LECTURE NOTES FOR WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR REACTION THEORY AND CROSS SECTION DATA DETERMINATION USING COMPUTER CODES S.A.Jonah,B O Oyelami (Editors)

7/21/2019 LECTURE NOTES FOR WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR REACTION THEORY AND CROSS SECTION DATA DETERMINATION U

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VC[H_NC\ CE EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE ]NGC[Z AEM O[C__ _GO]JCE

MA]A MG]G[IJEA]JCE W_JEF OCI\W]G[ OCMG_

\[CD. _.A. @CEAN (DEJ\)

Ogetrg dcr Gegrfy [gsgaron aem ]rajejef, Aniamu KgbbcWejvgrsjty, Parja, Ejfgrja

Aem

\rcd. I .E. AFWEjfgrjae Atcijo Gegrfy Ociijssjce Aschcrc Aku`a, Ejfgrja

Bgoturgs mgbjvgrgm at Eatjceab Iatngiatjoab Ogetrg (EIO), Aku`a,Ejfgrja ce Iay 1: ;=, ;1=1-1:-4


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]akbg cd OcetgetsVC[H_NC\ CE EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE ]NGC[Z AEM O[C__ _GO]JCE MA]A MG]G[IJEA]JCE W_JEF

OCI\W]G[ OCMG_ ........................................................................................................................................ ;

[gpcrt Ec.EIO/_]\/1/;

\rgdaog ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE ................................................................................................................................... 1?

]ng Atcijo Euobgus ................................................................................................................................ 1?

Euobgar Dcrog .......................................................................................................................................... 1?

Euobgar [amjus aem Euobgar Iass .......................................................................................................... 1=

Euobgar Iass aem Kjemjef Gegrfy........................................................................................................... 1=

EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE ................................................................................................................................... 14

Vny mc wg stumy euobgar rgaotjce3 ....................................................................................................... 16

]Z\G_ CD EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE_ .............................................................................................................. 16

Gbastjo _oattgrjef ..................................................................................................................................... 1>

Jegbastjo _oattgrjef .................................................................................................................................. 1>

[amjatjvg Oapturg .................................................................................................................................... 1>

Krgahup [gaotjce ........................................................................................................................................ 1>

Mjrgot [gaotjce ........................................................................................................................................ 1:

Iaey Kcmy [gaotjces aem _pabbatjce [gaotjces ......................................................................................... 1:

Djssjce ..................................................................................................................................................... 1:

\nctcmjsjetgfratjce ................................................................................................................................ 1:

Njfn Gegrfy [gaotjce .............................................................................................................................. ;


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Euobgar [amjus aem Euobgar Iass

]ng ramjus cd tng euobgus js ceg cd tng jipcrtaet paraigtgrs je tng mgsorjptjce cd tng

euobgus cd aey partjobg. Igasurgigets pgrdcrigm sncw tnat tng ramjus cd tng euobgus js

prcpcrtjceab tc tng oukg rcct cd tng iass euikgr (A) cd tng euobgus.

1

wngrg [ js tng ramjus cd tng euobgus, A tng iass euikgr aem 9 1.;7 di(Je arrjvjef at tng akcvg gquatjce, ae assuiptjce was iamg tnatsnapg cd tng euobgus js spngrjoab. ]nus wg rgdgr tc tng ramjus akcvg as tng ramjus cd tng

iass mjstrjkutjce.

]ng atcijo euikgr, P, wnjon mgdjegs tng euobgar onarfg paraigtgr, nas kgge dcuem tc

kg apprcxjiatgby prcpcrtjceab (bjegarby) tc tng iass euikgr A. ]ng euobgar onarfg

mgesjty js absc apprcxjiatgby tng saig tnrcufncut tng vcbuig cd tng euobgus. ]nus tng

euobgar onarfg mjstrjkutjce +Pg dcbbcws tng pattgre cd tng iass mjstrjkutjce. ]nus tng

iass mjstrjkutjce aem tng onarfg mjstrjkutjce arg apprcxjiatgby tng saig.

Vg mgdjeg tng igae squarg ramjus as

;

Dcr a euobgus cd uejdcri onarfg mjstrjkutjce, 9 ocestaet, aem cd ramjus [, tnge

, ectg tnat dcr r5[, 9


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]ng iass mgdgot ocubm absc kg gxprgssgm je tgris cd tng \aohjef Draotjce, d, dcr gaon

euobjmg as

4

6

]nus tng iass mgdgot js tng paohjef draotjce pgr euobgce.

