Lecture Topic 3: Industrial Organic Chemistry Ref: “Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry”, by H.H. Szmant “Industrial Organic Chemistry”, by K. Weissermel and H.-J. Arpe Premise: Classification of organic chemicals by: • COST and PRODUCTION VOLUME • BUILDING BLOCKS derived from Goal: Ability to 1. identify bulk, fine and specialty chemicals 2. give examples of primary building blocks and of C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 and higher acyclic and cyclic organic building blocks
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Lecture Topic 3: Industrial Organic Chemistry Ref: “Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry”, by H.H. Szmant “Industrial Organic Chemistry”, by.
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Lecture Topic 3: Industrial Organic Chemistry
Ref: “Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry”, by H.H. Szmant“Industrial Organic Chemistry”, by K. Weissermel and H.-J. Arpe
Premise: Classification of organic chemicals by: • COST and PRODUCTION VOLUME
• BUILDING BLOCKS derived from
Goal: Ability to
1. identify bulk, fine and specialty chemicals
2. give examples of primary building blocks and of C1, C2, C3, C4 and higher acyclic and cyclic organic building blocks
3. trace the manufacture of a commonchemical from primary sources to finalproducts
Genetically modified Food
Irreversible cross contaminationPossibility of new lectins (autoimmune diseases)
Financial risk - importbans in EU, Japan
Which ge do we live in ?(A brief history of organic chemistry)
1850+ Coal Tar (side product of “coal gasification”)
1920+ Acetylene (from CaC2, Reppe Chemistry)
1950+ Ethylene (from oil)
1973+ CH4, CO/H2 (syngas)
Future: CO/H2 from Coal, exothermic (~400 years)
CO2 fixation via: • Plants, Animals (endothermic) • CO2 fixation (endothermic)
1850- Plants, Animals
Cost vs. Demand in the Chemical Industry
Medicinals and other specialties
Dyes
FineChemicals
Flavours, fragrances
Specialties
Organic intermediates
Common plastics
Commodities
Resins, Elastomers
Primary organicbuilding blocks
105 106 107 108 109 1010 101
1 1012
Pseudo-commodities
Inorganic heavy chemicals
Demand (lb/y)
Uni
t cos
t ($/
lb)
0.01
0.1
1
10
>100
Organic Chemical Industry Characteristics
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
• cost
• technical service
• links with customer
INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS BULK CHEMICALS FINE CHEMICALS SPECIALTY CHEMICALS
Long Moderate Short/moderate
> 100 >1,000 >50,000
>10,000t/y <10,000t/y highly variable
<5 $/kg >5 $/kg >10 $/kg
none very low high
low high high
high moderate moderate/low
process process application
Product life cycle
# of products
Product volumes
Product prices
Product differentiation
Value added
Capital intensity
R&D focus
–
–
Example of a Specialty Chemical
E.g., a heat-stabilizer additive for flexible PVC film
Could be a mixture of: Zn and Ca stearates triisononyl phosphite epoxidized soybean oil
Could be formulated as a liquid concentrate with a minimalamount of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
The producer keeps the exact identities and proportions of the metal soaps, phosphite esters, epoxidized oils, and plasticizers secret, giving the customer only the proportions of additive to be used per 100g of resins.
What is meant by a “Building Block”?
A building block is any (organic) chemical that can be used to synthesize other (organic) chemicals.
There are very few truly primary, large-volume organic building blocks.
These are all obtained more or less directly from:• petroleum refining• natural gas• coal• ammonia• carbon dioxide• renewable resources
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Organic Building Blocks that are in the Top 50 Chemicals in the U.S. Economy