lecture07

Wireless InternetWireless InternetApplications & Applications & ArchitectureArchitecture

CSC1720 – Introduction to CSC1720 – Introduction to InternetInternet

Essential MaterialsEssential MaterialsBased on Wireless Internet App. and Arch.

© 2002 Mark Beaulieu.


All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.2003.

22

OutlineOutline

Introduction: From Wired to WirelessIntroduction: From Wired to Wireless Wireless DevicesWireless Devices

– Web Phones, Handhelds, Pagers, …Web Phones, Handhelds, Pagers, … Wireless NetworksWireless Networks

– WAN, LAN, PANWAN, LAN, PAN How do they work?How do they work? Wireless Internet ArchitecturesWireless Internet Architectures

– 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, IR, Satellites? …2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, IR, Satellites? … Wireless Internet ApplicationsWireless Internet Applications The Future of Wireless TechnologyThe Future of Wireless Technology



33

IntroductionIntroduction

The wireless Internet is the network The wireless Internet is the network of radio-connected devices and of radio-connected devices and servers using voice, information and servers using voice, information and other Internet services.other Internet services.

Two billion wireless mobile users will Two billion wireless mobile users will exist by the year 2010. exist by the year 2010.

Almost every Internet service is Almost every Internet service is being made ready for the wireless being made ready for the wireless Internet.Internet.



44

Wireless HistoryWireless History

First wireless experimentsFirst wireless experiments– 1888: Heinrich Hertz – spark generator1888: Heinrich Hertz – spark generator– 1894: Guglielmo Marconi – Ring a bell 30 ft away1894: Guglielmo Marconi – Ring a bell 30 ft away

Broadcast radio – 1920Broadcast radio – 1920 Photographs transmitted by radio – 1924Photographs transmitted by radio – 1924 Mobile Radio to Police Cars – 1926Mobile Radio to Police Cars – 1926 Broadcast Television – 1936, Color – 1950Broadcast Television – 1936, Color – 1950 Satellite Systems for Telephony – 1962Satellite Systems for Telephony – 1962 Cordless Telephones – 1980Cordless Telephones – 1980 Pagers (widely used) – 1985, …Pagers (widely used) – 1985, …



55

Wireless HistoryWireless History

Heinrich HertzHeinrich Hertz Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi



66

Hardware PerspectiveHardware PerspectiveThe Equipments / The Equipments / devicesdevices What are the advantages and What are the advantages and

disadvantages of using the disadvantages of using the following devices?following devices?– Web PhoneWeb Phone– HandheldHandheld– PagerPager– Voice PortalVoice Portal– Web PCWeb PC– ApplianceAppliance



77

Web Phones & Web Phones & HandheldsHandhelds Web PhonesWeb Phones

– It is a modified cell phone with display It is a modified cell phone with display hardware and Internet access software.hardware and Internet access software.

– Japanese use color I-mode phones.Japanese use color I-mode phones.– Europeans use WAP phones for messaging.Europeans use WAP phones for messaging.

Handhelds / PDAHandhelds / PDA– It is a small computer with OS, storage, screen, It is a small computer with OS, storage, screen,

keyboard and wireless connection interfaces keyboard and wireless connection interfaces (IrDA infrared) or Bluetooth (Short-range radio)(IrDA infrared) or Bluetooth (Short-range radio)

– With wireless modem, we can sync over the With wireless modem, we can sync over the air.air.



88

Pagers & Voice PortalsPagers & Voice Portals

Pagers Pagers – A small wireless device that uses paging A small wireless device that uses paging

networks to send and receive data.networks to send and receive data.– Paging belongs to messaging applications.Paging belongs to messaging applications.– Pagers are ideal as cheap and low-power.Pagers are ideal as cheap and low-power.

Voice PortalsVoice Portals– A natural voice interface that runs on a server A natural voice interface that runs on a server

to give you a dialog. Listen your speech, to give you a dialog. Listen your speech, calculate a reply, synthesis a response. calculate a reply, synthesis a response.



99

Web PCs & ApplianceWeb PCs & Appliance

Web PCsWeb PCs– PC and even laptop are poor mobile PC and even laptop are poor mobile

devices, need to put near a power devices, need to put near a power supply.supply.