Djf.10 Frapn cd paohjef draotjce Ts Iass euikgr

]c uemgrstaem kgttgr tng strgeftn cd euobgar jetgraotjce, bgt us ocesjmgr tng sc oabbgm

kjemjef gegrfy cd tng euobgus. ]njs js mgdjegm as tng gegrfy rgqujrgm tc sgparatg tng

euobgus jetc jts ocestjtugets. Ocesjmgr a euobgus cd iass I aem ocesjstjef cd A euobgces(P prctces aem E (9 (A-P)) egutrces), tng kjemjef gegrfy js

9:?1.7 IgT >

]ng avgrafg kjemjef gegrfy pgr euobgce, , fjvgs a fccm jemjoatjce cd tng stakjbjty cd a

fjvge euobgus.

Oaboubatg tng kjemjef gegrfy aem avgrafg kjemjef gegrfy pgr euobgce dcr tng dcbbcwjefeuobgj0 . \bct tng frapn cd tng kjemjef gegrfy aem kjemjef gegrfy pgreuobgce afajest tng atcijo iass aem ociiget ce ycur rgsubts.


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Djf.;0 Kjemjef Gegrfy pgr euobgce Ts Atcijo iass

Drci tng frapn cd tng kjemjef gegrfy pgr euobgce afajest atcijo iass euikgr, wg

cksgrvg tnat0

(j) ]ng kjemjef gegrfjgs cd scig bjfnt euobgj arg siabb(jj) Dcr tng euobjmgs wjtn =2A2;>, wg cksgrvg tnat tng euobjmgs wjtn gquabeuikgr cd prctces aem egutrces navg njfngr kjemjef gegrfjgs tnae tngjr

egjfnkcurs. ]njs fjvgs rjsg tc tng coourrgeog cd pgahs at tng pcsjtjces cd

tngsg euobgj.

(jjj) ]ng avgrafg kjemjef gegrfy pgr euobgce jeorgasgs as tng iass euikgrjeorgasgs. ]nus tng njfngr tng avgrafg kjemjef gegrfy pgr euobgce, tng icrg

stakbg tng euobgus js.

EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE

A euobgar rgaotjce coours wnge a euobgce cr a euobgus ocbbjmgs wjtn aectngr euobgce cr

euobgus. Je ctngr wcrms euobgar rgaotjce js sajm tc coour wnge a euobgar partjobg ocigs

jetc obcsg ocetaot wjtn aectngr murjef wnjon tngrg js ae gxonaefg cd gegrfy aem

icigetui. Euobgar rgaotjces arg onaraotgrjzgm ky tng jeocijef euobgj aem tng

cutfcjef rgaotjce prcmuots. ]nus adtgr tng rgaotjce, tng prcmuot euobgj wnjon arg tng


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rgsjmuab euobgus aem tng g`gotjbg bgavg tng pcjet cd ocetaot je mjddgrget mjrgotjces.

Kgsjmgs tng jeocijef euobgj aem tng cutfcjef rgaotjce prcmuots, ctngr prcpgrtjgs cd

jetgrgst arg tng jeojmget aem cutfcjef partjobg gegrfjgs as wgbb as tng soattgrjef aefbgs.

]ng onaefgs prcmuogm je a euobgar rgaotjce usuabby jevcbvg strcef euobgar dcrog.

Vny mc wg stumy euobgar rgaotjce3

]ng stumy cd euobgar rgaotjces je Euobgar \nysjos js vgry jipcrtaet je iaey ways.

(j) ]ng myeaijoab prcogss wnjon rgsubts je traesiutatjce aem soattgrjef iahgs afccm aem jetgrgstjef stumy.

(jj) Jt geakbgs ceg tc uemgrstaem kgttgr tng jetgreab struoturg aem prcpgrtjgs cdtng euobgus suon as tng gegrfy bgvgbs, tng spjes, tng parjty gto.

A euobgar rgaotjce js rgprgsgetgm ky ae gquatjce cd tng dcri0

:Vngrg ^ js tng tarfgt, x tng jeojmget partjobg absc rgdgrrgm tc as tng prc`gotjbg partjobg,

Z js tng prcmuot euobgus absc oabbgm tng rgsjmuab euobgus, y js tng gijttgm partjobg. Q js

oabbgm tng Q-vabug cd tng rgaotjce. Jt js tng mjddgrgeog je tng gegrfjgs je tng jeojmget aem

cutfcjef rgaotjce onaeegbs. Vg snabb mjsouss tnjs je icrg mgtajb batgr.

]ng akcvg gquatjce ocubm kg wrjttge je a icrg gbgfaet dcri

:(a)

Je a euobgar rgaotjce, jt js pcssjkbg dcr icrg tnae ceg partjobg tc kg gijttgm jd tng

gegrfy tc mc tnjs js avajbakbg je tng euobgar rgaotjce. _uon a rgaotjce js oabbgm _pabbatjce

rgaotjce. Jt js jipcrtaet tc igetjce tnat je scig oasgs tng jeojmget partjobg aem tng

gijttgm partjobg ocubm kg bjhg partjobgs, g.f. prctces, gbgotrce, faiia ray,mgutgrces , abpna partjobgs .

