Lecture Notes: Basic Chemistry I. Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Reactions A) ____________________ (1) Anything that has mass and volume (2) Biotic (3) Abiotic (4) Composed of 92 naturally occurring elements (5) Most common elements found in biological specimens: (a) ____________________ B) Atom (1) The smallest amount of an atom that can enter into a chemical reaction (2) Structure (a) Nucleus (b) orbit (or shell) (c) Note: most of an atom is empty space (3) Subatomic particles (a) ____________________ 1) negatively charged e¯ 2) orbit in shells 3) small (b) ____________________ 1) positively charged p⁺ 2) nucleus 3) larger (c) ____________________ 1) Electrically neutral n° 2) nucleus 3) about same size as p⁺ (d) The number of protons determines the element/type of atom 1) Carbon 6 p⁺ 2) Hydrogen 1 p⁺ 3) Oxygen 8 p⁺ 4) Nitrogen 7 p⁺
15
Embed
Lecture Notes: Basic Chemistry - North Idaho Collegecoursecontent.nic.edu/klchamberlain/biol175kc/LectureContent/Ln02... · Lecture Notes: Basic Chemistry I. Atoms, Molecules and
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Lecture Notes: Basic Chemistry I. Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Reactions
A) ____________________
(1) Anything that has mass and volume (2) Biotic (3) Abiotic (4) Composed of 92 naturally occurring elements (5) Most common elements found in biological specimens:
(a) ____________________
B) Atom
(1) The smallest amount of an atom that can enter into a chemical reaction (2) Structure
(a) Nucleus (b) orbit (or shell) (c) Note: most of an atom is empty space
(3) Subatomic particles
(a) ____________________ 1) negatively charged e¯ 2) orbit in shells 3) small
(3) ________________________________ (a) Repeating units (b) Examples: proteins, polysaccharides (starch)
(4) ________________________________ (a) small, simple molecules used to build macromolecules (b) Examples: Glucose or fructose
G) Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reaction: (1) Building reactions (2) Water product (3) Monomers joined by creating a covalent bond (4) Enzyme mediated
H) Hydrolysis Reaction: (1) Opposite of condensation reaction
(2) Reactants ∅ Products (3) Degradative reaction (4) Water reactant (5) Covalent bond between the monomers of a macromolecule are broken (6) Enzyme mediated
I) Factors that influence the rate of a chemical reactions
(1) temperature: optimum/body temp (2) particle size: larger particles move slower (3) Concentration of Reactants: lots of starting materials (4) presence of a catalyst: enzymes— speed up chemical reactions
II. Water, Acids & Bases
A) General Characteristics of Water
(1) Inorganic (2) Abundant (3) Polar (4) H-bonds
B) Properties of Water
(1) Liquid at room temperature (a) Cohesive (b) H-bonds (c) Dynamic (d) Allows other substances to move through
(2) Universal Solvent (a) Solution:
a) homogeneous mixture b) Uniform/same composition throughout
(b) ________________________ 1) Substance that does the dissolving 2) Substance in the greatest amount
(c) ________________________ 1) Substance that gets dissolved 2) Substance in the least amount
(d) Biochemistry 1) Chemical reactions that occur in water/life
(3) Participates in some chemical reactions
(a) hydrolysis reaction 1) Degradation/break covalent bonds 2) Water required as a reactant
(b) condensation reaction 1) synthesis/build—create covalent bonds 2) water produced as a product