LECTURE V RESOURCES. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES => are resources that once extracted and utilized, are forever lost are not capable of replacement or renewal.

LECTURE V LECTURE V

RESOURCERESOURCESS

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCESNON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES=> are resources that once => are resources that once

extracted and utilized, are extracted and utilized, are forever lost are not capable of forever lost are not capable of replacement or renewal.replacement or renewal.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCESNON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES=> are resources that once => are resources that once

extracted and utilized, are extracted and utilized, are forever lost are not capable of forever lost are not capable of replacement or renewal.replacement or renewal.

1. Mineral Resources1. Mineral Resources- - Any naturally occurring Any naturally occurring

concentration of a free element or concentration of a free element or compound in solid form is called compound in solid form is called mineral depositmineral deposit.. A mineral deposit A mineral deposit with a high concentration of at least with a high concentration of at least one metallic element is called an one metallic element is called an ore.ore.

- - stock resources that are stock resources that are dormant and if let alone, no economic dormant and if let alone, no economic benefit could be derived from them.benefit could be derived from them.

1. Mineral Resources1. Mineral Resources- - Any naturally occurring Any naturally occurring

concentration of a free element or concentration of a free element or compound in solid form is called compound in solid form is called mineral depositmineral deposit.. A mineral deposit A mineral deposit with a high concentration of at least with a high concentration of at least one metallic element is called an one metallic element is called an ore.ore.

- - stock resources that are stock resources that are dormant and if let alone, no economic dormant and if let alone, no economic benefit could be derived from them.benefit could be derived from them.

Therefore, they have to be extracted and Therefore, they have to be extracted and processed so that they can be used in processed so that they can be used in industry, the Philippines has large industry, the Philippines has large deposits of metallic minerals like deposits of metallic minerals like cadmium,cadmium, chromium,chromium, cobalt,cobalt, copper,copper, gold,gold, lead,lead, iron,iron, manganese,manganese, mercury,mercury, nickel,nickel, palladium,palladium, silver,silver, uranium,uranium, and and zinc.zinc. Non-metallic minerals include Non-metallic minerals include asbestos,asbestos, cement raw material,cement raw material, clay,clay, dolomite,dolomite, feldspar,feldspar, gypsum,gypsum, marble,marble, phosphate,phosphate, sulfur,sulfur, and and talctalc. .

Therefore, they have to be extracted and Therefore, they have to be extracted and processed so that they can be used in processed so that they can be used in industry, the Philippines has large industry, the Philippines has large deposits of metallic minerals like deposits of metallic minerals like cadmium,cadmium, chromium,chromium, cobalt,cobalt, copper,copper, gold,gold, lead,lead, iron,iron, manganese,manganese, mercury,mercury, nickel,nickel, palladium,palladium, silver,silver, uranium,uranium, and and zinc.zinc. Non-metallic minerals include Non-metallic minerals include asbestos,asbestos, cement raw material,cement raw material, clay,clay, dolomite,dolomite, feldspar,feldspar, gypsum,gypsum, marble,marble, phosphate,phosphate, sulfur,sulfur, and and talctalc. .

Our mineral resources are Our mineral resources are estimated at 30.8 billion metric estimated at 30.8 billion metric tons of which 37% are metallic and tons of which 37% are metallic and 63% are non-metallic. They are 63% are non-metallic. They are considered as one of the prime considered as one of the prime contributors to the country’s contributors to the country’s foreign exchange earnings valued foreign exchange earnings valued at 1.19 billion US dollars in 1988.at 1.19 billion US dollars in 1988.

Our mineral resources are Our mineral resources are estimated at 30.8 billion metric estimated at 30.8 billion metric tons of which 37% are metallic and tons of which 37% are metallic and 63% are non-metallic. They are 63% are non-metallic. They are considered as one of the prime considered as one of the prime contributors to the country’s contributors to the country’s foreign exchange earnings valued foreign exchange earnings valued at 1.19 billion US dollars in 1988.at 1.19 billion US dollars in 1988.