]Z\G_ CD EWOBGA[ [GAO]JCE_

]ngrg arg varjcus ways cd obassjdyjef euobgar rgaotjces. _cig cd tngsg arg0

(j) Gegrfy cd tng jeojmget partjobg(jj) ]ypg cd jeojmget partjobg(jjj) Eaturg cd tng g`gotjbg(jv) ]ypg cd rgaotjce jemuogm


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Ocesjmgr afaje tng rgaotjce fjvge ky 8 jd tng prc`gotjbg aem tng

g`gotjbg arg jmgetjoab, tnge tng rgaotjce js sajm tc kg ae gbastjo soattgrjef. Je tnjs oasg

tng jetgreab struoturg cd tng euobgus js bgdt ueonaefgm. Ncwgvgr, jd tng euobgus js bgdt je

ae gxojtgm statg, tnge tng rgaotjce js sajm tc kg ae jegbastjo soattgrjef. Vg snabb mjsouss

krjgdby kgbcw tng varjcus rgaotjce typgs uemgr twc krcam ngamjefs0 - gbastjo aemjegbastjo soattgrjef.

Gbastjo _oattgrjef

Ae gbastjo soattgrjef js sajm tc coour wnge tngrg js ec onaefg je tng jetgreab struoturg cd

tng euobgj adtgr tng jetgraotjce. ]ng g`gotgm partjobg aem tng prcmuot euobgus arg tng

saig as tng prc`gotjbg aem tng tarfgt euobgus rgspgotjvgby. ]nus wg oae jemjoatg tng

rgaotjce as . A typjoab gxaipbg cd ae gbastjo soattgrjef js .

Jegbastjo _oattgrjef

Je ae jegbastjo soattgrjef, tng rgsjmuab euobgus js bgdt je ae gxojtgm statg. ]njs jipbjgstnat tngrg js a onaefg je tng gegrfy aem aefubar icigetui cd tng partjobg. Ae jegbastjo

rgaotjce js cd tng dcri , gxaipbg . ]ng astgrjshs igae tnattng rgsjmuab euobgus js je ae gxojtgm statg. ]njs gxojtgm statg js ae uestakbg statg. Jt

mgoays adtgr scig tjig tc a icrg stakbg statg aem djeabby tc tng frcuem statg.

[amjatjvg Oapturg

Je ramjatjvg oapturg, tng jeojmget partjobg js akscrkgm ky tng tarfgt euobgus ^ bgamjef tc

tng dcriatjce cd a ocipcuem euobgus (O*) wnjon js je ae gxojtgm statg. ]ng euobgus

gvgetuabby mgoays tc tng frcuem statg tnrcufn tng gijssjce cd faiia ray(s). ]njs

rgaotjce js cd tng dcri . Djeabby wg navg tng mgoay cd O* . Ae gxaipbg cdsuon rgaotjce js

1=

Drci gquatjces (>;)-(>=), jt ocubm kg sncwe tnat


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\art JJ

@cean _.A.

1.< JE][CMWO]JCE

Euobgar \nysjos js sajm tc kg ocipcsgm cd euobgar rgaotjces aem euobgarstruoturg. Euobgar rgaotjces navg obcsg rgbatjcesnjp wjtn duemaigetabprcpgrtjgs cd euobgar struoturg, suon as0 sjzg, snapg, mgesjty, spje, parjtyaem euobgar bgvgbs. ]ng djrst cksgrvatjce cd ae jemuogm euobgar rgaotjce wasje 1:16, wnge Bcrm Gregst [utngrdcrm was akbg tc aoocipbjsn

traesiutatjce cd ejtrcfge jetc cxyfge at tng Wejvgrsjty cd Iaeongstgr,usjef abpna () partjobgs mjrgotgm at ejtrcfge. Gvgetuabby, je 1:?; atOaikrjmfg Wejvgrsjty a dubby artjdjojab euobgar rgaotjce aem euobgartraesiutatjce was aonjgvgm ky [utngrdcrms ocbbgafugs @cne Ocohorcdt aemGregst Vabtce wnc usgm artjdjojabby aoogbgratgm prctces afajest bjtnjui-6, tcspbjt tng euobgus jetc twc abpna partjobgs.

Je kctn euobgar rgaotjce aem euobgar struoturg, icmgbs kasgm ce tngcry argdcriubatgm mug tc tng ocipbgxjty vja scbvjef tng _onrcmjefgrs Vavg

Gquatjces (_VG) cd tng euobgce euobgce jetgraotjces cd euobgj jevcbvgm.Icmgbs arg usgm tc rgmuog tng iaey-kcmy pctgetjabs tc a ceg-kcmypctgetjab je crmgr tc scbvg tng _VG.