– Table PC, lightweight, easy to hand over.Table PC, lightweight, easy to hand over. ApplianceAppliance

– iAppliances stand for Internet appliances iAppliances stand for Internet appliances refer to specialized gadget designed as a refer to specialized gadget designed as a single application.single application.

– Webpad, WebTV, …Webpad, WebTV, …



1010

Wireless SpectrumWireless Spectrum Left: long, low-power, low-energy wavesLeft: long, low-power, low-energy waves



1111

Cellular SpectrumCellular Spectrum

2G

1G



1212

Spectrum Allocation Spectrum Allocation HistoryHistory

MHzMHz Spectrum UseSpectrum Use TimeTime

5.15 – 5.355.15 – 5.35 802.11a802.11a 20022002

2400 – 24832400 – 2483 Bluetooth (802.15)Bluetooth (802.15) 20012001

2400 – 24832400 – 2483 homeRFhomeRF 20002000

1850 – 19901850 – 1990 PCS cell phonePCS cell phone 19961996

806 – 902806 – 902 AMPS cell phoneAMPS cell phone 19801980

512 – 806512 – 806 UHF TVUHF TV 19491949

54 – 21654 – 216 VHF TVVHF TV 19411941

88 – 10888 – 108 FM RadioFM Radio 19351935

0.535 – 1.60.535 – 1.6 AM RadioAM Radio 19211921



1313

AM & FM RadioAM & FM Radio

Two different methods to represent 1 & 0.Two different methods to represent 1 & 0.

demo



1414

Architecture Architecture PerspectivePerspectiveWireless NetworksWireless Networks WANWAN – Wide Area Network – Wide Area Network

– Ranged up to 2500 meters, GSM, GPRS, Ranged up to 2500 meters, GSM, GPRS, ……

LANLAN – Local Area Network – Local Area Network– Ranged up to 100 meters, 802.11b, …Ranged up to 100 meters, 802.11b, …

PANPAN – Personal Area Network – Personal Area Network– Low-power, short-range networkLow-power, short-range network– Ranged up to 10 metersRanged up to 10 meters– Bluetooth, IR, …Bluetooth, IR, …



1515

Three Wireless Three Wireless InternetsInternets

Local Area Network Wide Area Network

11-54 Mbps 9-144 Kbps1-20 Mbps

Personal Area Network



1616

WAN TopologyWAN Topology



1717

LAN TopologyLAN Topology



1818

PAN TopologyPAN Topology

Wireless PAN module



1919

Wide Area NetworksWide Area NetworksWAN800 to 1900 MHz9600 kbps2500 meters



2020

LAN & PANLAN & PAN

LAN2.4 GHz 11 Mbps100 meters

PAN2.4 GHz 700 Kbps10 meters



2121

Wireless data ratesWireless data rates

Wireless data rateWireless data rate Wireless deviceWireless device

9.6 kbps9.6 kbps Web phonesWeb phones

14.4 kbps14.4 kbps Pagers, Web phonesPagers, Web phones

19.2 kbps19.2 kbps PagersPagers

128 kbps128 kbps HandheldsHandhelds

11 Mbps11 Mbps Handhelds using wireless Handhelds using wireless LANLAN



2222

Informative Informative PerspectivePerspectiveHow wireless works?How wireless works?

Including Wireless network and Wired networkIncluding Wireless network and Wired network



2323

Cellular Tower GridsCellular Tower Grids

Towers Power the Mobile SpectrumTowers Power the Mobile Spectrum



2424

Putting up TowersPutting up Towers



2525

AntennasAntennas

Omni-directional antennasOmni-directional antennas– The signal can be radiated out in all The signal can be radiated out in all

directionsdirections Yagi antennasYagi antennas

– Provides a fairly focused beamProvides a fairly focused beam Parabolic antennasParabolic antennas

– The most powerful we can buyThe most powerful we can buy Dipole antennasDipole antennas

– Use to increase range indoorsUse to increase range indoors



2626

Antennas figuresAntennas figures



2727

Cellular handoffCellular handoff

Handoff is the process of Handoff is the process of automatically passing the call from automatically passing the call from one transmitter to the next. one transmitter to the next.