2. Energy resources2. Energy resources- fossil fuels are also known as - fossil fuels are also known as

conventional fuels such as petroleum, conventional fuels such as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form. The minerals carbon in its solid form. The minerals are found beneath the earth’s surface are found beneath the earth’s surface where they have been stored for where they have been stored for billions of years. They are processed billions of years. They are processed and then burned to produce energy.and then burned to produce energy.

2. Energy resources2. Energy resources- fossil fuels are also known as - fossil fuels are also known as

conventional fuels such as petroleum, conventional fuels such as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form. The minerals carbon in its solid form. The minerals are found beneath the earth’s surface are found beneath the earth’s surface where they have been stored for where they have been stored for billions of years. They are processed billions of years. They are processed and then burned to produce energy.and then burned to produce energy.

- - Since 1910Since 1910, oil and natural gas have , oil and natural gas have largely replaced coal because they are largely replaced coal because they are environmentally “clean” and are easier environmentally “clean” and are easier and cheaper to transport.and cheaper to transport.- - By 1984By 1984, about 82% of the , about 82% of the commercial energy used throughout commercial energy used throughout the world was provided primarily by the world was provided primarily by the burning of these non-renewable the burning of these non-renewable fossil fuels.fossil fuels.

- - Since 1910Since 1910, oil and natural gas have , oil and natural gas have largely replaced coal because they are largely replaced coal because they are environmentally “clean” and are easier environmentally “clean” and are easier and cheaper to transport.and cheaper to transport.- - By 1984By 1984, about 82% of the , about 82% of the commercial energy used throughout commercial energy used throughout the world was provided primarily by the world was provided primarily by the burning of these non-renewable the burning of these non-renewable fossil fuels.fossil fuels.

- 19861986, the first oil well in the , the first oil well in the Philippines was drilled.Philippines was drilled.

- Before Before 19731973, 103 oil wells were , 103 oil wells were reported to have been drilled. reported to have been drilled. Hence, 92% of the country's Hence, 92% of the country's energy requirements was energy requirements was supplied by the thirteen supplied by the thirteen countries in the Organization of countries in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).(OPEC).

- 19861986, the first oil well in the , the first oil well in the Philippines was drilled.Philippines was drilled.

- Before Before 19731973, 103 oil wells were , 103 oil wells were reported to have been drilled. reported to have been drilled. Hence, 92% of the country's Hence, 92% of the country's energy requirements was energy requirements was supplied by the thirteen supplied by the thirteen countries in the Organization of countries in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).(OPEC).

- - By 1973, By 1973, the OPEC countries the OPEC countries which process 57% of the world’s which process 57% of the world’s oil production and about 84% of all oil production and about 84% of all oil exports. Saudi Arabia, which has oil exports. Saudi Arabia, which has the largest and most accessible oil the largest and most accessible oil reserves can produce oil at a cost reserves can produce oil at a cost ranging from 20 cents barrel to 3 ranging from 20 cents barrel to 3 dollars form newer fields. dollars form newer fields.

- - By 1973, By 1973, the OPEC countries the OPEC countries which process 57% of the world’s which process 57% of the world’s oil production and about 84% of all oil production and about 84% of all oil exports. Saudi Arabia, which has oil exports. Saudi Arabia, which has the largest and most accessible oil the largest and most accessible oil reserves can produce oil at a cost reserves can produce oil at a cost ranging from 20 cents barrel to 3 ranging from 20 cents barrel to 3 dollars form newer fields. dollars form newer fields.

- - On October 18, 1973On October 18, 1973, during the , during the 18 day war between Israel and the 18 day war between Israel and the alliance of Egypt and Syria, the alliance of Egypt and Syria, the Arab members of OPEC reduced oil Arab members of OPEC reduced oil export to Western countries and export to Western countries and the United States. The oil embargo the United States. The oil embargo which lasted until March 1974 which lasted until March 1974 caused the oil price increase of caused the oil price increase of about US$12 a barrel.about US$12 a barrel.

- - On October 18, 1973On October 18, 1973, during the , during the 18 day war between Israel and the 18 day war between Israel and the alliance of Egypt and Syria, the alliance of Egypt and Syria, the Arab members of OPEC reduced oil Arab members of OPEC reduced oil export to Western countries and export to Western countries and the United States. The oil embargo the United States. The oil embargo which lasted until March 1974 which lasted until March 1974 caused the oil price increase of caused the oil price increase of about US$12 a barrel.about US$12 a barrel.