Icmgbs sgrvg tc prcvjmg a ocevgejget, amijttgmby cvgr-sjipbjdjgm struoturgdrci wnjon quaetjtatjvg rgsubts oae kg ociputgm wjtn tng mgsjrg tnat tngyociparg wgbb wjtn gxpgrjiget. A ociparjsce cd igasurgm aem oaboubatgmmata js cdtge egogssary je crmgr tc tgst tng sujtakjbjty cd tng icmgb. ]ng

prckakjbjty cd a prc`gotjbg tc njt a tarfgt euobgus (j.g. jetgraot wjtn jt, suonas soattgr drci jt cr krgah jt up) iay kg mgsorjkgm ky ae aeabcfcus orcsssgotjce(kut ect tng aotuab, pnysjoab orcss sgotjceab arga cd tng euobgus).]ng mjddgrget prcogssgs (rgaotjce onaeegbs) pcssjkbg dcr a fjvge partjobgjeojmget ce a euobgus navg mjddgrget orcss sgotjces. Orcss sgotjces mgpgemce a varjgty cd rgaotjce varjakbgs aem orcss sgotjce igasurgigets arg


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scig cd tng icst jipcrtaet (aem icst ociice3) igasurgigets iamg jea euobgar pnysjos bakcratcry gxpgrjiget. Ctngr jipcrtaet paraigtgrs jeeuobgar rgaotjces jeobumg Q-vabug, tnrgsncbm gegrfy, gegrfy aem aefubarmjstrjkutjces cd gijttgm partjobgs, gxojtatjce dueotjce as wgbb as mjddgrgetjab

aem jetgfrab mata. Vny js a Orcss _gotjce Jipcrtaet3 Jt js tng iggtjeffrcuem kgtwgge tngcry aem gxpgrjiget. Euobgar tngcry, usjef quaetuiigonaejos (QI) js usgm tc prgmjot tng prckakjbjty (bjhgbjnccm) tnat a spgojdjoeuobgar prcogss wjbb coour uemgr ogrtaje ocemjtjces (g.f. jeojmget gegrfy,aefbg cd cksgrvatjce, gto.).]ng quaetjtatjvg igasurg cd tnjs prgmjotjce jstng orcss sgotjce cd tng prcogss. ]nat js, euobgar tngcry js usgm tc prgmjottng spgojdjo orcss sgotjce cd a prcogss, wnjon iay kg igasurgm je tngbakcratcry, Ociparjsce kgtwgge tngcry aem igasurgiget js usgm tcgvabuatg tng sjfejdjoaeog cd tng uemgrbyjef tngcry. ]ng sgetgeog (akcvg)

mgsorjkgs tng gssgeog cd mcjef sojgeog.

Euobgar rgaotjces arg mgsorjkgm ky sgvgrab icmgbs, wnjon arg bjehgmtcfgtngr tc oaboubatg euobgar rgaotjce orcss sgotjces. Je tnjs prcogss, tngkasjo icmgb js tng Cptjoab Icmgb (CI), wnjon geakbgs us tc sgparatg tctaborcss sgotjce jetc varjcus ocipcegets. ]ngrgdcrg, partjobg jemuogm euobgarrgaotjce prcogssgs arg obassjdjgm aoocrmjef tc tng tjig soabg cd jetgraotjceas mjrgot rgaotjce (M[) aem ocipcuem euobgus rgaotjce (OE). M[ coours cea tjig soabg cd 1


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]ng Icmgbs ce wnjon tng dcriuba dcr oaboubatjef euobgar rgaotjce orcsssgotjce arg kasgm jeobumg0

1. Cptjoab Icmgb dcr M[, jegbastjo M[ js trgatgm ky tng MVKA;. ]ng _tatjstjoab Nausgr-Dgsnkaon Icmgb dcr OE?. _gvgrab Obassjoab & QI Icmgbs dcr \G[

;. ]NG C\]JOAB ICMGB (CI)

]ng CI js absc hecwe as tng obcum orystab kabb icmgb, wnjon igaes tnat

euobgj akscrk aem soattgr jeocijef partjobgs. ]njs wcubm igae tnat tngrgaotjce js jemgpgemget cd tng jetgreab struoturg cd tng euobgus aemkgnavgs iuon bjhg tng soattgrjef cd bjfnt drci a orystab kabb. ]ng icmgb jskasgm ce tng iatngiatjoab tgonejqugs usgm je cptjos je wnjon tng euobgusjs mgsorjkgm ky a pctgetjab wgbb ocetajejef egutrces aem prctces. ]nus,gquatjce dcr tng euobgar pctgetjab ocesjsts cd tgris dcr soattgrjef aemakscrptjce. ]njs pctgetjab oae kg usgm tc oaboubatg tng prckakjbjty dcr

Dcri gbastjo

Gbastjo soattgrjef

]arfgt euobgus

Ocipcuem

gbastjo

Jeojmget egutrce

Jegbastjo soattgrjef

\joh-up8 hecoh-cut gto.