2828

Wireless StandardsWireless Standards

IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN, a family)IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN, a family) IEEE 802.11a (5 GHz band)IEEE 802.11a (5 GHz band) IEEE 802.11b (the most common IEEE 802.11b (the most common

one)one) IEEE 802.11g (Fast)IEEE 802.11g (Fast) BluetoothBluetooth HomeRFHomeRF Infra-Red (IR)Infra-Red (IR)



2929

IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11bstandardstandard

Transmit and receive data at 11Mbps.Transmit and receive data at 11Mbps. Include all the network overheadsInclude all the network overheads Theoretically, real throughput: 7Mbps.Theoretically, real throughput: 7Mbps. 802.11b supports five speeds:802.11b supports five speeds:

– 11M, 5.5M, 2M, 1M and 512k11M, 5.5M, 2M, 1M and 512k



3030

Wi-Fi StandardWi-Fi Standard

Same as IEEE 802.11bSame as IEEE 802.11b Transmission rate: 11 MbpsTransmission rate: 11 Mbps Bandwidth: 2.4 GHzBandwidth: 2.4 GHz Coverage: 300 mCoverage: 300 m Support devices: 25Support devices: 25 Any advantage & disadvantage?Any advantage & disadvantage?



3131

IEEE 802.11aIEEE 802.11a

IEEE 802.11a supports 54 MbpsIEEE 802.11a supports 54 Mbps– Bandwidth – 5 GHzBandwidth – 5 GHz– Incompatible with Wi-Fi devicesIncompatible with Wi-Fi devices– Expensive devicesExpensive devices



3232

IEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11g also supports 54 IEEE 802.11g also supports 54 MbpsMbps– Use 2.4 GHzUse 2.4 GHz– Much cheaper than IEEE 802.11a Much cheaper than IEEE 802.11a

devicesdevices– Apple computers also support IEEE Apple computers also support IEEE

802.11g802.11g



3333

Speed / DistanceSpeed / Distance

SpeedSpeed OutdoorOutdoor IndoorIndoor

54Mbps54Mbps 50m50m 20m20m






3434

Wireless Wireless network network connectionconnection



3535

BluetoothBluetooth

It is a low-cost, low-power, short-range It is a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio link for mobile devices and for radio link for mobile devices and for WAN/LAN access points.WAN/LAN access points.

Both voice and data communications at Both voice and data communications at about 70 kbps.about 70 kbps.



3636

HomeRFHomeRF

The network can accommodate a The network can accommodate a maximum of 127 nodes.maximum of 127 nodes.



3737

Infrared TechnologyInfrared Technology

It is a popular way for handhelds to It is a popular way for handhelds to exchange data, typically range of 2M.exchange data, typically range of 2M.

They are often used to manually They are often used to manually exchange information using strictly a exchange information using strictly a point-to-point connection.point-to-point connection.

IrDA v1.0 transmits data at 115 kbps.IrDA v1.0 transmits data at 115 kbps. IrDA v1.1 transmits data at 4 Mbps.IrDA v1.1 transmits data at 4 Mbps.



3838

Wireless Interference Wireless Interference at 2.4 GHzat 2.4 GHz

Wireless LAN 2.4 GHz Protocols Table 14 (99)

IEEE 802.11b HomeRF Bluetooth

Speed 11 Mbps 1, 2, 10 Mbps 30 to 700 kbps

Use Office or campus LAN Home office, house and yard Personal Area Network

Range 100 meters 50 meters 10 meters

Frequency sharing

Direct sequence spread spectrum

Wideband frequency hopping Narrowband frequency hopping

Backers Cisco, Lucent, 3Com, Apple, Intel, WECA Consortium

Apple, Compaq, Dell, Motorola, Proxim, HomeRF Working Group

Ericsson, Motorola, Intel, Nokia, Bluetooth Special Interest Group

URL www.wirelessethernet.com www.homerf.org www.bluetooth.com



3939

Break Time – 10 Break Time – 10 minutesminutes



4040

Focus on the 3GFocus on the 3GNetwork EvolutionNetwork Evolution

1GFDMA

Frequency Division Multiple

Access

1980s – each calling party is allocated a dedicated frequency channel: 3 users use three channels

2GTDMA & GSMTime Division

Multiple Access & Groupe

Speciale Mobile

1990s – callers timeshare a frequency channel: nine users use 3 channels

3GCDMA & WCDMA

Code Division Multiple Access & Wide CDMA

1990s – callers use a shorter bandwidth2000s – Each call is spread, randomly broken down and mixed: ten callers use one channel.