- - In 1979,In 1979, the price of the average the price of the average crude oil rose to about US$35 per crude oil rose to about US$35 per barrel. On barrel. On AugustAugust of of 1990, 1990, the oil the oil hostile government of Iraq invaded hostile government of Iraq invaded Kuwait thus more controlling more Kuwait thus more controlling more than 20% of the world’s oil than 20% of the world’s oil reserves. It caused an oil increase reserves. It caused an oil increase from US$18 per barrel to US$40 per from US$18 per barrel to US$40 per barrel. barrel.

- - In 1979,In 1979, the price of the average the price of the average crude oil rose to about US$35 per crude oil rose to about US$35 per barrel. On barrel. On AugustAugust of of 1990, 1990, the oil the oil hostile government of Iraq invaded hostile government of Iraq invaded Kuwait thus more controlling more Kuwait thus more controlling more than 20% of the world’s oil than 20% of the world’s oil reserves. It caused an oil increase reserves. It caused an oil increase from US$18 per barrel to US$40 per from US$18 per barrel to US$40 per barrel. barrel.

- The oil crisis of the ‘70s was - The oil crisis of the ‘70s was not due to a shortage of oil not due to a shortage of oil supply but, to OPEC’s significant supply but, to OPEC’s significant control of the supply, control of the supply, distribution and prices of oil in distribution and prices of oil in the world market.the world market.

- The oil crisis of the ‘70s was - The oil crisis of the ‘70s was not due to a shortage of oil not due to a shortage of oil supply but, to OPEC’s significant supply but, to OPEC’s significant control of the supply, control of the supply, distribution and prices of oil in distribution and prices of oil in the world market.the world market.

2. Energy Resources2. Energy Resources- fossil fuels are also - fossil fuels are also

known as conventional fuels known as conventional fuels as petroleum, fossilized as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form.carbon in its solid form.

2. Energy Resources2. Energy Resources- fossil fuels are also - fossil fuels are also

known as conventional fuels known as conventional fuels as petroleum, fossilized as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form.carbon in its solid form.

3. Geothermal Resources3. Geothermal Resources- these are non-renewable - these are non-renewable

but perpetual energy resources. but perpetual energy resources. Hot springs form when Hot springs form when underground water comes in underground water comes in contact with hot molten contact with hot molten materials beneath the earth’s materials beneath the earth’s surface.surface.

3. Geothermal Resources3. Geothermal Resources- these are non-renewable - these are non-renewable

but perpetual energy resources. but perpetual energy resources. Hot springs form when Hot springs form when underground water comes in underground water comes in contact with hot molten contact with hot molten materials beneath the earth’s materials beneath the earth’s surface.surface.

4. Conventional Non-renewable 4. Conventional Non-renewable Nuclear fissionNuclear fission

- after World War II, the potential - after World War II, the potential of nuclear power to benefit human of nuclear power to benefit human become a worldwide sentiment.become a worldwide sentiment.

- As uranium-329 and plotonium-- As uranium-329 and plotonium-239 split apart by neutrons, energy 239 split apart by neutrons, energy released and converted mostly to high released and converted mostly to high temperature heat in a chain reaction. temperature heat in a chain reaction.

4. Conventional Non-renewable 4. Conventional Non-renewable Nuclear fissionNuclear fission

- after World War II, the potential - after World War II, the potential of nuclear power to benefit human of nuclear power to benefit human become a worldwide sentiment.become a worldwide sentiment.

- As uranium-329 and plotonium-- As uranium-329 and plotonium-239 split apart by neutrons, energy 239 split apart by neutrons, energy released and converted mostly to high released and converted mostly to high temperature heat in a chain reaction. temperature heat in a chain reaction.

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation The Westinghouse Electric Corporation based on the following allegations.based on the following allegations.