Mjrgot rgaotjces Onarfg gxonaefg

Djf. 1 _ongiatjo mjafrai cd egutrce-euobgus jetgraotjce prcogssgs

Gqujbjkratjce Ocipcuem

Euobgus

\rg-ocipcuem Gvapcratjce

e e

(e,e)

(e,;e)8(e,)

(e,p)


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gbastjo soattgrjef cd jeojmget partjobgs aem tng aefubar mjstrjkutjce cd tngsoattgrjef. ]ng icmgb js je gxogbbget afrggiget dcr gxpgrjigets dcr gbastjosoattgrjef. Wedcrtueatgby, jt mcgs ect abbcw us tc cktaje iuon jedcriatjceakcut tng ocesgqugeogs cd tng akscrptjce cd tng partjobgs, wnjon bgams tc

jegbastjo soattgrjef aem traesiutatjce.

]ng cptjoab icmgb cd tng euobgus gipbcys a icmgb cd tng euobgus tnat tnatnas a ocipbgx part tc jts pctgetjab. Oabbjef tnjs fgegrabjzgm pctgetjab, W(r),wg navg tng mgdjejtjce0

W(r) 9 T(r) jV(r) (1)

wngrg T (r) js tng usuab attraotjvg pctgetjab (trgatgm as a ogetrab pctgetjab

je tng cptjoab icmgb), aem jts jiafjeary part, V(r), wngrg V(r) js rgab aempcsjtjvg. ]ng rgab part js rgspcesjkbg dcr gbastjo soattgrjef, wnjbg tngjiafjeary part js rgspcesjkbg dcr akscrptjce.

]ng _onrcmjefgrs Vavg Gquatjce tc kg scbvgm js fjvge as

(;)

Vngrg js tng rgmuogm iass cd tng systgi

Je scbvjef tng _VG, tng cptjoab pctgetjabs arg mjddjoubt tc mgrjvg aem jestgampngecigecbcfjoab cptjoab icmgb pctgetjabs arg ecriabby usgm tc ocipargaem djt tc gxpgrjigetab mata. Cvgr tng ygars, a staemarm dcri cd tngpngecigecbcfjoab cptjoab pctgetjab nas gvcbvgm, wnjon pgrijts tngparaigtrjzatjce cd tng soattgrjef cd a bjfnt partjobg (suon as egutrce,prctce, mgutgrce, trjtce ngbjui-? cr abpna) drci a fjvge euobgus.Jt js mgdjegm as

Wcpt(r) 9 TO(r )(T +jV)dT,V(r) +(T_-jV_)dT_,V_(r )- msc b.s(Tsc+jV_C)n

(?)

1sttgri ce tng [N_ js a Ocubcik tgri;emtgri js a ocipbgx vcbuig tgri?rmtgri js ocipbgx surdaog tgri=tntgri js ocipbgx spjecrkjt tgri


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D (r < js tng Vccm-_axce dcri daotcr cdtge mgsorjkgm as a sicctngm stgpdueotjce cd tng dcri

d(r)9

(=)

r aem [ arg ramjj, a js tng mjddusgegss cd tng surdaog]ng pngecigecbcfjoab cptjoab pctgetjab nas kgge paraigtrjzgm je tgris cdpctgetjab strgeftns aem fgcigtrjoab paraigtgrs, wnjon navg kgge am`ustgmtc gxpgrjigetab mata dcr iaey systgis aem iaey vabugs cd rgbatjvggegrfjgs. ]ng pctgetjabs cktajegm usjef suon sgts cd paraigtgrs arg oabbgmfbckab cptjoab pctgetjabs. Iaey jemjvjmuabs navg ocipjbgm aem jeobumg \grgyaem \grgy ocipjbatjces aem [gdgrgeog Jeput \araigtgrs Bjkrary ([J\B).]ngsg mata arg avajbakbg cebjeg vja JAGA EM_ (www-ems.jaga.crf)

Dcr euobgces, typjoab vabugs cd tng pctgetjab strgeftns arg

T (=777) IgT(


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MJ[GO] [GAO]JCE

A mjrgot rgaotjce (M[) jevcbvgs a prc`gotjbg tnat js gegrfgtjo gecufn tcnavg a rgmuogm wavgbgeftn, , cd tng crmgr cd 1 di (j.g. a ;