4141

1G, 2G, 3G Networks1G, 2G, 3G Networks

1G1G– Circuit-switched, analog signals, Voice Circuit-switched, analog signals, Voice

onlyonly 2G2G

– Circuit-switched, digital signals, voice or Circuit-switched, digital signals, voice or data overlay, 9 kbps or 19 kbpsdata overlay, 9 kbps or 19 kbps

2.5G - GPRS, why it is called 2.5G?2.5G - GPRS, why it is called 2.5G? 3G3G

– Packet-switched, Transparent roaming, Packet-switched, Transparent roaming, 2Mbps, Identification of caller location2Mbps, Identification of caller location



4242

Cellular Family TreeCellular Family Tree

1G introduced by AT&T in 1983, only analog 1G introduced by AT&T in 1983, only analog cellular telephony.cellular telephony.

2G introduced in 1987 in Europe. Three 2G introduced in 1987 in Europe. Three primary wireless standards: primary wireless standards: – TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)– GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)– CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

2.5G supports faster wireless data services, 2.5G supports faster wireless data services, GSM extensions.GSM extensions.

3G & 4G provide wider bandwidth and 3G & 4G provide wider bandwidth and higher data rates for mobile users.higher data rates for mobile users.



4343

Bandwidth & TimeBandwidth & Time



4444

Frequency Divided Multiple AccessFrequency Divided Multiple Access(Used in analog and digital systems)(Used in analog and digital systems)



4545

Time Divided Multiple AccessTime Divided Multiple Access(Used in digital systems, FDMA is a foundation)(Used in digital systems, FDMA is a foundation)



4646

Code Divided Multiple AccessCode Divided Multiple Access(All Users talk on the SAME frequency. Digital codes divide the conversations)(All Users talk on the SAME frequency. Digital codes divide the conversations)



4747Wireless GenerationsWireless Generations

3G

Forrester 12/1999



4848

3G Air Interfaces3G Air Interfaces

W-CDMAW-CDMA CDMA-MCCDMA-MC TDMATDMA CDMA-TDDCDMA-TDD FDD-TDMAFDD-TDMA



4949

CDMA Present and CDMA Present and FutureFuture

20001999 2001 20031995 2002

A A B A B 1x/1xEV

A B 1x/1xEV

1.25 MHz

5 MHz

DATA14.4 kbps

VOICE

DATAUp to 115 kbps

VOICE

CDMA2000 1xEV

up to 2.4 Mbps

95A 95B CDMA2000 1x/1xEV

WCDMA /CDMA2000

INCREASED VOICECAPACITY

1.25 MHz

1.25 MHz

VOICE

DATAUp to 307 kbps

1.25 MHz DATAup to 2.0 Mbps

cdmaOne

WorldPhone



5050

3G Spectrum in 3G Spectrum in different Countriesdifferent Countries



5151

Using SatellitesUsing Satellites

GEOGEO – Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting – Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting– Its orbital speed equals the earth’s Its orbital speed equals the earth’s

rotation.rotation.– Coverage: 35,785 kmCoverage: 35,785 km

MEOMEO – Medium Earth Orbiting – Medium Earth Orbiting– Is not popular as GEO and LEO.Is not popular as GEO and LEO.– Coverage: 10,000 kmCoverage: 10,000 km

LEOLEO - Low Earth Orbiting (1,000 km) - Low Earth Orbiting (1,000 km)– Minimal delay, small, easy to launchMinimal delay, small, easy to launch



5252

GEO, MEO, LEOGEO, MEO, LEO



5353

Application Application PerspectivePerspectivei-mode Storyi-mode Story The most popular wireless data The most popular wireless data

service on Earth is i-mode, developed service on Earth is i-mode, developed by DoCoMo formed in 1992 by NTT.by DoCoMo formed in 1992 by NTT.

The no. of subscribers increases at The no. of subscribers increases at the rate of 50,000 new users per day.the rate of 50,000 new users per day.

Why success?Why success?– Constant connectionConstant connection– Viable national technology EnclaveViable national technology Enclave– Microbilling economyMicrobilling economy– Quality HandsetsQuality Handsets– Mature commercial infrastructureMature commercial infrastructure



5454

Worldwide Wireless Worldwide Wireless Application ForecastApplication Forecast

Source:ARC Group 2001



5555

Short Message Service Short Message Service SMSSMS A messaging service supported by cell A messaging service supported by cell

phones that allows short text messages phones that allows short text messages to be sent between mobile devices.to be sent between mobile devices.

