+=
1
325,20
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Cone Breakthrough TimeThe Sobocinski-Cornelius Method (Experimental Data)
( )( )
=
w
o
Swcro
Sorrw
kkM
= 0.5 forM 1 and = 0.6 for 1
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Cresting in Horizontal Wells
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Critical Coning (Cresting) Rate for Horizontal Wells
1. Chaperons Method
2. Efros Method3. Karchers Method4. Joshis Method
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Breakthrough Time for Horizontal Wells
1. The Ozkan-Raghavan Method
2. Papatzacos Method
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
Figure (7.20) Dimensionless time for two-cone case.
(After Paptzacos, P. et. Al.)
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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g
Figure (7.21) Optimum well placement for two-cone case.(After Paptzacos, P. et. al.)
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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g
Practical Issues with Coning Calculations
Analytical solutions are based on simplified assumptions
Assume khomogenous
etc
Scarcity of data
Data quality & consistency
Quality of core data?
RFT data (density etc) matching with lab data Oil density graduation in reservoir
Permeability sequencing (fining/coarsening trend)
Kv?
Coning in Horizontal & Vertical Wells
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Solution to Practical Issues
Analytical tools are still powerful in understanding the
physics of multiphase flow
Be practical & beaware of the assumptions and limitations
Perform sensitivity analysis define range of uncertainty
A range of outcome with various probability
Identify most likely / risked outcome
Be guided by analogy / experience / probability