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wngrg, J aem j arg tng spje vabugs cd tng jeojmget partjobgs, @ aem arg tng

tctab aefubar icigetui aem parjty cd tng ocipcuem euobgus. @as b] aem@

bsa] arg tng avgrafg akscrptjce orcss sgotjces jetc tng ocipcuem euobgus

a, vja tng gxjt onaeegb a . ]ngy arg absc hecwe as tng traesijssjce

ocgddjojgets, wnjon oae kg spgojdjgm ky varjcus pnysjoab icmgbs dcr mjddgrget

gxjt onaeegbs. Dcr tng egutrce, prctce aem ctngr euobgar onaeegbs, tng

Cptjoab Icmgb (CI) js drgqugetby usgm tc oaboubatg tng traesijssjce

ocgddjojgets. ]ng mgecijeatcr, M(@,) js fjvge as0

M(@,)9

bsa

G@

bsa

@

bsaa

b

G

G

mi

m

]mG]JG) aem (1:)

arg tng kasjo gxprgssjces upce wnjon ia`crjty cd tng euobgar icmgb

ociputatjceab ocmgs arg mgrjvgm. ]ng traesijssjce ocgddjojgets arg

oaboubatgm je tng draig cd tng CI ky scbvjef tng soattgrjef prckbgi wjtn

tng CI pctgetjab.


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\[G-GQWJBJK[JWI [GAO]JCE ICMGB_

Wp tc tnjs pcjet, euobgar rgaotjces navg kgge ocesjmgrgm tc coour ce twc

mjstjeot tjig soabgs. ]njs pcjet cd vjgw js vabjm at bcw gegrfjgs kut kgocigsbgss sc as tng jeojmget gegrfy jeorgasgs. Mug tc tng twc-kcmy eaturg cd tng

euobgar jetgraotjce, a euobgce-euobgus jetgraotjce iay kg mgocipcsgm as a

sgrjgs cd euobgce-euobgce jetgraotjces. ]ahjef tng getraeog onaeegb cd a

euobgce-euobgus ocipcsjtg systgi tc a 1(prc`gotjbg) partjobg -< (tarfgt)

ncbg (j.g.1p-


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==


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=7

(;< aem js hecwe as tng DHH tngcry. Je tnjs tngcry, tng

jetgraotjce cd prc`gotjbg wjtn tng euobgces cd tarfgt euobgus tahgs pbaog je

stafgs, wnjon oae bgam tc partjobg-ncbg gxojtatjce aeabcfcus tc tng gxojtce

icmgb. Je a statjstjoab I_M rgaotjce, at bgast ceg partjobg js je a ocetjeuui

gegrfy statg, wngrgas je tng I_O rgaotjce abb euobgces rgiaje kcuem. At

bcw gegrfjgs iubtjstgp rgaotjce tahgs pbaog ky I_O prcogss aem as tng

gegrfy jeorgasgs, tng I_M prcogss kgocigs jeorgasjefby jipcrtaet aem

gvgetuabby mcijeatgs.

Ctngrs \G[ icmgbs jeobumg tng jetraeuobgar oasoamg icmgb aem tng nykrjmIcetg Oarbc sjiubatjce, wnjon arg appbjoakbg at gvge njfngr jeojmget

gegrfjgs drci akcut 1


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=4

Je tng G^JDCE ocmg, wnjon js kasgm ce tng I_M aem I_M prcogssgs, a

sjipbg twc-kcmy jetgraotjce js assuigm aem tng sjefbg partjobg statg mgesjty

f cd tng partjobgs (j.g. e, p, ) wjtn rgmuogm iass ojs fjvge ky8

f 9 = D

G (;;)

wngrg, tng daotcr = tahgs jetc ocfejzaeog tng spje aem jsc-spje mgfgegraoy

aem

D

G 9 ;1?;???1.= AGrIgTdi c (;?)

]ng sngbb struoturg gddgots arg ocesjmgrgm je tng iubtj-stgp ocipcuem

(I_O) prcogss, tnus tng sjefbg-partjobg statg mgesjty f, js iubtjpbjgm kytng dcbbcwjef daotcr,

^^

GG

V

gxp11

(;=)

wngrg, 9


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=6

]ng quaetjty^

G 9 G aem mgectgs tng gxojtatjce gegrfy cd tng ocipcsjtg

cr rgsjmuab systgis. Je prjeojpbgs, tng sngbb ocrrgotjce gegrfy jeobumgs

ceby tng dbuotuatjef, ijorcsocpjo ocetrjkutjce tc tng kjemjef gegrfy.