1.1.The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) was deficient, defective and (PNPP) was deficient, defective and unacceptable by any reasonable unacceptable by any reasonable standards.standards.2.2. Implementations of designs developed Implementations of designs developed for another plant are not sustainable for for another plant are not sustainable for PNPP and many othersPNPP and many others

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation The Westinghouse Electric Corporation based on the following allegations.based on the following allegations.

1.1.The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) was deficient, defective and (PNPP) was deficient, defective and unacceptable by any reasonable unacceptable by any reasonable standards.standards.2.2. Implementations of designs developed Implementations of designs developed for another plant are not sustainable for for another plant are not sustainable for PNPP and many othersPNPP and many others

RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES=> Our renewable resources => Our renewable resources

of energy are wood, plants, of energy are wood, plants, falling, water, solar, tidal wave falling, water, solar, tidal wave energy, as well as human and energy, as well as human and animal muscle power.animal muscle power.

RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES=> Our renewable resources => Our renewable resources

of energy are wood, plants, of energy are wood, plants, falling, water, solar, tidal wave falling, water, solar, tidal wave energy, as well as human and energy, as well as human and animal muscle power.animal muscle power.

1.1. Solar EnergySolar Energy- is collected known as solar - is collected known as solar cells. A solar cell is made up cells. A solar cell is made up from purified selection to which from purified selection to which other substances such as other substances such as gallium and cadmium sulfide are gallium and cadmium sulfide are added so that it will electrons added so that it will electrons and produce a small amount of and produce a small amount of electrical current when stuck by electrical current when stuck by sunlight.sunlight.

1.1. Solar EnergySolar Energy- is collected known as solar - is collected known as solar cells. A solar cell is made up cells. A solar cell is made up from purified selection to which from purified selection to which other substances such as other substances such as gallium and cadmium sulfide are gallium and cadmium sulfide are added so that it will electrons added so that it will electrons and produce a small amount of and produce a small amount of electrical current when stuck by electrical current when stuck by sunlight.sunlight.

2. Hydroelectric Power2. Hydroelectric Power- since the 1700’s the kinetic - since the 1700’s the kinetic

energy in the falling and flowing energy in the falling and flowing of water in rivers and streams of water in rivers and streams has been used to produce has been used to produce electricity.electricity.

2. Hydroelectric Power2. Hydroelectric Power- since the 1700’s the kinetic - since the 1700’s the kinetic

energy in the falling and flowing energy in the falling and flowing of water in rivers and streams of water in rivers and streams has been used to produce has been used to produce electricity.electricity.

3. Energy from Heat Stored in 3. Energy from Heat Stored in WaterWater

- ocean water stores large - ocean water stores large amount of heat from the sun and amount of heat from the sun and this energy is tapped by giant this energy is tapped by giant floating ocean thermal energy floating ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants. conversion (OTEC) power plants.

3. Energy from Heat Stored in 3. Energy from Heat Stored in WaterWater

- ocean water stores large - ocean water stores large amount of heat from the sun and amount of heat from the sun and this energy is tapped by giant this energy is tapped by giant floating ocean thermal energy floating ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants. conversion (OTEC) power plants.

4. Energy From Wind4. Energy From Wind- since the 1600’s, wind - since the 1600’s, wind

energy has been harvested to energy has been harvested to propel ships, grind grains, pump propel ships, grind grains, pump water and power many small water and power many small industrial ships.industrial ships.

4. Energy From Wind4. Energy From Wind- since the 1600’s, wind - since the 1600’s, wind

energy has been harvested to energy has been harvested to propel ships, grind grains, pump propel ships, grind grains, pump water and power many small water and power many small industrial ships.industrial ships.

5. Biomass5. Biomass- this is produced through - this is produced through

photosynthesis. It is an organic photosynthesis. It is an organic plant matter that can be burned plant matter that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels to gaseous or liquid biofuels through distillation and pyrolysis through distillation and pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air). (heating in the absence of air).

5. Biomass5. Biomass- this is produced through - this is produced through

photosynthesis. It is an organic photosynthesis. It is an organic plant matter that can be burned plant matter that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels to gaseous or liquid biofuels through distillation and pyrolysis through distillation and pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air). (heating in the absence of air).