lecture01.ppt

http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~pdygrp/chem104a.html

Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry

An introduction to inorganic chemistry Topics covered will include:

atomic structures, periodic trends, symmetry and group theory, inorganic solids, molecular orbital theory, molecular structure, acid-base chemistry, band theory, and descriptive chemistry of the main group elements.

Completion of a general chemistry sequence (chemistry 1B, 3A or 4B) is prerequisite.

Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry

Miessler, G. L., Tarr, D. A. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1999

DeKock and Gray, Chemical Structure and Bonding, 2nd Ed., University Science Books, 1989

Vincent, Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory, Wiley, 2001.

Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry

Cotton, Wilkinson, and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, 1995

Cotton, Chemical Applications of Group Theory, Wiley, 1990

Douglas, McDaniel, and Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, 1994

Huheey, Keiter, and Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Ed. HaperCollins, 1993

Shriver, Atkins, and Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, W. H. Freeman, 1990

Porterfield, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, 1993

Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Wiley, 1998

Greenwood and Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth Heineman, 1997

Atomic Structure

Periodic Trends

Symmetry and Group Theory

Ionic Solids

Molecular Orbital Theory

Band Theory

Acid Base Chemistry

Main Group Chemistry

Grading:

Problem sets (6) 10%Exam 1 25%Exam 2 25%Final 40%

Instructor: Professor Peidong YangB68 Hild.Tel: 643-1545E-Mail: [email protected] Hours:

Fridays 1:30 – 3:30 pm  TA: Andrea Tao ([email protected]), Wednesday. 4-6 pmLori Greene ([email protected]), Monday. 1-3 pm

What is inorganic chemistry?

Required course for a BS degree in chemistry.

Organic Chemistry:the chemistry of lifethe chemistry of hydrocarbon compoundsC, H, N, O

Inorganic Chemistry:Non-living chemistryChemistry of “everything else”Chemistry of the entire periodic table

Taxol

The natural source, the Pacific yew tree, is an environmentally protected species, which is also one of the slowest growing trees in the world. Isolation of the compound, which is contained in the bark, involves killing the tree, and the quantities available by this method are pitifully small. It would take six 100-year old trees to provide enough taxol to treat just one patient.

Taxol: the drug that now has the generic name "paclitaxel", and the registered tradename "Taxol ®" (Bristol-Myers Squibb Company)

Carbon: 4 bondsHydrogen: 1 bondNitrogen: 3 bondsOxygen: 2 bonds

Constant “atomicity” (valence)

August Kekule (1829-1896, German)

Organic molecules: successfulInorganic molecules: ???

Organic Compounds

Inorganic

Compounds

Single Bond

Double Bond

Triple Bond

Quadruple bond

Coordination No. Constant Diverse

Geometry Fixed Diverse

[Re2Cl8]2-

Quadruple Bond

Oil Refining: Catalysts for converting crude oil to gasoline

One way to smelt iron is in a blast furnace made from coal and limestone (CaCO3). Huge quantities of air blast in at the bottom of the furnace. The calcium in the limestone combines with the silicates to form slag. At the bottom of the blast furnace, liquid iron collects along with a layer of slag on

top. Periodically, you let the liquid iron flow out and cool.

Steel RefiningSteel Refining

Semiconductor IndustrySemiconductor Industry

SuperconductorSuperconductor

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Total Synthesis of TaxolTotal Synthesis of Taxol

Need catalysts!

Bioinorganic ChemistryBioinorganic Chemistry

Hemoglobin

Common applications of inorganic chemistry

Catalysts: aluminum oxides, zeolites, transition metalsSemiconductors: Si, Ge, GaAs, InPPolymers: silicones, (SiR2)n, polyphosphazenes

Superconductors: NbN, YBa2Cu3O7-x, Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oz

Magnetic Materials: Fe, SmCo5, Nd2Fe14B

Lubricants: graphite, MoS2

Nanostructured materials: nanoclusters, nanowires and nanotubeFertilizers: NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4

Paints: TiO2, PbCrO4

Disinfectants/oxidants: Cl2, Br2, I2, MnO4-

Water treatment: Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3

Industrial processes: H2SO4, NaOH, CO2

Organic synthesis: reaction catalystsBiology: Vitamin B12, hemoglobin, Fe-S protein

What you will you be able to do after taking this course?What you will you be able to do after taking this course?

Predicting IR spectra, chemical analysis

Knowing Crystal StructuresKnowing Crystal Structures

Understanding Molecular OrbitalsUnderstanding Molecular OrbitalsUnderstand chemical reactionUnderstand chemical reaction

Atomic StructureAtomic StructureReading: MT 1,2; DG 1

Rutherford BackScatteringRutherford BackScattering

1913, Danish Physicist, Niels Bohr1913, Danish Physicist, Niels Bohr

Electrostatic Fe=Outward Fo

2

22

r

e

r

vm e

Total Energy:Total Energy:

EE == KE + PEKE + PE

r

e

r

e

r

e

r

evmE e

2

)(2

1

)(2

1

2

22

22

E <0What would be lowest energy state? R 0

Energy Quantized (Planck Equation)

E = h

Angular Momentum of electron is quantized.

mev.r = nh/2

Come to the rescue….

sJh .1062.6 34rm

nhv

e2

Velocity of the electron quantized

rm

nhv

e2

2

22

r

e

r

vm e

02

22

22

4an

em

hnr

en

r1=Bohr radius =a0=0.529 Ao

r

e

r

e

r

e

r

evmE e

2

)(2

1

)(2

1

2

22

22

222

422 2

2 n

k

hn

em

r

eE e

nn

k= 13.606 eV

1

1

22

10824,97492,82259

109679

/1

)11

(

cmv

Lyman

cmR

wavenumbermn

Rv

H

H

H

Calculating the emission line:Calculating the emission line:

from level m to level n

Bohr Model can NOT explain Zeeman effect.

Dual Nature of MatterReading: MT 2, DG 1

1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie:

All matter possesses wave properties

p

h

mv

h

Baseball: 200gSpeed: 3000 cm/sec (67 miles/hour)

cm3210

Electron:

Same velocity

g2710

m 20Experimental evidence: electron diffraction

The uncertainty principleThe uncertainty principle1927, Werner Heisenberg1927, Werner Heisenberg

It is impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum and the position of a particle with certainty.

4))((

hxpx

sJh 341062.6

Baseball: 200gSpeed: 3000cm/sec (67 miles/hour)

Electron:

Same velocity

g2710

Accuracy: one part per trillion

cmx

cmgp

cmgp

21

17

15

10

sec106

sec106

cmx

cmgp

cmgp

9

136

124

10

sec103

sec103

Electron motion: wavefunction Schrodinger wave equation (1926):

nergypotrntialeV

ytotalenergE

sPlanckh

massm

scoordinatezyx

ioneigenfunctonwavefuncti

EVzyxm

h

:

:

':

:

:,,

/:

)(8 2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

H

EH : Hamiltonian operator