MG]G[IJEA]JCE CD O[C__ _GO]JCE_

Bjhg abb ctngr euobgar rgaotjce mata, orcss sgotjces oae kg mgtgrijegm ky

gxpgrjigetab tgonejqugs aem tngcrgtjoab oaboubatjces. ]ng statjstjoab

igtncms arg absc usgm tc prcogss tng gxpgrjigetab aem tngcrgtjoab mata

jetc gvabuatgm mata djbgs. Gxpgrjigetab tgonejqugs arg kasgm ce ce-bjeg

aem cdd-bjeg igtncms. ]ng ce-bjeg igtncms jeobumg tng usg cd egutrce

spgotrcigtgrs je ocikjeatjce wjtn tjig-cd-dbjfnt (]CD), tgbgsocpg ocuetgr,

quamrupcbg spgotrcigtgrs aem faiia-ray spgotrcigtgrs. ]ng cdd bjegigtncms arg kasjoabby kasgm ce tng egutrce aotjvatjce tgonejqug usjef

euobgar rgsgaron rgaotcrs aem ctngr egutrce scurogs, tng usg cd iass

spgotrcigtgrs (I_) aem aoogbgratcr iass spgotrcigtgrs (AI_). Je tnjs

wcrhsncp, tng tngcrgtjoab igtncms aem statjstjoab gvabuatjce cd euobgar

rgaotjce orcss sgotjce mata wjbb kg mgabt wjtn. ]ngcrgtjoab icmgb

oaboubatjces arg jipcrtaet dcr prcmuojef ocipbgtg mata dcuem je tng

gvabuatgm mata bjkrarjgs. ]ngy arg usgdub dcr tng prgmjotjces, wngrg ec

igasurgm mata gxjst aem tc gxtrapcbatg/jetgrpcbatg drci igasurgm tcueigasurgm rgfjigs.

OCI\W]G[ OCMG_ DC[ ]NGC[G]JOAB ICMGB OABOWBA]JCE_

Cvgr tng ygars, ociputgr ocmgs navg kgge mgvgbcpgm dcr tng

mgtgrijeatjce cd orcss sgotjces kasgm ce tng euobgar rgaotjce igonaejsis

tnat wgrg mgsorjkgm akcvg. _cig cd tng ociputgr ocmgs kasgm ce rgaotjce

igonaejsis (j.g. M[, OE aem \G[) arg0

_OA]-;-_]A\[GABJOG


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=>

G^JDCEGI\J[G

]ng gxpgrjigetab mata arg ocipjbgm aem rgfubarby upmatgm ky tng JAGA as

tng G^DC[ mata bjkrary, wnjon oae kg aoogssgm at tng wgksjtg, www-

ems.jaga.crf. Durtngricrg, a euikgr cd tng gvabuatgm mata bjkrarjgs drci

mjddgrget ocuetrjgs aem crfaejzatjces, wnjon arg aoogssjkbg vja tng saig

JAGA wgksjtgs jeobumg0

GEMD (Gvabuatgm Euobgar Mata Bjkrary-W_A)nttp0//www.eemo.keb.fcv/gxdcr/gemd


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=:

tng gxpgrjigetab mata je tng JAGA, G^DC[ mata bjkrary aem rgociigemgm

mata bjkrarjgs arcuem tng fbckg, @GEMB, GEMD aem @GDD wgrg usgm tc

vabjmatg tng oaboubatgm mata. ]ng mata jemjoatg tnat tng oaboubatgm mata

wjtncut sngbb ocrrgotjces arg je fccm afrggiget wjtn gxpgrjigetab mata as

wgbb as tng rgociigemgm mata drci tng gvabuatgm mata bjkrarjgs. ]ng

oaboubatgm rgsubts ocubm prcvjmg usgdub jesjfnt jetc tng oncjog cd scig jeput

paraigtgrs egar obcsgm sngbbs usjef tng G^JDCE ocmg.

;=7;

+ , _gpt.1:>6, O >6.HJGT, ?, ;:7, G^DC[#=1


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7>

[GOCIIGEMGM KCCH_

j. Jetrcmuotjce tc Atcijo aem Euobgar \nysjos. Ngery _giat, Onapiae& Nabb Btm.

jj. Euobgar \nysjos. Ae jetrcmuotjce, V.G. Kuronai, Bcefiaejjj. B. _. [cmkgrf aem [. I. ]nabgr, Jetrcmuotjce tc Quaetui ]ngcry cd

_oattgrjef, Aoamgijo \rgss, 1:46.

jv. ]ng Atcijo Euobgar. [.M. Gvaes, IoFraw-Njbb Kcch Ocipaeyv. Euobgar \nysjos, Jrvjef Hapbae, AmmjsceVjbgy \ukbjoatjce Ocipaeyvj. Gbgigets cd Euobgar \cwgr, Bcefiae Frcup Btm. M.@. Kgeegtvjj. Ociputatjceab Igtncms je Gefjeggrjef aem _ojgeog0 Vjtn

Appbjoatjces tc Dbujm myeaijos aem Euobgar _ystgis, Vjbgy-

Jetgrsojgeog \ukbjoatjce, 1:66 _ncjonjrc Ahaiura

vjjj. Euobgar Dugb Iaeafgiget, @cne Vjbgy & _ces Jeo., 1:6: Fravgs,Narvgy V.

jx. Ncmfsce, \. G. 1:61, Euobgar [gaotjces aem Euobgar _truoturg,Obargemce \rgss, Cxdcrm.

x. Vgbtce, ]. A. 1:4?, Dast Egutrce \nysjos \art JJ, gm. ky @.K. Iarjceaem @. B. Dcwbgr, Jetgrsojgeog \ukbjsngr, Egw Zcrh.