All GSM phones support SMS, but not all All GSM phones support SMS, but not all CDMA or TDMA cell phones support yet.CDMA or TDMA cell phones support yet.

SMS teaches consumers to use wireless SMS teaches consumers to use wireless devices for non-voice services.devices for non-voice services.

SMS loses value as latency increasesSMS loses value as latency increases– How to reduce the latency? How to reduce the latency? Ans: SMSCAns: SMSC



5656

General Packet Radio General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)Service (GPRS) GPRS is a the first available 2.5G GPRS is a the first available 2.5G

packet-switched standard.packet-switched standard. It is the first packet data service on It is the first packet data service on

wireless digital networks.wireless digital networks. GPRS will be the backbone of GSM GPRS will be the backbone of GSM

and TDMA networks for wireless and TDMA networks for wireless data packet communications.data packet communications.

It can transfer data at 115 kbps.It can transfer data at 115 kbps.



5757

Wireless Application Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)Protocol (WAP) WAP is an application protocol for cell phones.WAP is an application protocol for cell phones.



5858

Microbrowser Markup Microbrowser Markup Languages for devicesLanguages for devices HTML HTML (HyperText Markup Language)(HyperText Markup Language)

– The original web pageThe original web page XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language)(eXtensible Markup Language)

– A Universal web pageA Universal web page HDML HDML (Handheld Dynamic ML)(Handheld Dynamic ML) WMLWML (Wireless Markup Language) (Wireless Markup Language) cHTMLcHTML (Compact HTML) (Compact HTML)

– It was developed by Access Japan for i-mode.It was developed by Access Japan for i-mode. XHTMLXHTML (eXtensible HTML) (eXtensible HTML)

– The Next Web PageThe Next Web Page



5959

Wireless Internet Wireless Internet ApplicationApplication MessagingMessaging

– Use web phone to send SMS messages.Use web phone to send SMS messages. BrowsingBrowsing

– Use wireless devices to read cHTML, WML, Use wireless devices to read cHTML, WML, HDML and XHTML web sites.HDML and XHTML web sites.

InteractingInteracting– Use interactive applications for the client Use interactive applications for the client

devices, such as wireless games.devices, such as wireless games. ConversingConversing

– Use Voice portal for information delivery, such Use Voice portal for information delivery, such as Tellme to get information from the voice as Tellme to get information from the voice gateway.gateway.



6060

SummarySummary

DevicesDevices NetworksNetworks ApplicatonApplicatonss

Web PhoneWeb Phone WANWAN MessagingMessaging

HandheldHandheld LANLAN Web Web BrowsingBrowsing

PagerPager PANPAN InteractingInteracting

Voice PortalVoice Portal ConversingConversing

Web PCWeb PC

Communicating Communicating appliancesappliances



6161

Wireless flaws?Wireless flaws?

Encrypted Encrypted passwordpassword

Restricted Restricted aces by aces by MAC MAC addressaddress



6262

Wired Equivalent Privacy Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)(WEP)

Disable WEP

Enable WEP

What is the difference?



6363

The future of WirelessThe future of Wireless

Faster and compatible: 802.11gFaster and compatible: 802.11g– Use the 2.4GHz band and reach 54MbpsUse the 2.4GHz band and reach 54Mbps

Low price of wireless networking Low price of wireless networking equipment equipment community networks community networks– Public good or Theft of services?Public good or Theft of services?

Many other extensionsMany other extensions– 802.11e, 802.11i, 802.11h802.11e, 802.11i, 802.11h– 802.15.1-2002 (Bluetooth-like)802.15.1-2002 (Bluetooth-like)



6464

ReferencesReferences

Wireless Internet Applications and ArcWireless Internet Applications and Architecture – Mark Beaulieuhitecture – Mark Beaulieu

Wireless Internet Crash Course – RomaWireless Internet Crash Course – Roman Kikta et al.n Kikta et al.

The wireless networking starter kit – AThe wireless networking starter kit – Adam and Glenndam and Glenn

Wi-FiWi-Fi The End.The End. Thank you for your patience!Thank you for your patience!

lecture07

Documents

wireless spectrumleft

wireless mobile users

small wireless device

internet services

internet appliances

internet access software

mobile radio

personal area networklowpower