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7:

G^GOW]JCE AEM [G][JGTAB G^G[OJ_G_

]njs js gssgetjabby ae jetrcmuotcry gxgrojsg wnjon wjbb jevcbvg tng usg cd tng

G^JDCE Ocmg vgrsjce ;.< dcr tng oaboubatjce cd orcss sgotjces cd partjobg-

jemuogm rgaotjces ce mjddgrget tarfgt euobgj. [gsubts cktajegm arg tc kg

ocipargm wjtn gxpgrjigetab mata rgtrjgvgm drci tng G^DC[ mata bjkrary

aem rgociigemgm mata bjkrarjgs (j.g. GEMD, @GDD aem @GEMB) at tng JAGA

Euobgar mata Ogetrg wgksjtg (www-ems.jaga.crf)

a)Ncw tc rue G^JDCEQujt Vjemcws aem fc tc I_-MC_ ky objohjef ce Abb \rcfrais8 tnge

Aoogsscrjgs

Objoh ce Ociiaem \rcipt

Onaefg Mjrgotcry tc O0RG^JDCE[ue tng prcfrai ky typjef Gxjdce

Zcu wjbb kg prciptgm tc onaefg JE\W] aem CW]\W] mjrgotcrjgs

Dcbbcw tng jestruotjces fjvge ky tng [gscurog \grsce

k)]c rgtrjgvg gxpgrjigetab mata drci tng G^DC[ mata bjkraryFc tc JAGA Euobgar Mata Ogetrg wgksjtg0 ce ycur wgk krcwsgr typg

nttp0//www-ems.jaga.crftc bcf ce tc tng JAGA euobgar mata sgrvogs

Ce tng Qujoh Bjehs, sorcbb mcwe aem objoh ce G^DC[Zcu wjbb kg tahge tc tng pafg Gxpgrjigetab Euobgar [gaotjce Mata

G^DC[

Ce tnjs pafg, getgr tng rgtrjgvab paraigtgrs as dcbbcws0

Objoh ce tng kcx ]arfgt aem sgbgot tng tarfgt euobgus cd jetgrgst

(g.f. 7>Ej)

Objoh ce tng kcx [gaotjce aem sgbgot rgaotjce cd jetgrgst (g.f. e,p)

Objoh ce tng kcx Quabjtyaem sgbgot O_ dcr orcss sgotjceObjoh ce tng kcx Gegrfy drci aem jeput tng gegrfy raefg cd jetgrgst

(< tc ;< IgT)

Objoh ce tng kcx autncr aem typg @cean
http://www-nds.iaea.org/http://www-nds.iaea.org/


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4Ej)

Objoh ce tng kcx [gaotjce aem sgbgot rgaotjce cd jetgrgst (g.f. e,p)

Objoh ce tng kcx Quabjty aem sgbgot _JF dcr orcss sgotjce

Ongoh tng kcxgs cd ia`cr bjkrarjgs cd jetgrgstObjoh ce tng kcx sukijt

Zcu wjbb kg tahge tc tng pafg GEMD Mata _gbgotjce drci wngrg ycu

oae rgtrjgvg ky ongohjef tng kcx abb

Zcu iay absc wjsn tc pbct ycur mata usjef tng dcbbcwjef cptjces Qujoh

pbct (dcr orcss sgotjce ceby)
http://www-nds.iaea.org/http://www-nds.iaea.org/


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41

Jd ycu onccsg tc pbct tng sgbgotgm mata cd jetgrgst

]njs wjbb tahg tc tng Cutput mata pafg ocetajejef tng pbct aem

pbcttgm mata.

Zcu oae ocpy tng pbcttgm mata jetc ae Gxogb wcrhsnggt tcfgtngr wjtn

tng oaboubatgm mata drci G^JDCE aem G^DC[ mata dcr ociparjsce

Vajt dcr durtngr jestruotjces drci [gscurog \grsce


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4;

\A[] 111

_tumy \apgrs

]ng dcbbcw papgrs ky \rcd. N. Habha arg stumy papgrs fjvge tc tng

partjojpaets0


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LECTURE NOTES FOR WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR REACTION THEORY AND CROSS SECTION DATA DETERMINATION USING COMPUTER CODES S.A.Jonah,B O Oyelami (Editors)

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